og Complex Integration Introduction We have already studied differentiability of complex functions. Now, we shall take up the reverse process i.e. integration of complex functions. As in real variables, in complex variables also we have definite and indefinite integrals. An indefinite integral of a complex variable is a function whose detivative is equal to a given analytic function in a region. The indefinite integrals of many elementary functions can be obtained by mere inversion of known derivatives. However, the theory of definite integral of real variables cannot be used straight way for complex. variables. The definite intogral of a complex variable may depend upon the path of integration in the complex plane. 2. Path of Integration In the case of real variables, the path of integration of J£100 dis atways along the real axis trom x= ato x= b. Butin ile case of complex variables the path of the definite integral b A, (2) dz may be any curve joining the points z= a and z= b. Generally, the value of this integration depends upon the path. However, as we shall see later the value remains the same in some special cases. Our approach to this topic for obvious reasons will be practical rather than analytical. Fig. 1.1 3. Definition Lot £(z) be a continuous function of the complex variable 2 = x+ iy defined at every point of a curve C whose end points are A and B. Let us divide the curve Cinto n parts by points A= Pol), PZ), Pa(Z2) +--+ PilZi) +++ Pa(Zn) = B Let 82; = 2; z)-1 and let &-be a point on the arc P,.4~ P; Then the limit of the sum f(,)8z) as n—> «>in such a way that in each 8z; > 0, ifit exits is called the line integral of f (z) along C and is denoted by y, Jfaz. ce lf Cis a closed curve i.e. if Py and P, coincide the integral is called the contour integral and is denoted by § tz) dz. clex Integration ‘Applied Mathematics - IV (1-2) Complex integt 4. Evaluation of Line Integral integrals tice, the evaluation of aline integral is reduced tothe ‘evaluation of two real line integr In pract as follows. Since 2=x+ ly, dz= Ox+ | dy. ItF(@) =u iv. Jnade= feria ian c c f(2)dz = | (udx-vady) + ifvax+udy) ¢ c ¢ “Thus, the integral on the L.h.s. is converted into two integrals on r.h.s. (a) When the contour is 2 circle dz \nere nis an integer and Cis a citcle | 2~ Zo] Je 1: Evaluate f —5 Example I wa t (M.U. 2003) i as z describes the circle C. Sol. : Let - Zp = re!®, 0 that 8 varies from 0 to 2 , dz=rel%id0 rel 2 rel%ido =f em ae Taya 4 (re) ry a casel: Let n=0, then 1 =/ [d0= 2 0 Case ll: Let n #0, then I 7,28 [cos no ~ isin) d0 rm ° en = —L[sinno + ‘cos n6]g° = 0 nr” Example 2: Evaluate {|z|dz, where Cis the left half of unit circle | z| = 1 from z= © (M.U. 1993, 2001, 03, 05, 06) Sol. : Since the contour is a semi cos 0, y= rsin 8. zexsy=re® Since,|z|= 1. r= 1 zee m2 ap? Hence, flzidz= ft-ie do=[0" | o a2 (cos (n/2)+ Hsin (n/ 2)]~ [eos (8x2) + isin(Sr/2)] =(0+)- 2i Applied Mathematics - IV Complex integration Remark ....22 When the contour is a circle it is better to use polar form z= ré!