SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.

075FALL 2004

10. Functions of a Complex Variable 10.5. Line Integrals of Complex Functions. . 33. (a) Use the denition (68) to calculate directly the integral C z dz , where C is the unit circle x = cos t, y = sin t. (b) Use the denition (72) to calculate directly the integral C log z dz , where C is the unit circle r = 1, taking the principal value of the logarithm. (c) Obtain the results of part (a) and (b) by appropriately dealing with the functions 2 F1 (z ) = z2 and F2 (z ) = z log z z . Solution. (a) We have x = cos t and y = sin t along C . So dx = sin t dt and dy = cos t dt along C . Then by (68), we have

z dz = (x + iy )(dx + idy ) C C 2 = (cos t + i sin t)( sin t dt + i cos t dt) 0 2 2 = (cos t( sin t) sin t cos t) dt + i ( sin2 t + cos2 t) dt 0 0 2 2 = sin 2t dt i cos 2t dt
0 0

= 0. (b) We have that r = 1, dr = 0 and log (r, ) = i along C . Then by (72), we get

log z dz = (i )(iei d ) C C 2 2 = cos d i sin d
0 0

(z ) = z on the complex plane. So (c) Clearly, we have F1 C z dz = F1 (1) F1 (1) = 0. We choose log z to be the principal branch of logarithm dened on the complex plane with nonnegative real numbers removed. Then F 2 (z ) is also dened on this simply connected
Date : September 20, 2002.
1

= 0 i(2 ) = 2i.

SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.075FALL 2004

(z ) = logz on this simply connected open set. For small positive open set. And we have F2 t, let Ct be the arc of C connecting eit and ei(2t) in this open set. Then
log z dz = lim log z dz C t0 Ct t0

= lim(F2 (ei(2t) ) F2 (eit )) = (2i 1) (1) = 2i.

34. (a) Show that the value of the integral 1

z+1 dz z2

is 2 i if the path is the upper half of the circle r = 1. [Write z = e i , where varies from to 0, or from (2k + 1) to 2k , where k is any integer.] (b) Show (also by direct integration) that the value is 2 + i if the path is the lower half of the circle. (c) Obtain the results of parts (a) and (b) by appropriately dealing with the function F (z ) = log z z 1 . Solution. (a) Parameterize cu , the upper half of the circle, by z = e i , where 0 . Then dz = iei d . Substituting these into (1), we get: 0 i e + 1 i z+1 dz = (ie ) d 2 i 2 z (e ) cu = (i + iei ) d
0

= i + ei | 0 = i + (1 1) = 2 i. (b) Parameterize cl , the lower half of the circle, by z = e , where 0. Then dz = iei d , and, hence, 0 i e + 1 i z+1 dz = (ie ) d 2 i 2 z (e ) cl 0 = (i + iei ) d

= i ei |0 = i (1 (1)) = 2 + i.

SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.075FALL 2004

(c) Let Fu (z ) be the branch of F (z ) dened on C iR 0 with Fu (1) = 1. Then (z ) = z +1 on C iR . Since C iR Fu (1) = i + 1. Clearly, Fu 0 0 is simply connected, z2 and contains cu , we have z +1 dz = Fu (1) Fu (1) = 1 (i + 1) = 2 i. 2 cu z Similarly, let Fl (z ) be the branch of F (z ) dened on C iR 0 with Fl (1) = 1. +1 on C iR0 . Since C iR0 is simply ThenFl (1) = i + 1. Clearly, Fl (z ) = zz 2 connected, and contains cl , we have that z+1 dz = Fl (1) Fl (1) = 1 (i + 1) = 2 + i. 2 cl z

35 (a) Evaluate the integral

z+1 dz, 2 C z where C is the circle r = 1, rst by using the results of Problem 34(a,b), second by considering the function logz z 1 , and third by using Equation (75) and (77). (b) Evaluate the integral in part (a) (by any method) when C is the circle r = a (a > 0). Solution. (a) First, we have that
z+1 z+1 z+1 dz = dz dz. 2 2 2 Cl z Cu z C z Thus, by the results of 34(a,b), we have
z+1 dz = (2 + i) (2 i) = 2i. 2 C z Second, let F1 (z ) be the branch of F (z ) dened on C R 0 with F1 (1) = 1 i. For n N>0 , let pn = e n , qn = e n , and cn the arc of C beginning at pn , passing through 1, and ending at qn . Then, we have
z+1 z+1 dz = lim dz 2 n c z2 C z n = lim F1 (qn ) F1 (pn )
n
2i (2n2)i

(2n 2)i 2i 1 ) (p + ) n n n n (2n 4)i 1 1 ] = lim [(p n qn ) + n n = (1 1) + 2i = 2i =

