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Indefinite Integration

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Jacob Varghese
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132 views109 pages

Indefinite Integration

Uploaded by

Jacob Varghese
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Indefinite Integration DISCLAIMER “The content provided herein are created and owned by various authors and licensed to Sorting Hat Technologies Private Limited (“Company”). The Company disclaims all rights and liabilities in relation to the content. The author of the content shall be solely responsible towards, without limitation, any claims, liabilities, damages or cuits which may arise with respect to the same.” Indefinite Integration Differentials : Up to this point in our work, for y = f(x), we have regarded dy/dx as a composite symbol for the derivative f(x), whose component parts, dy and dx, had no meaning by themselves. It is now convenient to modify point of view and attach meaning to dy and dx, so that thereafter we can treat dy/dx as though it were a fraction in fact as well as in appearance. We shall not however enter into any discussions on it. We shall only state that, for a function of a single variable y = f(x), the differential of y denoted by dy is the product of the derivative of y (with respect to x) and the differential of x denoted by dx. Thus, Differential of y = f(x) is dy = F(x)dx For y = xt, dy = 4x? dx, or simply d(x) = 4x? dx. Thus. d{sinx) = cosx dx, d(y)? = 2y dy, d(tanu) = secu du. Integration as anti-derivative : Simplest way to define integration is as an antiderivative or the inverse of a derivative of sin xis cos x then we may say that integral of cos xis sin x. In general, if we consider d S10) =060) or, using differentials d f(x) = @(x) dx : then an integral of @() with respect to x or an integral of (%)dx is f(x) and symbolically, we write, foc ox = Fox] Where the symbol J which is an elongated S(the first letter of the word sum, or , of the latin word summa) is known as the sign of integration. Now we come to some formal definitions. The actual process of finding the function is called integration where its derivative or its Jsec?xdx = tanx+C = sec? x Know the facts L) Integration can be said to be reverse of finding the 2. dx [ Pointete Remember | if 1 [F@)+C] = f@) then FO) + ¢ ax is called an antiderivative of f(x) on [a, b] and is written as Jf (x)dx =F (x) +e Here C is called constant of Integration. In this case we say that the function f(x) is integrable on [2, bl. Note that every function not integrable Oif xeQ 1if xeQ eg. f(x) = is not integrable in (0, 1]. Every function which is continuous on a closed and bounded interval is integrable. However for _ integrability function f(x) may only be piece wise continuous in (a, b). Wye lox gyi nerree = Jrde=tnx+c x (vi) J4tan®x d(tanx) = (tanx)* +C Here, integration is done with respect to ‘tanx’ Notes on indefinite integration (1) Geometrical interpretatio y= Jaxdx =x? + f(x)dx = F(x)+C y > FQ) = fd; FO) =) Hence y= Jf(x)dx denotes a family of curves such that the slope of the tangent at x = x, on every member is same. ie. F'(x) = f(x) (when x, lie in the domain of f(x)). Hence antiderivative of a function is not unique. If g(%) and ¢,(%) are two antiderivatives of a function f(x) on [a, b] then they differ only by a constant i.e. £00 - £,0) =C Oo (0) (2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is differentiabl ie. if f(2) is continuous then Jf(x)dx = F(x) + C = F'&) - f(x) = F'@) always exists => FQ) is differentiable. (3) If integrand is discontinuous at x = x, then ite antiderivative at x = x, need not be discontinuous. ie eg. xis discontinuous at x = 0. But JxMdx = 3x8 +C is continuous at x = 0 d (ay it SWC) = fo) > It(xJax = F(x) +c then only we say that f(x) is integrable. (5) Antiderivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function. eg f(™) = cosx + 1 is periodic but S(cosx +1)dx = sinx +x+C is aperiodic. Standard integration There are some functions which are frequently used in differentiation as well as integration. So, using these integrals (often called ‘LOVING INTEGRAND’), we can integrate much more complex functions. oe + @ Jxtdx =~ 40,024, et \" ‘b) (by J(ax +d) a ena a(n) o Proof: (a) a? } 1 (n+ x &{nat|” (nea) Proof: (b) oy . 3/8) (4 Yn aes by xa dx{ on+4 (n+1) =a (ax +b)* So, we have to divide by ‘a’ to neutralize it. © Solve the following : @ fedx Sol, Jem*ax =)vedx Sol, Jin(o*)dx = J-xdx ax? sre Sol, [Se= dere ae Uf). 2\172 Ke Sol. Je*ex = [2x dx axXt+e Sol, Je""ax = Jx™dx a =e LG m+ ol. Ix"ax (aise th?) =X, in2+1 c \+ C (loving integrands) +c a a b)=—2— Taxol +O)= oe d (b) Sin ax +b i= Again, here we have ‘a’ in denominator to neutralize the ‘a’ which would come in numerator after differentiating In (ax + b). a3 as 3 x 5 1 #3 Sol. J %) x - Fa Solving Trick: . 