®. Note ....40 We shall often need the curves represented by izi= W|z-zl=s (ii)|z-el+|z+el=k (Since z= x+y, |zl= ae +". |zl=rgives yx? +y? =r Le ey =P, Thus, | Z| = rrepresents a circle with centre at the origin and radius r. Since Z— Z = (X+ 1) — (X + Yo) = (X= %) + 1(Y- Yo). |2~ 25] = yix— x0)? +(¥~ Yo)? 2 [2-2] = rgives = yx=%) +(y~ Yo? = he (xm P+ yo =F* Thus, | 2— Zol = rrepresents a circle with centre at (xp, yo) and radius r. Further, since parametric equations of the circle with centre at the origin and radius rare x = rcos 8, y= rsin 0, we have z=x+ly=rcos0+irsind =r(cos0+isin0)=re!® Thus, z= re'®, 0<6” 1 = f(x x4 1) (14:1) dx = [2 (14+ 1) =[i-)Pax= Here, the contour is fist the segment OB and then the segment BA. On OB, y=0. ». dy=0 «. dz=dx+idy= dx and x varies from 0 to 1 1 fw yesdiae «fore Pae/E 0B oO 2 On BA, dz= dx +idy=idyand y varies from 0 to 1. 1 1 ‘ P)dz= f(i-y+ididy= [[1+i)-iy]y ° ° Applied Mathematics -1V a7) Complex integration 2) ae =|) iy?) JOrny +i) de=|(-14 ny - as [ 2] Hence, adding the two results. 1.443 teit-te 271313 (ii) Here, the contour is first the segment OC and then the segment CA On OC, x=0 +. dx=0 dz = dx + i dy=idyand y varies from 0 to 1 1 Tp? oe JO y+ bP dz= feyiay=-i ¥) wail, oc ° 2) 2 OnCAy=1 s dy=0 2. dz=dx+idy= dy and x varies from Oto 1, 1 2 3]! Jorn ysit)de= formtentar[% eit] tt i ! [2s], —-3t3 Hence, adding the two results. 22°32 6 (iv) Here, the contour is the arc OA of the parabola y? Hence, z=x+y=~+ly dz = 2y dy + idy = (2y + i) dy and y varies from 0 to 4 wi 1 T= [(x-y+ ix?) de = f(y? = y+ iy")(ay + iay a 0 Note ...,40 Note that the line integral depends upon the path. 241 Example 2 : Evaluate (ex iy + t)dz, along (i) the straight line joining (1 — /) to (2 + i), i . (i)x= tet, y=2t?-14 A parabola. (MU. 1993, 2005) Sol. : (i) We first find the equation of the line through the given points (1, ~1) and (2, 1). , Yet x40 yet 1-1 1-2 2 © Ytt=2x-2 o ynex-38 The equation istion Applied Mathematics -1V (1-8) Complex integra . dy=2 dx dz= d+ idy=(1 + 2i) de Hence, the integral becomes Bei 2 Jlexsiy tae = [fex+ i(ax—3)+ (1+ 2) dx 1 a 2 = (1+ 20 [x +10? -3x) + x} = (14 2 [{4 + 1(4- 6) +2}- {14+ 11-3) + 1] = (14 2[(6 - 21) - (2-2) = 4(1+2/) 2t?—1, z= (t+ 1) +i (2t?-1) dz=(1+4it) dt. i, t=O.andwhen z=2 +i, ¢ [2+ nsie? -H4 fit ainat + a Example 3: Evaluate { 2%dz, along (i) the line y = x, (i) the parabola x = y®. Is the line 0 integral independent of the path ? Explain. Sol. : Let OA be the line from z= Otoz=1 +i. y () nthe line OA ie. y= x, dy= dx Adit) dz= d+ idy=(1 +1) ax and x varies from 0 to 1. tI 1 T= fxr iyPaz = f(x? — 7 + 2ixy) (1+ de o 0 1 =f? 2 + Dix?)