Third, we have

z +1 z2

= z 1 + z 2 . Hence,


z+1 1 dz = z dz + z 2 dz. 2 z C C C

SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.075FALL 2004

By (75) and (77) in the text, we have

z+1 dz = 2i. 2 C z (b) By (75) and (77) in the text, we have C z 1 dz = 2i and C z 2 dz = 0. Therefore,


z+1 1 dz = z dz + z 2 dz = 2i. 2 z C C C

z 1 dz = 2i and

z 2 dz = 0. Thus,

36 Evaluate the integral

z dz,

where C is the unit circle r = 1 and also, more generally, when C is the circle r = a (a > 0). Solution. Let C be the circle r = a. Then we have x = a cos t and y = a sin t along C . So dx = a sin tdt and dy = a cos tdt along C . Then by (68), we have

z dz = (x iy )(dx + idy ) C C 2 = (a cos t ia sin t)(a sin t dt + ia cos t dt) 0 2 2 2 2 = (a cos t sin t + a sin t cos t) dt + i (a2 sin2 t + a2 cos2 t) dt
0 0

= 2a i. In particular, if r = 1 then

z dz = 2i.
C

37 Proceed as in Problem 36 with the integral

Solution. Let C be the circle r = a. Since the function e z sin z 2 is analytic inside and on the closed curve C , Cauchys integral theorem implies that
ez sin z 2 dz = 0.
C

Therefore, since |z | = a along C, we get

SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.075FALL 2004

38 (a) Prove the the integral

dz 2 1 z is independent of the path, so long as that path does not pass through the origin. By integrating along any convenient path (say, around a semicircle and thence along the real axis) show that the value of the integral is 3 2. (b) Show that the real integral 2 dx 2 1 x does not exist, but that the value given by formal substitution of limits in the indenite integral agrees with that obtained in part (a). (Notice that, in spite of this fact, the integrand is never negative!) Solution. (a) Let P1 and P2 be any two paths from 1 to 2, that do not pass through 0. Then P1 followed by the inverse of P2 forms a closed path c from 1 to 1, which does not pass through 0. So we have
dz dz dz dz dz = + = = 0, 2 2 2 2 2 P2 z P1 z P2 z c z P1 z 2 is independent of the path so long where we used (77) in the last step. This shows 1 dz z2 as the path does not pass through the origin. Let c1 be the path given by z = ei , where 0, and c2 the path given by z = t + 0i, where 1 t 2. Then 2 dz dz dz = + 2 2 2 1 z c1 z c2 z 0 2 = e2i (iei ) d + t2 dt =
ei |0 1

t1 |2 1

Then 2 2 dx dx dx 1 = lim = lim |2 = . 2 2 2 0 0 x x x x 1 0 2 This is a contradiction. So 1 dx does not exist as real integral. But, by a symbolic x2 calculation, we have 2 dx 1 1 3 = |2 1 = 1 = . 2 x 2 2 1 x

(b) Suppose

1 = 2 + 2 3 = . 2

dx 1 x2 exits. 2

SOLUTION SET II FOR 18.075FALL 2004

10.6. Cauchys Integral Formula. . 43. If F (z ) = (z + 6)/(z 2 4), show that the integral C F (z ) dz is 0 if C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, is 4i if C is the circle (x 2)2 + y 2 = 1, and is 2i if C is the circle (x + 2)2 + y 2 = 1. z+6 , (z 2)(z + 2) we see that F is analytic at all points except for 2 and 2. These points are outside the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, and therefore the integral is 0. Also, F (z ) = g (z )/(z 2), where g (z ) = (z + 6)/(z + 2). In the interior of the circle (x 2)2 + y 2 = 1, g (z ) is analytic. From Cauchys Integral Formula,

g (z ) F (z ) dz = dz = 2ig (2) = 4. C z2 C F (z ) = 44. A mean-value theorem. Let z0 denote a point in a region R where f (z ) is analytic, and let C denote any circle, with center at z 0 , which lies inside R. By writing = z 0 + aei in Cauchys integral formula (85), show that 2 1 f (z0 ) = f (z0 + aei ) d, 2 0 and deduce that the value of an analytic function at any point z 0 is the average of its values on any circle, with z0 as its center, which lies inside the region of analyticity. Solution. According to Cauchys integral formula, 1 f () f (z0 ) = d, 2i C z0 where = z0 + a ei and lies in [0, 2 ). It follows that d = a d(e i ) = ia ei d and Cauchys formula becomes 2 1 f (z0 + a ei ) f (z0 ) = iaei d 2i 0 aei 2 1 = f (z0 + aei ) d, 2 0 which is the desired formula. Solution. By writing