1% +x? 4: Try to convert the given form into “ba or very close to one of standard = Jtstex ior sided = Inixl + re (2 I (f+ 8)dx = fdx + Jedx) rT In - 2x sol. J3%5- +e xdx__ 1, bxdx Sol. | oye" bl aspx 1){a+bx a (SSR ac | a + Bx -(3pr soe(z]ee = Fine rby|+e 1 dx a ole olx ol | 2)3x+5-5 Sol. ‘meg 3) 08 in a8 _2x_10 tnfox+5] 3.3 a = B-Rinfarss|+e xd Sol. ‘ey ej 2h dx (x44) (xa)? = Joiax-J cs xat (x+1) zine |+—t se Sol, (2e-Sawers eeu dx (- rationalization) = ox J 3 ay (2x + 3) 2x = 3) eer) faxnal ex3x2 ox3x2 _ xa” alex 2, Sol. ! (OF oy 14 3x4 3x? +x? —_———— dx tatty I ax x(x+1) is of the form |_1 dx . In this case, x+1) quadratic JP roots are 0 and -1 Point to Rememberill x(«+7) (x+1)-(x+0) If quadratic has roots a and B - Sey a then multiply and divide by the difference of a and f. ja le+2)-(e-3) Sol. |e Gra(x-3) x OOD ayes) * x Sol. !Raniea 3(x+2)-2(x+3) (x42) (x+3) = (e3s-s55)™ ain|x + 3] 2in|x +9) +e Note: Because of how frequently we use it, the followingintegration is strongly recommended to remember as standard integration. 2 Sol, Method-1: Method-it: 10. ) fel "ldx = <4 (LOVING INTEGRANDS) (a) (b) Proof : fal“ dx a feral, dx _ ghee apne fens pina pina >) Solve the following : i jes 10" Sol. J(25*-5.27) x = (as -(a" te 52* 2,, = o tn2— ind dx OQ. @ Saterax nn Sol. S(2+3"+26"}¢ _ a ot et * ind * ing * tne ~ et ("+e") sol. Jo * (ere) = Je*ax = Sol. Iarv'y ax _ bey ~in(at b) a™b™ * minarn nb’ * 5. (a) J sinx dx = -cosx +¢ &) james ear. SBl*4 og a (©) Jcosxdx = sinx +¢ sin(ax +b) =— +e () [cos (ax +b)dx a 5. Solve the following : @ Svt4sinx ax Sol. Jax x x in< 4 cos>| 2 2 sin* 4 cos 20 2 2 = || sin® +cos% lex 2 2 =-2e08~+2sin2 +6 2 = Case-ih; sinX+cos%<0 27983 inX x cos % =) (sin§+ooj oe = 2008 ™ -28inX +e 2 2 Sol, — Jc0s2x cos3x dx = Ji cossx + cose) ax 2[ 85% 4 sinx +e 5 2 sindx | sinx 0 (2 cook ‘2cos*x - 1) Sol. j-cooe _ x2c0s"x + cosx +1 4, = [=2COs x+c0sx tt yy ‘T= cosx 1- cosx) (2cosx + 1 s(t s0e4) (200801) = cosx = [2cosx + 1dx = Qsink + x46 13. <3 J 20838 + 3c088 (2 cos 38= 4c0s*®-3cos0) 2s) a eI at 2, = gilt cos ‘2x ~ 2cos2x)dx : gi(to( ES] nn 4 2 @ 3[ Fe SG wre a2 2 3K, sintx _ sinax e924 2c0s *cos* rp ne Sol. ! x 1- afro 3-1] 2cos| & Jeos{ =] {cos 2* =f x 2 lx 3-acos?2X — | cos 3X 2 2 2cos( & lcos{ 3 Jcos| ¥ 2 2 -J(cosx +cos2x) dx sin2x -sinx - +e Sol. $(c0s% + sin?x-cosxsinx)dx = I(1- Box = Moe mx (8 Sol, tine | [ -(a| =~ cos(-™%)x—1 © 28) 360 |e /180 *° = BO sols = -Meos(e) +e 6 (a) Jsec*xdx = tanx+¢ (b) sec? (ax-+b) dx = “tan (ax+b) +e a (€) Jeosec*xdx = -cotx +¢ (d) Jcosec? (ax +b} dx foot (ax+b)+e Solve the following : @ = + coax . dxf x Sol, Method-t: a} (3) 2 tan| x « (2) —se 2) (a 2 = ta F}re a Method-Il: j—_1r00sk gy (14.cosx)(1-cosx) = J(cosec’x - cotxcosecx)dx = -cotx + cosec x + Gy jo0s2x + Qsin’x 4, Q osx 2cos*x - 1+ 2si j2eosit =A 4 2einxe Sol. ioex 1 =I dx = Jsec*xdx cos*x =tanx +e 16. 2sin? (x / 2) — x 2cos? (x / 2) = Jtan? (x /2)dx = I(sec? (x /2)- 1) dx tan(x/ 2) 42 = 2tan(x/2)-x4+c Sol. -x+C Sol, Scot?xdx = -cotk-x+c 1 —1— 4 sin?xcos*x in?x + cos’x a [SOROS ay sin’cos’x = J(sec?x + cosec?x)dx = tanx - cotx+¢ | Sol. Sol, Scot?x(1- sin’x)dx = I(cot?x - cos*x) ex = Jeot*xdx-feostxdx = 592% _ oot ye Sol, Stan’x(1-cos*x)dx = I tanta sits) de = f{sectx-1)-(4=2257*) px =tanx + Si2x ae 2 Ww 7. Now use can solve it. (a) Jsecxtanx dx = secx +e (b) Scosecxcotx dx = -cosecx +c sec(ax +b) Aarne (©) Jsec (ax +b) tan (ax +b)dx = —— © Solve the following : in? 3, fo jasintxt boost 4, sin?cos"x *x + beos*x dx sin’cos*x = J(asecxtanx + beosecxcotx) dx sec x - bcosecx + 2x + sin? qin soosecx+ tan’x +sin’x gy Q ing Sol, _ !(cosecx + seextanx + sinx)dx cot x + sec x ~ cosx te ox 2 a l= sin3x Sol, Method-t: J1¢8iN8% gy cos?3x = I(sec?3x + sec3xtan3x)dx tan3x sec3x . + 3 dx 14c05(2+3x] ? ax+% 2 2 +e Method-u: J 18. Sas Sol. 8. (a) (b) 9. (a) (b) © 10. (a) (b) ~ Bsin*x) dx = 9) 5intx cos*x Jtanxsecxdx dx jC - cos*x) cos’x 2, - sera *228 x = 2cos = = secx -3. dx cos*x = secx -3(tanx + [cos*xdx - 2x) xy 2 = secx—Stanx + 2 - 38in2 27 4 = secx ~ 3tanx + 6x - sf * sn }: © 19. © Solve the following : C7 I(t forsee 41 2, x = cose 1 Je« =~ cox -tan"x +e 20. It is little bit similar to form J = tan 5% = Lar (Jeo dx Bi ‘aan Jx=3)(x-4) sol. /—— (2x- 7) Wax? - 28x +48 2dx (2x-7)y(2x-7)° -1 sec '(2x-7)+c 2 = sec" (2x - 7) +c 22x dx Qe eeeeiezers) if = 4x45} (22 - ax 4 4) dx. Sol. (X= 4x44) (x? - 4x +5) dx dx 4a hx 4x45 dx dx (x-2)) (x-2) +4 1 - = (ap emeeate 1 - pox ten (2-x)+e The Ultimate Shortcut tan"() if D0 Quadratic A Rational, if D=0 function In case of D > 0, multiply and divide by difference of roots. In case of D < 0, transform into sum of perfect square and constant. 22. - Ge] Sol. !2*e'dx = {(2e)' dx = ae Ie tan?x de tantx SRR x = BO a = J(c08%x - sin?) dx = cosdxdx = + sinax-+¢ Sol. |e Oo, 4( ) d=! 