(14 i) dx o (M.U. 1992, 98, 2013, 16) 1 3 i x = 2i(1+ 1) fx? de = BIC +N] 3 = 210+) =2-9 3 Applied Mathematics - IV 0-9) Complex integration (i) On the arc OA of the parabola x= y, dx = 2y ay dz= dx-+idy= (2y+i) dy 2ixy)(2y + Nay =f -y +21 \ay+nay [ x=¥] = fly? ~2y° + diy’ + i' iy? -2P)ay 2 3 The two integrals are equal i.e. the integral is independent of path because #(2)= 2? isan analytic function. (See the corollary given on page 2-3) Example 4 ; Integrate the function f(z) = x2 + i xy from A (1, 1) to B (2, 4) along the curve xstyst?, (M.U. 1993, 98, 2003, 04) (Or Integrate xz along the line from A (1, 1) to B(2, 4) in the complex plane.) (NLU. 2011) Sol. : Putting x= t, y= t? in F(z), we got f(z) = x2 + ixy=t2 + 19 and dz= Ox+ i dy = dt+ 2itat 1+ 2it) dl And t vaties from 1 to 2 8 2 faaaz= (PO +18) (14 21) at= fe? +208 + 18 at*yat a 1 Example § : Evaluate [2 dz from z=0to z= 4+ 2/ along the curve +it (M.U. 1993) Sol. : The curve z= f? + itcan be given by x=t?, y=, When zvaries from z= Oto z= 4+ 2i, tvaries from t= Oto t= 2 Further 2 = ¢?— it and dz=(2t+i) ot since 2= 2+ it‘Applied Mathematics -IV (1-10) Complex integration i? -21P + hat eg 2 2 f2az=[(P - ints nat = fer vn) ° 2 [28 «1-18 ]ar= 3 =[pv2-1 Example 6 : If 0is the origin, Lis the point z= 8, Mis the point z= 3+ i, evaluate j zdz along (i the path OM, (ii) the path OLM, (i) the path OLMO. (M.U. 1992, 94) Sol. : Now 2” = (x+ iy)? = x? — y? + 2ixy (i) Along the path Off: The equation of the line OMis aT) x ie yoX 1-0 3-0 3 Also. dz = dx + idy = ok += dx Along OM, x varies from 0 to 3, J 2az = J (x? = y2 + 2i ay) (a + io) (i) Along the path OLM: Along OL, y= 0 . 2?=x?, dy=Oand dz= dk, x varies from 0 to 3. 2 2 3 [stee-f-toc-[2] =o o 3 lo Along LM, x=3, «. 2=9-Y+6iy,dx=0 ». dz=idyand y varies from 0 to 1 4 1 a " ) » J22de=fo-y?+eiyyidy=i)oy-X-+siy?| =i(9-4+31) 3 Vos 7) 3 0 7” < =(2843))/--3 +38) Us 3 Integral along OLM = Integral along OL + integral along LM Applied Mathematics - IV amy Complex integrat ‘omple: ion (ii) Along the path OLMO Integral along OLMO = integral along OL + integral along LM + } e's) i Example 7 : Find fIm(z)dz along (i) the unit circle deseribed once in Positive direction fr 2=1t02= 1, (i) the straight line from P(z,) to Q(z). on Sol. : Since z= x+ iy, Im (2) = yand de= dx+ Icy (Along the unit circle x= cos 8, y= sin 0, dh integral along MO. (M.U. 1991) sin d0, dy=cos@ do T= Jim(2)a = [y(dx+igy) ce 2 = J(-sin? 6+ jsinocos 0) a0 = = [sino(-sind + icos0) a0 ]_ [1= cos 20] tz * sindcos feta in20} , , sin? 0] 2s a |, (il) The equation of the line Pais YY = X=¥_ W-Ye Xe (4 — VY — 1) = (1 — Yo) x= m1) (4 ~ %2) dy = (4 — yo) ax Ws Jirax+iyay) Ny s T= fim(2\az= Jy(ox+ ray) = ec y i i x ) a | S8)y-oer ay Example 8 : Evaluate Joe o 's the line integral independent of the path 7 1 path y= x: a= dx+ i dy=ax+ idx * iy) dz, along the path (i) y= x, (il) y= x2 Sol. : (i) Along th =x, dy= dx (4. 