[Class-9]
CHAPTER: - CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LESSON -8
Learn this lesson in 2 days. On the 3rd day solve the worksheet given in the last page. Copy the
questions and write the answers in your homework copies. You need to submit this once school
reopens.
Day-1
Learning activity
Blood vessels:
Blood vessels are branched tubes which carry blood. They are of 3 types
• Artery
• Vein
• Capillary
o Artery: -
✓ Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart.
✓ It has thick muscular walls and narrow lumen.
✓ Blood flows through artery under pressure due to forcible contraction of ventricles.
o Vein:
➢ Veins carry blood towards the heart.
➢ Veins have thin muscular walls and wider lumen.
➢ Blood flows through vein uniformly.
➢ Veins contain valves whose openings face towards heart. Valves prevent the back flow of blood.
o Capillary:
➢ The smallest branch of artery is called arteriole. The arterioles are further divided into very fine
branches, called capillaries.
➢ The wall of capillary is made up of single layer of squamous epithelium [endothelium].
➢ It allows inward and outward diffusion of respiratory gases.
➢ It allows inward and outward diffusion of substances like glucose, amino acids, urea, hormones
etc.
➢ It allows diapedesis of white blood cells.
Blood circulation:
Blood circulation through heart is called double circulation because the blood passes through the
heart twice.
➢ The short pulmonary circulation which occurs between heart and lungs.
➢ The long systemic circulation which occurs between heart and body.
Pulmonary
Pulmonary
artery
circulation
Vena cava
Body tissues
Day 2:
Learning activity:
Major arteries and veins in the human body:
You have to learn the names of blood vessels of liver and kidney and those entering heart.
The pulse: The pulse is the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during
ventricular systole.
Blood pressure: It is the force of blood against the walls of arteries created by the heart’s pumping.
The blood has two limits –
the upper limit which is called systolic pressure.
The lower limit which is called diastolic pressure.
The normal blood pressure of an adult is 100-140 mm [systolic] and 60-80 mm [diastolic].
A rise in the blood pressure above 140/90 is known as hypertension.
The blood pressure is measured by sphygmomanometer.
Lymphatic system:
Formation of lymph:
Under pressure from the heart, fluid part of the blood squeezes out through thin capillary wall and
occupies the space between the cells. This fluid contains proteins, salts, water and some other
substances. The salt and water pass back into the veins but the proteins cannot directly re-enter the
blood stream. If these proteins accumulate, the excess concentration may damage the surrounding
tissue. Secondly, protein has to be distributed to other parts of the body where they are required
for growth and development. The lymph vessels take up the protein containing fluid. In small
intestine they take up fatty acids after the absorption. The fluid within the lymphatic vessels is called
lymph.
Lymphatic vessels:
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph towards the heart.
As lymphatic system doesn’t have a pumping organ like heart, the movement of lymph depends
upon body’s muscular movement and breathing movement.
The lymphatic vessels ultimately pour the lymph into the major veins near the heart.
Lymph nodes:
These are oval or bean shaped structures which are scattered throughout the body. These act as
‘filtering stations. When lymph passes through the lymph nodes, is filtered within the nodes [The
macrophages digest cellular debris, pathogens and other foreign substances by phagocytosis and
lymphocytes kill the pathogens by producing antibody].
Lymphatic glands:
➢ Tonsil:
✓ Located on the sides of the neck.
✓ It produces lymphocytes.
➢ Spleen:
✓ It is the largest lymphatic organ.
✓ Located between the stomach and diaphragm.
✓ It produces lymphocytes.
✓ It destroys worn-out red blood.
Lymph:
❖ Composition: leukocytes, water, proteins, fats, antibodies.
❖ Function:
✓ It supplies nutrients like fatty acids.
✓ It returns proteins to the blood from tissue spaces.
✓ Lymphocytes of lymph protect our body from germs.
Day 3
Worksheet:
1) Mention any 2 differences between artery and vein.
2) Name the blood vessel which carries blood from aorta to kidney.
3) Define pulse.
4) Study the diagram and answer the following
questions:
a) When the liquid from the blood surrounds
the cells, what is it called?
b) Name any one important component of the
blood which remains inside the capillaries and fails to
move out into the spaces.
c) Some tissue fluid enters vessel ‘X’. Name the
fluid present in vessel ‘X’.