3 (Fe, eee Weel #8, (ve + a) J (Yay -1 ee Sol. Sak 7! Ye (x vet) (x+ve +] dx = J(x-1)dx == -x+0 (22+ inte] coc EP ae Bod Ex. 14x? Sol, UTES Ag “Js 4 £800 call anct- = tanx ~ tan ol. cet sec? Jon = tame —tarix +e sin2x- sin2k Sol. | Zax sink reosx~cosk™ cinx + €o8x + sink + cosk)(sinx + cosx - sink -cosk) , Sosk){sinx + 60S — sink 605%) 4, sinx ~ sink + cosx - cosk = J (sinx +c08x + sink + cosk) dx = (sinx - cosx) + (sinx + cosk) x +C 23. Sol. Btle)=F(e)x2x Atle]-2 = fe) = Jadx = f(t) = x4 = £0) = 2vx+e Since f(1) =1> 2 fl) = v1 Sol. atat-tee (120 1 rod stsyet-Lel peep ait a3 ‘Techniques of integration : Often it is not possible to convert an integral into loving integral just by simple manipulation. Then it requires some techniques to convert an integral into loving integral. These techniques are following. —— Substitution —_—By part Partial —_Kuturputur (product rule) fraction and Misc. Substitution: Theory: I= J€(x)dx and let x= 6 (2) a. # (x): SE = or(e)sde = o fe) de = BD Ba t(xh qe) of B= F(0(2))o(2) Hence | = [F(o(z))4'(z)dz eft) Substitution is said to be appropriate if the integrand in (1) is a loving one. (Standard integral) Ex. Stl) (dex Sol, let f=t at => f= x = F(x) dx = dt > It'dt +e n+ (Fe) nH 25. £6) ox ey Sol. _ er net ©) Solve the following @)_ Stanxsec?x dx Sol, Lettanx=t ? x which is eee dt a seck= 5 Sol, lettanx=t 2 Neet= 7 4 2 3/2 = E(canx) +c Gol, Lettanx=t= sec% dx=dt = \Ve+tat = 2(ssry" +e = 26+ tam)” +e 3 26. Sol. !einxcoe =f SA by 2ytanx Let tanx=t WE Atte = ftanx +c ‘Trick: Differentiate parts of function to check for substitution. (ti we can see that 20¢#0*=*} = re x = (sec*x - 1) dx = d(tan x - x) So, lets put tanx—x=t @ Indra’ ee 2 = (tam) Sol. !tan?’x(tanx- x) dx tanx-x=t > (ectxt) dx = dt = tan’x dx = dt 2 = ItdteLee 2 » fone y, tanx = t= sec'x dx = dt 27. a+? =. et I: 1 = f[+t? Jat ve = f+2vP +e = weanx +2(tanx)" +e Sol. bet tank =t = feet-S4e Gol, beti-w=t = - 2xdx = dt = J-%e-viee fe & = -ai-€ +c ? watt 2x -vsin'x wo Te dx Sol. F = -2Vta 8 ~ [sin d( sin“) [: alse = aia ~ 2 (sins) + => J2cost dt = 2sint+c = 2sin(o® ac Sol. @=t > Jsint dt =-cost+e =~ cose) +c Sol, bLetxt=t => 8x! dx = dt % 1 > alae} tan = tet, _ ntfs) 8 © Sol, Let tan-@)=t 3x dx=dt +x _ ane In(secx) = t = (sex Jlsestan dc =at sex 8 2 Jtdt=p+e a Let sin’ = > 2sinx cos x dx = sin 2x dx = dt sot “ats nf ain] +6 Let cos’x = t = -sin 2xdx=dt -in(1+ 3t) jae ote, 1+ 3t 3 An(1+3cos"x) = te 30, Sol. Sol. sinxcosxdx acos’x +bsin’x Infacos*x + bsin®x| 2(b-a) +e We generally prefer natural exponent on x for the case in integration. Let’s take LCM of 2 and 3=6 > > > > Let x” sy yex ey'dy = dx pbviev yry = oi Yigy yet we(Mtt ofS yale ‘ of? -y+or-1524] cy-inyetee] a os 2x¥? = 3x"? + 6x¥8 - ain|s + x" © = ak - ae!" salnlts x] +6 Let? =t ty_2t-3 3 t+3t-e Let 3t-P=y = (B- 20dt=dy dy a -ie Ditty ~ ht. __ tafe st- el, ae dt Sol, wax?=t > ~ 4x" dxedt = leva 4 32. gt") 710 ioe) =e 22 Standard Integration 1. (a) Stanxdx = In|secx| +c = (b) Jeotxdx = Ln|sinx| +e Proof: in|cosx| +c (LOVING INTEGRAND) osx cosx=t > [=F --nl|+e =~ Inlcosxl+e = In [sec x] + ¢ ILLUSTRATION : 1 Put Inx = t > —dx=dt Sol. Inxs t= dx Integral become Joost = sint +e = sin(inx) +6 Sol, W=ta4tde=dt 1 a= ttan tres bean (x!)ve we 4 a dt Integral becomes J tnx Vive Ex. a rece +x 2x. % 2yi+ x? X4V14x7 1 Sol, Put tn(x + vies = t= dx= dt or dx =t vitx ¢ 1 - Integral become [tat = 5 += 3 nfee ve Po ) te Integral becomes freee =Pae =(tanve) +e © Solve the following : tan(tnx) j— ex Sol, ' tan tdt = Inisecti+e = Infsec(Inx)| +c Sol, Letsin-@y=t = Jtantdt =In| sec (sin“x| + ¢ sal, ces|(x-a)+a) cos(x-a) eos(x = J(cosa - tan(x- a) sina) dx =x cos a - sina Inisec(x-a)] + xeosx gy (xsinx +.cosx)’ Sol, Letxsinx + cosx = (x cosx + sin x - sinx) dx = dt = |(cot3x -cotSx) dx __ Injsingx| tn pes Let sinx + cosx=t = cos x - sinx = dt = J-tdt 35. 2 = bern a 1 Let = 2 tu => Jtanydy =In|secy|+c ath x +1 = In|see| +e 2 x +e" (sinx + cosx) + sinxcosx (uit, | ax (22 + ar Sol, Let x + 2e" sinx - cos? x= =—___"____i¢ 2(x? + 2e*sinx - cos*x} 12 (a) Jsecxds = in(secx + tanx)+cortntan( +2) (LOVING INTEGRANDS) (b) Jcosecx dx =In(cosecx - cotx)+¢ orlatan% +e Proof: secx (secx + tanx) Ssecxdx = J. Secx + tanx Put sec x + tanx=t a (sec x tan x + sec? x) dx = dt Integral becomes is Int = InGgec x + tan +e dx Put tan"'x = t= <> tex eat Integral becomes Jcosect dt = (cosect -cott) +6 (Pt = Infcosec(tan™'x)-cot(tan™x)]}+c = In| J 1228s ay = {(coseex - 2sinx) dx = In{coseex —cotx) + 2c0sx +6 Lx et(t+y) 4 Ex. ate) Sol. Put xe" = t > e* (1+ x) dx = dt Integral becomes Jt «Jeectat=n(sect +tant)+c cost © Solve the following : sinx © Vax ™ 1 pe = JE a Sol. Sao _ Infsecx i Sol. \oaee 3% Sol. ! tanx-secx+1 = J(tanx + secx) dx = Infsec x + tanx| + In [see x] + ¢ sin?x + cos’x Sol. Faxcoste = J(secxtanx + cosecx) dx = sec x + In|cosec x - cot x| +¢ Note: I dx, asinx + beosx xtn| sec (x - a) + tan(x-a)| +c Yat +b where a = cos” 38. ox LIS eel cosx ” sinx sinxcosx = JIDKEOSK gy Sinx + cosx (sinx + cosx)* -1 = dx sinx + cosx 1 {(sinx +cosx) dx 2% _ 2 2’ Sink + cosx X= COsK see sose