1886, 2008, 14) (141) dx. And x-varies from 0 to 1.Applied Mathematics - 1V (1-12) 1 " 1 JOP + iy)de= JOP +ixy(t+ idx= (1+ af a 0 v(t. £) (2+3i) srealgrg)= (+n ; (24 2i+3/-3) _-1+5/ 6 6 (ii) Along the path y=x?: y=x?, dy=2x dx 1 1 Joe +P) (ax + ix dx) = (1+ i) | x(14 21x) ax 3 a 1 = (141) J OP +2ix°) ax 3 =) : = (ral 3 The two line integrals are equal. (lil) Now, consider the integral along a third path, say, along OA and then along AP. Along OA, x varies from 0 to 1 and y= 0 dy=0 dz = dx. 1 a Jo? + iyyde ea-[% oA ° Along AP, x= 1. d= Oand y varies from 0 to 1 1 JO? +iyyde= f(t+ inity=ifys ap o 141 1.,4. 4 oa foe tiyde= stringent Thus, the third integral is not equal to the first two. Hence, the integral is not independent of the path, (iv) Again let f(z)=x? + iy=usiv. - Ug= 2k, Uy=0, %ye=0, Vy Hence, Cauchy-Rieman equations u, = v, and u, = — vy are not satisfied. f(z) is not analytic and hence, integral is not independent of the path, (See the corollary given on page 2-3) . Example 9 : Evaluate | f(z) dz along the parabola y= 2x? from z= 0 to z= 3+ 18/where F(z) =x? Diy. (M.U. 1996, 2015) Sol: v y=2x dz = d+ idy = dx + 14xdx = (14 4ix) dx dy = 4xdx 3 3 JAlz) dz = f(x? — 21. 2x) (14 dix) des | (x? - Aix? + 41? 4 16x°) dx ° o 0 Applied Mathematics - IV (1-13) Complex integration 8 og ag) t(2\dz=|2— 41-24. 2416. ic) [3 y ta 16.2 ° o =[9- 41-94 /-8144.87]= 990 +45; Example 10: Evaluate { f(z) dz, along the parabola y= 2x? from z= 0 to z= 3+ 18/ where f(2) =x?-2ixy. (M.U. 1996, 2014) Sol: +> y=2x", dy=4xax de = d+ idy = dx + 14x dk = (1+ dix) dx 3 3 Jfleyde = [02 ~ Bix- 252) (14 dix) ce = [ x? — ai? + 49 + 16x4) ax c ° a 3 3 1657 = fo? + 16x4) ax =| 4 18" |g, 4g, 243] _ 3038 3 3° 5 5 5 Example 11 : State true or false If F(z) = (0? + 2x- ) + 2iy(x+ 1) then fra z= fre dz, where C, and C2 are respectively y=» and y= Joining the points (0,0) and'(1,1), Sol: Let f(2) = u+ ivwhere u= x? + 2x— y2, v= 2y (x4 1) = 2xy + 2y 1 Uy= 2X42, uy=—2y we=ey, Ws 2x42 ‘Cauchy-Rieman equations are satisfied, Hence, f(z) is analytic. proper justification, (M.U. 1996) Uys Vy and Uy=— Vp Hence, { f(z) dz = Jf(2) dz because for an analytic function the integral is independent of G & the path. (See the corollary given on page 2-3) valuate oY (@) Jo? ~ y)dz along the path (i) y= x, (ii) y= 22, 2 257 (M.U. 2015) (b) J (2x+ iy +1)az along the curve x= t+ 1, y=2r—4, wi ae 2, Evaluate | 2702 2 (i) along the real axis from 0 to 3 and then vertically to 3+ i (ii) along the imaginary axis from 0 to i and then horizontally to 3 + i. (ii) along the parabola x= 3y2 (M.U. 2006) [ Ans. : 6 + a in each case. }TT Applied Mathematics - IV (14) Complex integration 241 3. Evaluate {(2)°dz along a (i) the line x= 2y. (M.U, 2001, 02, 03) (i) the real axis from 0 to 2 and then vertically to 2 + I (Mu. 2006) (ji) the parabola 2y? = x. ee wa 12-2: diy Ma tts, iy & (Hint: (2) =(x= i?) fans.2) 2-2: i) FH gh DG 4. Evaluate | (y-x~ 3x“i) dz, where Cis a straight line from z=0toz=1+/. ai [Ans. 