olen F fe 1 ,(sinx + cosx) a (2 Ginxt cosx)? = 1+ 2 sinx cosx) 2° (sinx + cosx)+1 $i(sinx +cosx-1)dx -cosx + sink - x Teer Sol, Se" x dx let x? =t e é eo > oy Gtepte ste Sol. eet @ Method-|; |—9t t(t+1) (ed t Method-ti: |= + Letitet=t dt J-F=Anlt]+e == In(t¥e) +0 ef 1 Sol. Jee! dx e+ = In(ert) + Inlet 1) He Sol, letxe'=t > e+ dx= dt dt > lee Jeosectt dt =-cottte cote’. +c Sol. Je% (274%) ax Let e +27 Liye > afr? dr 3 Q. Gait) Fran (10x) tan(7x) (tandx) dx Sol, — J(tantox- tan7x - tandx) dx (+ tan(xty) tan x tan y= tan (x + y) - tanx ~ tany) tn|sectox|_In|sec7x{_ In|sec3x| ; es 10 a 3 General Substitution 1 > a sine 2. > tano 3. -~ x= a sech z a Peat cosze aPex Using the above substitution greatly simplifies the integration as we will see in later problems. ‘Standard integration ox 13. (a) J —— = Inf x + Vx? +a? Bae) dx J vee Proof: J vie +a Let x= a tand => dx = a secé dé a. asec’8 dd [pL Jo? (1+ tan?o) = Jseco do = In(secd + tané) + io tae = of }s aa ln a Vat oe Hence Proved Similarly, for cer . put x = a secé and solve. Put sin’x = t > sin 2x dx = dt Integral becomes J —8t_ = sin {a} = sin" (} ce Sol, Pute=tae'dx=dt Integral becomes { ae Sol, *=asin’e => dx=asin 26 do = | f28@ 2 asinze ao acos’6 42. Note: Q. Sol. Ja ae x2sinecosade cost a J(1-cos2e)d9 afo- Pe In case of J |X~ Sax , =x put x = a cas*6+ fsin*0. we get, a + ae -2(B - a) sinécose do { @)co! = |(B-«)2sin?e 40 } | Let x = cos20 Now we can solve it. = Jeos(2cot™ (tané)) (-2sin26)de a) J cro er’ = Jcos(n-2tan"tand)(-2sin20)d0 => |2cos20sin2ede Jsinae ae 0540 +e u 43, Oo aiyS ax Sol. x= 3sin6 > 5270878 seo56d0 (sino) - (62t0) cong (C2 put cote = t) Sol, leter=t > Nk dx=et = 34 3 Va - ay 3 (| ol xy 3 (5 ay = Make ax? + bx + ¢ a perfect square. For integration of type (px+a) (px+a) J————x_ ana |= ax a? tbx +e vax? +bx+e Write px + q = afar +bx+c)+B ax Now Find Aand B. Integration breaks af (x J ( A) ges (8 5 gy Now solve it. F(x) 7° et de to two simple parts J Ex, oa Sol. Ex. sa +3x41 Sol, Put e' = t to get J St sin (t= 2+ VF =ares +e, Ve-atee ae Kr - a where t=e*. 4x+3 4x 43=A(6x+3) 4B _ by equating coefficients A= 2 ande= 3 4x43 (6x + 3)dx dx > a dk 2 2 J Bx 43xtt 33x HSxe1 | Ox? 43K47 . 2tn(ax? 4 ax +1) +2) i 3 3 1), 4 xt}. ( 3) 12 E [eae Me Ye tes Sata dx Sol, Vie #2045 let 5x+4=2(2K4+2)+y Comparing the coefficient’s, we have D=Sand2+y=4 gives? 3 and p Hence, we have 3) = si? +245 -J zo Tare ae reer + 2x45 [oes 9 +2" = Sx? 42x +5 -In[x +14 yx? + 2x45] 4 Solve the following: ; 229) > x aaa Sol, Step-: 2x +3=AQx+248 SA=1B=1 1(2x+2 Stop-it: pled ef 3 de x7 42x42 x? 42x42 dx singe + ax+ 24 f (xeaot = Ino 2x +2) + tan"K+ 4c 46. Sol, 8x+5=AGx+4) +8 => A=1,B=1 8x44 dx+ | Ne $442 fox +ay v1 > 2 foe aarP + Hol ae +1) ary si}re 2[2sinecos0) -cos0 a0 Sol. Jer (1~sin’e) - 4sino 4sin® - 1) cos@ dé = | © sin?@ = 4sine +5 Let sing =y 4y-1 > 'Fe aes 2 [2ee=9. 4) 4, y+] Tay y? -4y45 (y-2y +1 = Qin (y? - ay +5) + 7tan* (y-2) + = 2in (sin ~ 4sin6+5)+7 tan“(Gin8-2) + C 2(2y-4)+7 sol. Spans = 2Iny - 4y - 5)+7{/—%— (y-2) -9 7, ly-2-3| = ln yay 8) + smpaac3 = 2in(y? - 4y- 9) Zinta a0 +e a ‘Trigonometric Function Join x cos’x dx; mneN 1. fone of m, nis odd and other even, then substitute term of even power. 2. If both are odd, substitute higher power Trigonometric function If both are even, use trigonome' identities to manipulate. If m & n are rational numbers and ‘m +n! is a ‘negative ever’ like {-2, -4, -6,...}, then substitute tan x = t or cot x= t. Ex, Jeintx cost x dx Sol, 6>5>cosx=t = J (sinx}* (cosx)° sin xdx +e Ex, Jain? xcost xdx Sol. Both power are odd and 5 > 3. So, cos x=t Jin? xcos* x (sin xdx) -J(t-#) eae att te —+—4e 6 8 cos®x | cos®x +c 6 @ a8, Sol, me-tn=-am+ns-4 lettanx=t sec’ x 4 tank. x (sec? xdx) ACE ae £ sinltisEec = taftanx| 2% 4c Sol, _ J(sinxcoss)’ eos? xdx = ( jes he =H Irv corzeen =k J(1+c0s2x-cos4x—cos2xcos4x)dx 16 in6x_sindx 2 a 9. Solve the following : fats Sol, m=-Z.n=-B.mens-10 i 3 7 sinx? cos? x (cos x)? 4g, ficot ~F (secx)"dx Put tan x=t (ae) a3 zy > f ata fe? sard sets at? +c? for z 2 = F +4(tanx)? + 8(eanx)? -2temF -2 =F (tanx) vtanx INTEGRATION BY PARTS: Thoory: If f(x) and g(x) are derivable functions then ALF () e(s)] = («) 2'(x) ¥ (0) 9) 2 JF(%) a (x) dx = (x). (x) - Jes (x)-F (xJax I u JFlx)-e(x) ax 7 =f" functionxintegeral 2° — Joitt.coert. of 1") x (int egral of 2° Hx Remember LATE for deciding the choice of the first and second function which is arbitrary. Here | for inverse trigonometric function L for Logarithmic function A for Algebraic function T for Trigonometric function E for Exponential function Selection of I* and tI" Function: () Choose 2" function which is easily integrable (Use ILATE) (ii) Choose 1* and 2” function such that after by-parts, complexity of 2 term reduces as compared to original integration. (ii) Note that sometimes, ‘’is also taken as function. 50. ol, According to ILATE ‘In x’ will be 1* function and ‘x’ will be 2°* function = fxtn(xjex= a 09-S(5}{2) x =~Xa 2 a Sol, Take x as first and cos x as 2" function. Jxcosxds = xsinx - [1x sinxd = xsinx + cosx+e Wer) a peeane = pe (tan* *)-5. Patan’ xd xdx =(tan™ 5-J z a (-#F Sol, Put sin'x = 6 orx = sin® = dx =coséd0 @.cosado cos’6 Ex. Integral becomes J = [e.sec* ede aoe = 0.tan0 ~ f1.tandde = Otand-In(seco) +c Sol. Purine = tro get i= fet ingot = et (-cost)- fet (-cost}at =-costet « [et costat = ~coste! «[e'sint - fe! sintdt] lencostet rel sint-1 or l= det (sint- cost} +6 = }x(sin(tnx)-coo(inx)) +6 Sol, free! Q. ‘Solve the function: fxetax sol. J agin x91" function 2" function = xe! - ftetdx =xe"-e" 4c Sol. J()-(ere)ax x => In(x)>1* function; 1» 2° function > xtn(x)- ft xox =xin(x)-x46 Soll. (tnx) > ttunetion;1 + 2° tnetion = (é(x)) x ~ fiero (2 x = x{ n(x)’ ~2fen(x} dx =x{in(x))' -20n(x) 42x46 sin’ x + 1 function; 1— 2° function = fain xdx = xsi’ xt fine + én(x) + 1* function; x? > 2°¢ function a saes(5) be Sol. We can observe that cos xsin’ x can be easily integrated So, cosx sin? x + 2™ function; x > f* function. = x[sin® xeosxdx - f(1)(Jsin* xeosxax)ax iFsinx=t a — fear -& - sin? x Jsin? xcosxdx = frat =F = safxcosxsie® xdx ox(8°#)_ (8X5, “~ 3 3 ay eon: oxi (( 12608 Linea 3 3 _xsin?x | cosx _ cos? x 3 3 9 ow Jotanesec? odo 2 Sol, sec? oranedo = 22° 2 2 Jo(tanesec? o}de = tn" 8 _ (#2 84g 2 2280041 (sec? 9 1}d0 2 2 2884 brennalne 22 2 = Stan’ g-tane+é | Standard integration 1. fem sinbx ax (asinbx -b cosbx) +¢ +b Proof: Let |= fe™ sinbxdx >I } cosine a @ e 1 > {oosta = — fb = =) (eam ( 2, fe* cosbxdx = e* asinbx ~bcosbx a’ +b? +c Hence proved (acosbx +bsinbx) eeSaeete a+b? Proof: Let fe* cosbxdx = e {Acosbx + Bsinbx} +c Differentiating both side, we get : e* cosbx = e™ {a(Acosbx + Bsinbx) +(-Absinbx + Bbcosbx)} Equating the coefficients, 1=aA4 Bb O=aB -bA Hence Proved. +{ sinx-cosx ser { Sinx— cos). ( 2 } Sol, azhbst =f *cosxan se cosK+ 2 © Sole the following : oO J cosec”x In (secx)dx Sol, Jcosectxtn(secx)ax =(-cotx) (n(seex) + feotx tanx dx = -cotxin(secx) +x +e sol. Jo(t =(oee*ae)- Is} wseex- fafa Vet} re Sol, sinx= 2"function —(n(see x+ tanx) > function = (Jsinxdx) en(sec x + tanx) - f secx(Jsinxdx)ax = ~cosx (n(secx + tanx) + [secxcosxdx = ~cosx in(secx + tanx) +x +e Sol. Applying by parts, we get xin xed rat) x. dx ( Par 1 xeo( Mea?) | ae = xen(ca Vera? | bia +e nn e i (cos3x +cosx)dx +sinx fix IO sinx 2\ 3 = sin3x | xsinx | 1 (“= 6 = = 280m, >e cae dy. = fenyay =yiny-y+e = xe'in(xe") xe" + sae 44 GOSK (Determining substitution) atx > asin? @=xcos*6 > x=atan’6 = dx =2atanOsec’ edo Now using it, we get J9(22tanesec* ¢) a0 = (a tan’ @)- f1.(atan® 9) de = 20tan? o-af (sec? o-1)a0 =a@tan’@-atane+26+c 1 Let S-1= ey 2 ax = aya > Fox=2y0y > Be yay r Sol. flr+x)en(+x)ox +. +E}. sot ly abe s2elten) SS "oe 2 1x 7 ale 7 tk inps)}re abot (n(t+x) 2 x 2 = [xsec? xdx- fxsecxtanxdx = (xtanx- franxax)- (xs0ex- fseexc) = xtanx - (n(secx)- xsecx + (n(secx + tanx) +¢ (<) ferx.— ae (x41) Sol. Applying by parts, tom {1g x4 Jx(cet) 32 ft Jax xed Nad ix =~ BE stra tn(xs ive Q. fusior| eh Sol, bet x=2acos2t dx =—4asin 2tdt fea(1—cos2t > fracosatsin’| + j2a(1~ cost) |(-4asin2t) dt 2 a = J-#a? cos2tsin2t sin” (sint) dt = [-42? sin(4e)ect = nda? (22084) +42? soeaay 4 at 2 sinat = aPtcos4t—a’ 59. Standard Integration : , 1 Jer ita aoe + Zeal eit aa? ee Proof x=atant dx = asec? tdt = ts fie? +xdx = fa? sect rat => I=a?f (sec? t)(sect)at =a? tantsect-a*secttan®tdt =2? tant sect -a* (sec? t—sect} dt > Isattantsect-1+a"fsectdt a? (e+e? | (x) a > eye e fe |+ Sen 2| a aj’ 2 2 > I Asa Fo(lere ta}re Hence Proved. 2 2. Jva? dx = Fa = +E sin Ste Proof: Hence Proved. 60. a. [raed ma Soma +x} t6 2 Proof : Let x = a seco Now, similar to above identities, apply by parts and prove it. ‘Two Classic integrands : (a) fer (F(x) +8 (x)Hx=e'F(x) +6 Proof : Se" (Flo) + (x)= fort (xjdx + fo* Fond = Jett (x)ox+erF (x) - fet (xjdx+e=ert(x)+e 8) f (F(x) +8 (2)ox = x(x) 4c Proof : J(F(+) + F(x) dx = Jtlx)ane fer (x) oe = JF lx)ax + xF(x)- fF(x)ae =xt(xJ¥c Ex. Jot (x+tax Sol. Jetlx+1)dx tue fO0 f°), = e'f(x)+e > exte 1. (1+ x)" 38 dx = fet 4% AN dx = +—tifexeettite Sol. Soy “S (14x) tole sh tx dx Ex. f e =fe(1 = Sol. JE lt+xtnxjaxe fer prim ectinesc ne 1 Sol. fe x or fo tatetac fol = 44 a a 2 ah (x +2) (x+2) (x42) (x42 fo frst Sy fare (S36 Sol. fens ass} =xsinxt¢ ) *) Sol. S2!+ ta? oe ff 222 or? r= xin Sol, Putinx= tro for(int Jer Je {met +3] = (tee f]renet “(ltrs ree a{intna)- GB] +e ©) Solve the following : @ fet (cosx + sinx)dx Sol. (x)=sinxt'(x)=eosx =e*sinx+¢ Sol. f(x)=cosx "(x)= -sinx = fet (cosx-sinx)dx =e" cosx+e Sol. _ flx)=tanx.t"(x) = sec? x = fet {tans sectx}ox=et tance Sol. '=Jet(secx+secxtanx)dx F(x)=secx &f"(x) = secxtanx = Ise secx+e Sol, Letax-y 1p y(sinay -2 I=—[er Id) 2 tai (23 } ” 4 2sinycosy -2 ~— wees 7 ( Dein’ y jw <= Fe’ (coty -cosec’y) dy Again, itis of form fe" (f(x) +f" (x)}dx me > I= Jer coty+e = ye Sol, If f(x) = tanx = f'(x)=sec? x ++ Above integral is of the form {(F(x) + xf*(x)}ix = f(tanx + xsec? xix = xtanx +e if F(x) = tana (x)= = teatan(3}re Q. wm jo Ram sot, fet “fea fele ap => Inet-" ax x43 2 6a. Sol. Sol. ao Sol. (x) fet] 1 Jax ies} {Boi , J (e ae fest, 2 oe -Ie{E ch if #(x) = 22 (x) = xed my ER 1 > Ire’ re x41 x-sinx &) 1 cosx I= *—— — cot > [dx 2sin?