5. Evaluate JZ where Cis the circle | z| = rin the positive sense, Zz ‘ [Ans.: 2ni. Putz= re", dz = ried} 6. Evaluate {(z~ 2*)dz along the upper half of the circle | z| (M.U. 1994) [Ans. : 2 Put z= rel] 7. Evaluate fz%dz trom P(1, 1) to Q(2, 4) where @ Cis the cur y=x?, (ii) Cis the line y=3x-2, (ii) Cis the curve x= t, y= [Ans. : ~~ 6i in each case. } 8, Evaluate {|z[? dz where C is the boundary of the square C with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), o (4, 1), (0, 1). [Ans.:-14/] 9. Evaluate {(z+1)dz, where Cis the boundary of the square whose vertices are z= 0, c zat,z=14thz51 [Ans, :0] 10, Evaluate where Cis the semi-circle z= 2e'*, 0<0< 7. [Ans. :-4 + 2ni, Put = 26!) 11, Evaluate f(x iy) dz from (0, 0) to (4, 2) where Cis first, the line ‘segment joining (0, 0) to c (0, 2) and then the line segment joining (0, 2) to (4, 2) [Ans. : 10-8/] 12. Evaluate (22° +8z+2)dz, where C is the arc of the cycloid x = a (0 - sin @), c y= (100s 6) between the points (0, 0) and (2na, 0). ana (Hint: Find | f(z) dz.) 0 (M.U, 1991, 93) [ Ans, :4na[2n°a® + 4a +1]] 1821 , 112i 18, Evaluate z%dz along the curve 2x*= y. (M.U, 1998, 2003) [Ane : = ; 0 Applied Mathematics - IV (1-15) Complex integration 44, Evaluate f(8z* +2z+1)dz, where C is the arc of the cycloid x = a (0 + sin 0) d ; y=.a(t —oos 0) between 0= 0 t0 0 = 2 (wu. 1997) [Ans :2ra[tn%e? + 2x0] 15, Evaluate [ 2dz, where C is the arc of the citcle x = rcos 0, y= rsin 0 from 0 = 0 to co o=n/3, (Ans. :-2r/3] 16. Evaluate | f(z) dz along the square whose vertices are (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2), (1,2) in anti- clockwise direction where f(z) = x-2iy. (M.U. 1990) [ Ans. : $i] 17, Evaluate | (z* ~ 22 + 1)dz, where Cis the circle x? + y* = 2. c (Hint; Put z= V2 e!, z= V2 e"!”.) [Ans, : - 8n/] uate {(z? +3z~*) dz, where Cis the upper half of the unit circle from (1,0) to (~1, 0). c (M.U. 2000) [ Ans. : 4/3] 18. 21 19. Evaluate f z*dz {i) along the line x = 2y. (M.U. 2005) (ii) along the real axis from z= 0 to z= 2 and then along the line parallel to the imaginary axis from z= 2 to 2=2 + i (ii) along the imaginary axis from z= 0 to z= and then along the line parallel to the real axis from z= ito z= 2+ i. (iv) along the parabola 2y’ 1 (Ans. : (24117) in each case 20. Evaluate [Zaz from z= 0toz=4 +2i, where Cis ce (i) the curve given by z= t? + it. (ii) the fine from z= 0 to z= 2iand then the line from z= 2ito z= 4 + 2 [Ans. :() 10-2i, (i 10~4/) 21. Evaluate { zdz from z=0 to z=1+/along the curve z= t? + it [Ans. : i] o tei 22. Evaluate | (ix+ iy + 1) dx along straight line joining (1 ~/) to (1 +i). [ Ans. 2 (i-1)] ti EXERCISE - IT Theory 1. Define line integral of f(z) where f(z) is a function of complex variable z. 2. Explain how the line integral { /(2) dz is evaluated. ce 3. Explain why the line integral fe dz depends upon the path. When is it independent of c the path ?