|* 2 > I=-xcot{% +e 2 i) fe| 1 _»§ fe lr | First check the 4 = } del fies? Vive - xj Q. Sol. Sol. Q. Sol. texto 1 (ep (ee) = Integral becomes the form of fe" (F(x) + "(x)}5x xe" =I. +e Vee én(x) xi) {| —“*, lax (ce | . 1+ (n(x) -_— tle iene wea -fstafictay — +e T+tnG) Pe + er] 271-2 Jax J [as a =fe Givy) Jet (x*)ax Sle oD) i 1 2 e -—*— |dx = +e (x+1)° a (x+1) I= Jel xt + 4x3) — (x? 41202) + (12x? + 24x) - (24x 4-24) + 24] ax (continuous making e* (f(x) +f" (x)) from) = beet (x= 4x? 412k? = 24x+ 24) +0 ‘THE SECRET CONCEPT-MIND IT! If f(x) is a polynomial of degree ‘n’ then Jert(x)ax = e'g(x) +c where g(x) will also be polynomial of degree ‘n’ For eg. Je So just differentiate both side and equate coefficients to get p, q and r. tox +e)dx =e" (px? +qx+n)ed Ex, Jetdx Sol, bet fe™’dx=e™ (ax? +ax+c)+0 Differentiating both side, we get ed =e (sax? +-30x 4.36 + 20x +8) 1 1=3ASAs + = 1s3A2As2 = ews maee-2 = o-3c+8ac-2 27 2 foreax=em{ © - 22 Jeo 39°27 Q. Find f(x? +304 1)0%ax Jet (2 +341) = 0 (and 42 + cx+0} 44 Differentiating, we get © («8 43x41) =e (3ax? + 380? + 30x 490+ 3x? + 28x +¢) General Concept Jet (F(x)er(x) + F(x)) de = efx) +e Exe, fot" (sine seex)dx Sol. Je (sinx- (-cosx) sec’ x} dx sec? x ana cosx)=sinx 4 Now ag (tanx) ; > tse! (-cosx)+6 PARTIAL FRACTION This technique is used if a rational function is being integrated whose denominator can be factorised If integrand i Pils) P(x)&P, integrand is + P(x x) are 6 (x) * (x) &P, (x) polynomials. Cas If degree of P, (x) 2 degree of P,(0) + Divide and move to case Il. cas If degree of P,(x) Now that the degree of P,(x)is less than that of P, (x), we can integrate the function after coefficient comparison. It can be understood form the following illustrations. 42x44 Ex. [Rapa =1(x- aera) apes K-17 x27 x4 Now, x” +2x +4 =A(x-2)(x +1) +B(x-1)(x+1)+C(x-1)(x-2) Now using coefficient comparison of different exponents of x, we get, T=AtBtC (coefficient of x°) 2=-A-3C (Coefficient of x) 4=- 2A-B +26 (comparing constants) = As-l;a24 cot 2 2 Alternate Method: Put x =10n both side; = P+2x144=A(-1)(2)48x04Cx0 => as-Z 2 Put x = 2 on both side; = 2 +2x2+4=A(0)+Bx3+Cx0 > B=4 Similarly put x = -1 on both side = Ce 2 Now that we have found the values of A, 8 and C, the integration be comes lay 7° mS lay aid 2 =~ Fine ainjx-2|+ pxt+a (=a) =) px+q (x-af? 2 px? +axte a ,_8 c (= al(e-b)x=e} (=a) (x-8) (e-9) px? baxter (k= a)(e +bxee) where x? +bx +c can’t be factorized For cases, where denominate is repeated linear factor of x, we can solve it like given below: Now compare the coefficient xP e244 A(X) +B(X? Now we can easily integrate it. +244 (x=1)(x+1)? B ¢ D + XV (xa al (xet) For cases, where denominator is quadratic in ‘¢ which cannot be factorized: Similarly, can be written as x 70. Sol. 2x+4 (x-1)(x? +x+1) 2X8 42x44 = A(x? +x 41} + (Bx +C)(x-1) put xs1>Aa22 3 Put x=0=A-C=45C= 3 Comparing coefficient of x2,1=A+8= B= -2 4ax+5 i Per 2(2x+1) =1)p__3dx 23S ey” (Se Zen(x? + x+9)-f ox xe) 4 Tin(x-1)-2n(x? 4x41) 9 Ce we tar 3 3 iS x24+2 beg) We have +2 = +2 A 8 (ef) GPa) FT Gay ® ie. 8 42= A(x? - 1) 4B(x-1)+C (x41) Comparing the coefficient, we have Aveenprzee’ and-A-B+C=2 3 3 A=—,B=— == gives + and => Hence, we have ta foe af of oof 8 =tintx+ t+ Stnix-a+ 4 4 +c 3 2(x+1) n. (t+) ea Sol. We have (14x) (1-x) 6x242 6x2 +2 x8 43x? = 3K +1 (x-1)* Note: Before decomposing into partial fractions, we must ensure that the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Take special note of the method of performing division. Adding 1 to the given fraction cancels out the x° them in the numerator, therefore reducing the degree of the numerator. 6x2 +2 bev 6x’ +2=A(x-1) +8(x-1)+¢ Now we have Comparing the coefficient, we have A=6,-2A+B=0 and A-B+C=2 gives A=6,2=12 andC=8 Hence, we have dx =-tfdx- = = -1f dx SS Bf 2 -x-6in|x- 11+ +4 40, x-7 (x-1) 1s (xr yr) 1 A Bx+C Dx+E + Sol, were pn a ey ie 1 A(x? 44) + (Bx +6)[x? +x? 44 1) + (Ox +E) (x+1) Comparing the coefficient, we have A+B =0,84+C=0,2A+B+C4+D=0 B+C+0+E=0 and A+C+E=1 cel Gives A= Hence, we have 2 a (x+1)(2 +4 ‘ 1 1p 2% 1)_dx =Atnfx+1)-2 dx4t a Ing e+ Wen Al, alee) 2° = dab tt tinge 1) + Pranic 4 8 4 To evaluate I,, put x = tan@ and dx = sec? ed@ . Thus, we have tan*x+—* 2 4d de=2'6 sec*@ 2 2, 2 Hence, we have 1, = [8007008 _ (1+ cos 20 af sit) |, = [See 08. ptt 608 26, x+1 Finis tt -2in(x? + 1)+ Stan x+ 4 8 2 = ty tdt 27? 43t+2 otf A+B lor tei tsa Q. Sol. => As-landB=2 (using coefficient comparison) 1 -1 at+tf ‘Qdt 2ite1 2/t+2 -1 > ‘alt ++ tnjt+a+c abe eile +24 dx 41 dx A age let > 1sA(e -x+1 + (Bx +C)(x+1) Putx=-1> A= wie Put xe05AtC=190=2 Comparing coefficient of x7 :0 =A+B=>B 7 ul tolx+] 46 ox-4 dx 3 61x41 injxe] 4 ll oe ia Bot 3 _ ley 3 CI aKxt1 x axtt = fle Vegi ee xeats 3 6 = OL Leng? - x4 )+ tan 3 6 B 74, if dx sinx (342 Let cos x=y = -sinxdx = dy = J. -j _*_ (1-¥)(3+ 2)“ (y’ -1)(2y+3) tet ——_1_-A,® ,_¢_ (v?-1)(2y+3) y-1 y+1 2y43 dy ip cy |4 = Srey 1) a gat tla inly+tt ee 20m 2y+3)+e > (2y +3) = fnli-cosx] | Inct881,2sacoaces}ve 10 sinx Co erases sinxdx ax cos xdx Paunanccata il AKER = sin? x)(1= 2sin® x) Let sinx=y 75. Sol. 1+xcosx ) ef* (14 xcosx) Let xe™ be t Ty 1 1 = Ie ay” aa molt dial tt] -Zialtst lie = fo x08 |= Lindt =x20** [46 ay fl 1) (x-2)(x- 3) oe (e-4)(e-5)(x-6)™ cubic It is of form cubic leading coefficient in numerator Since jeading coefficient in denominator ~ We can write the above integral as ( A fl x-4 = (x=1)(x-2)(x-3) = (x-4)(x-5)(x-6) +A(x-5)(x-6)+ B(x - 4)(x-6)+C(x- 4)(x-5) => put x=4=6=2A>A=3 5324 =-B3B=-24 0 put put x=6=>60=20—> = ff lax x-4 x-5 x-6 =x-+ 3infx-4]-24¢n1 x- 51 +30¢nIx-61 4c 76. > Suppose f(x) is a quadratic function such that £(0) = 1 and F(—1) = 4. IF f(x) dx —— is a rational function, find the value of f(10). x? (x-+1) F(x) dx A,B,C oD ALB, oy, ldx Sol. se(xey “(X27 XT Cea ay? But since, integral is a rational function, A = C = 0 as fro and [—\ axis a logarithmic function x xe f = jthe-s B42 lax ¥ (x+1) 2 (xe) > f(x)=B(x41) +02 f(0)=138=1 f(-I)=4=0= F(x) = (x41) 4x? = Sx? 42x41 = f(10)=521 Idea is to change the integrand SUBSTITUTION AFTER MANIPULATION such that the substitution (KUTURPUTUR) becomes visible. Ex. eq 7. it pur 14tet to get f—8 =-tintec=-tinft++t loc cS t n a ee ts xt Ex. Toy J ox ox a 1 ey s 2 -1)(-1 Pur -1=t toget [2at-(2](2}r+ += prreewoam fBar-( a] gle +e te a xdx [5 bx} 78. Sol. Sol. Solve the following : dx x (2 44) Jj dx xtxt (1 ney a Let 4x7 st 2 a1 )(t-1) at os ytd 3 dx o Jz x [erties } > 4 = Sele = tapieyf-yee sof Ps} he Sec ee cosa 1 Sol. Ip 2x? - 2x +1 (ui) f (xo +x! +x?) (at +30 +6) ax Degree in both expression are as follows (© 4 2 ( 2 0) + If one take x from 1# and pu 631 642) Now above form is ideal for kuturputur 3 f(t ex? +x)(axé 43x! + ov} dx Let 2x° +3x* + 6x? = 12(x° +x? +x) dx = 2ydy > Jee-4sc 2 (2x® + 3x* + 6x2)? * 18 +¢ win [245 (x+1¢dk) at. Q. Sol. (will) — de eg J vk ox (ry ve Let 1+ Vk =y a o—) 4g 2g ee Te c a2. 5 #8 air) a ox ai I (t+ abet 41-1 Let +15? let y= sec? 4 = 2pes @ tan dd sec? @tan® = -Jd0 = -0+C =-sec* fy+c = = sect yyit+x4 +c ——— (xsinx +cosx)” Own f Sol. g (xsinx + cosx) = xcosx + dk xcosx =x (xsecx)dx Now applying by parts, > =xeecx |, pseex+xsecxtanx +o de xsinx + cosx XSiNX+ COSX dx exseex _ pseex(xsinx+cosx) | Geraanescas) xsinx+608x "J cosx(xsinx+ cosx) ~xsecx = SOs tanx + xsinx + cos x 84. INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION Type-t: —— Ja ax if dx a+bsin?x /a+bcos?x /asin?x+bcos*x+csinxcosx /(acosx+bsinx)” Multiply N' and D' by sec’x or cosec?x and proceed Type-2: j ox if x f= dx atbsinx Ja+bcosx Jasinx+bcosx+e Convert sin xand cos xinto their corresponding tangent to half the angles and put tan* at Type-3 asinx +beosx+e 4, o')+8 4, (sinx +meoosx+n ax Type-4 2 2 Jeti or Jax eke +1 x4 +h? 41 Divide N‘ and D’ by x? and take suitable substitution dx Ex lies Sax cos ec’x cos ec?x = OOS GE gy Sol. Ie Ssin?x Ss 5 cot? x-1 Put cotx=t to get dt Se - dx Exel eecccax dx Sol. Sisacux 85. Ex. Sol. 2dt Put tan==t toget o+t? 1 = x lSoae Let t= fox sinx- 3cosx-1 Putting tan> . we have =f 1 2a 2at at__afi-v tet? S2t-3(1-t?)-(1+t?) tet (ie 2dt dt 1 1 tigltit Seen cae 3 sy]at=fin +c ‘Poser! (t-1}(t +2) ie t+2 3 |t+2| ; ftand—1 sin| 2 lee 3 ranX a2 2 sinx +3cosx+1 Evaluate the indefinite — Let sinx+ 3cosx+1=A(sinx -3cosx-1)+p(cosx+3sinx) +v ‘Comparing the coefficient of sin x, cos x and constant term we have Band -A+v ha gus it gives 4 and v= and 5 5 Thus, we have dx sinx— 3cosx—1 x4 Binsin x 3e08x - Now, we have J 1 2dt satan aoe Putting tan ar 3(t-e) tee [ boli Hence, we have t= x4 Sinfsinx- 3cosx- 35 ox -| sec? xox (3tanx - 4) Sol. i=f (3sinx - 4cosx’ Put 3tanx-4=t— 3sec’ xd at 87, dt +3 1 aft =—tan +c = va (=) Sol. at ane j= a . Solve the following : dx (3sinx - 4cosx) ; ised («Multiplying by see*x) Sol. (3tanx-4)" Q © lee sec’ xdx 3sec?x+1 -J sec? xdx 44 3tan’x Let tanx=t dt Ie +4 Q. Sol. et © 2x3 t-3 t+3 tan X43} 2 230 x tan& an dx Ol sesasrenr Sol. f . 2ta 342) ——2_|4 1+ tan? | 4+ tan?*~ 2 2 1-tan? = x sec"| > = dx near? (Je arand oa dt (t+1)41 J dt - P4242 a tan"(t41)4c sean[tangs ‘fe SD eseries sean 3 ,(2c0sx+8)-(3c0sx) 5 3 Gen] pearl Sol. *5 cosx 1-tan? 2 3| +5 : 4+tan?| = ww (3) ax 3p sec pax nfoecx + tanx| - 5 x Let tan bet 2 fnjsec x + tan x} 3 a tan nfsec x + tan i _ fers +tand 3 2)+e 5 10 2 é Q iz sana Sol. Towel] [ae] ere tan? x _2tand 1s Tart 1+ tan? > ieee lax 2 2tan?|* |42tan% 2 2 Jo where t= tan t(t+1) 2 tear sin2x dx 1-F(sinax) sol. J > sec? 2x - tar" 2% o ae 2x dx tan? 2x 2 Let tan 2x =t Solve the following : teosx- 16sinx x © [yeext sain oO Sol, Me0sx-16sinx = A (2c0sx-+Ssinx] +6(-2sinx+Scosx) > 2A+5B=11 and SA-28=-16 Solving, A=-2 and B=3 3(-2sinx + 5cosx) — il lx = fia ; 2cosx+5sinx =-2¢+ 3tnfpeosx + Ssinx| +c - 4 oO. @ Sea Jac een Ayla 4 S08K=sinx “2 sinx + cosx tn|sinx +cos inx + COSx +c Q. Sol. 1 sinx ~cosx 14 SDAA OS® Nx ‘sinx + cosx 92. sinx Sol. J} ginxet™ sex (isin) la = J (seextanx- tan? x}dx =secx-(tanx-x)+C =secx -tanx+x4+C cosx Sol. Sie = jee 0s) 4, sin? x = Jeosecxcotx - cot*xdx = J(cosecxcotx - cosec*s + 1)dx = -cosecx +cotx+x4+C Sol, &+3sinx+14cosx = A(3+4sinx + 5cosx) +B(4cosx- Ssinx) +C = 4A-58=3 => 5A+4B=14 = 3A +C=6 > A=2,B=1,C=0 > 2x+tnfs+4sinx+5cosx\+c Sie ~sinx-cosx) =e" - cosx+sinx ax Sol. So, if e* - sinx-cosx = f(x) 93. #()-F0) 2 > sinx= ptt 7 2F() _ ft) x 2 Qa. Sol, 9e8 +5e* = A(4e-Se*) +B(4e% + 5e™) > 4A4+4B=3 -5A+5B=5 = Ast ando-2 8 8 =F fees 2 fax sree se" ki 3 QO. h9 Joos 2xtn(1+ tanx)ax Sol. Applying by-parts, sin2x sin2xtn(1+tanx) - tanx dx = 22x én 1+ tanxd 2 Jivtame 2 To eotx sin 2xén|1 + tan: ae fnfsinx + cos x] ie ens toon (previous Qiii)) 94. 9s. ow Jvtanoao Sol, Let tand=y? = sec? edo = 2ydy p22 t+y* =f 2y dy t+y* “pee. t+y* Where yis vtané oo fen Sol. Let [Vtanede =1, and j ect ede =1, Lehef sind , [cose sy cose sine jinorsestae =) Faneccoe’™ Let y= sind-cos@ dy > vole eens 2 = +1, =¥2sin"(sin@—cos6)+c =) sind feose -L= - a ht i cose =f = fSne cose ‘ein teos8 Let y=sin@+cos@ Note: (2) > aeoly + P+ = = ~V2in|sing + cose + 2sindcos 4] +c (2) From 1&2 2 sin" (sino cose) + v2in|sing + cose + Ysin29 2 +c JYeoreae = Where y cos+ sinx is loving in numerator if denominator contains ‘a+sin2x or vb+sin2x. It is so because we can 2 manipulate sin2x as (sinx4+cosx)' -1 : a ; or 1~(sinx-cosx}’as per requirement. However if cosx#sinxappears in denominator, then —_— manipulate differently 97 Sol. cosx + sinx eee 2-sind& , ay cosx +sinx =“ (sinx- osx) dx So, write sin 2x as 1-(sinx-cosx)” and take sin x - cos x=t 2a 1-¢?) “le = tan" (t)+¢ = tan (sinx-cosx) +C Solve the following : ox ) [—%* __ oa eeernicaas —_—_ In |,, take sinx+ cosx=y and sinxcosx Now solve them separately and add to get answer. w J cos xdx e-sin2x Let 1=1,+1,, where (cosx-+sinx) V8 -sin2x In I, sinx—cosx=t cl 2 In |,,sinx + cosx=y 2 ieHfptetar(the, Integration of Irrational Algebraic Function Type-1: dx @) {——_———._ (>a) Ta, x-a)(B-x) Working Rule: Start with x = cos? @+Bsin?@ ® = 1 { — Y= 2) («-B) “(x= 4) fx-a)(x-B) Working Rule: Start with x = asec? @-Btan? 0 Working Rule: Start with x = acos?@+Bsin?@ ex. Sa 5-x sol. J le-9-2) x= 2cos*@+5sin"6 => dx =3sin26d0 cos 8~ 5sin’” @)3sin20d0 cin? @)(2c0s* 0+ bein =f 3cos" @x3sin20 4g Yicos? oxasin®o _ [3¢08? 8x 2sin@cos@ sinacose = 3] (1+ cos 20}40 sin20 =3fo+ 02) ,¢ . 2 } 10 = [6cos* ogo Now x=243sin?@ = [52 asine and 3 t= 3sin’ JAS? + ffx—2)(5-x) +¢ Type-2: ox Ie +b)ypx +Q Working Rule: px +q= t? ‘Type-3: dx lone px? + qx + Working Rule: Put ax +b = dx + Atex-8 i t Type-4: j dx . (ax? +bx +c) Jpx+q" Working Rule: put px + q=t? dx dt lene this reduces to lavcece Type-S: j ox (a +bx +¢)ypx? +qxer Case-t; When (ax? + bx +c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g. = {——* __ then (2 -x-2) Vo? +41 “Shee oie ee K-2 KF eat ~2) Vx? x41 (x41) 4x41 utx-2et utxstet ar Pueetiey 100. Case-tl: If ax? + bx +c is a perfect square say(Ix +m)" 1 then put ktm. Case-Ill: Ifb=0,q=0eg dx ——4*_ then put +b)ype or ret or the trigonometric substitution are also helpful. dx “, Near +1 dx Ex. Jie ox sol. '*IQaKen pur stat ts [28 - aan tt +e = 2tan'(yeai)+e it? 4a)t Ex ox Sear +1 ox (+ 4)Vat es Sol. atdt 1 Put x= toget =f Again put 4417 ~dz “lea” Now just put value of z and t i ox fice aViex=? _ dx Sol. “Sahee 4 Put xtt= tale ff V5 (x +1) a3) 3x41 = sin +c Solve the following : oO dx » \evayacn Sol, 2+1-¥ = dx=ydy ydy = It stan"y+e =tan' (View) sc dx. Ol eerie Sol. *+1-y' 2ydy = Sip -fuw t=¥e Sue ae 102. Sol. Sol. Wherey = yx+1 dx ” Saye +2 xetet y (lps y Ny? =f say a -tolys fy? +c Yiey? 1 Where x+1=— y ox © lae 2)vxe +2xK+2 1 A dx Javea -J—_— -; _{— (x41)ver +242 7 (x4 2)vx? + 2x42 Now it becomes just like previous question. ~ (v) dx a Vereen Sol. SS (x-3)° y(x-3) -5 1 Let x-3=+ y - gir Gl 1 -10ydy =a) ys a peal 4c 2 =VE 46 = -3) Lee. 5 qe 4 Sear Sol, Method-i x= tané sec? ed * Vea os aheaze i cosede sin’ @ + 2cos’6 -J cos ad8 “1 2-sint@ 104. Let sind=t = f-s ent =x ea t+ v2 Where tan@=x +c a a” (esque Sol. leahee tet 4+t-y? > Sacer ayy > Ways (v -4)y a1 “as fs| "yediel © Where y = [a+ NP Integration Qi Let 1, = f(tanx)' ax 1 = [(tanx)™? (tan? x) ox = |= f(tanx) 2 J sec? xdx =I, a (tanx)"-1,, |, = Joos)". cos xdx |, = (cosx)™ sinx + (n -1) f(cosx)"™ sin? xdx = 1, =(cosx)”'sinx +(n-1)I,_,-(n-1)|, > nl =(cosx)”' sinx+(n=-)h,, itl, = f(sin x)’ dx, then 51, - 61, =? (A) sinx cos’ x +C (B) sin2x cos2x (c) sin2x cos 4x ©) 802% 14.c0s? 2x -2cos2x) (2) |, = J(sinx)™ sin xa = |, =-c0sx(sinx)”' + (n=1) f(sinx)”* cos? xdx = |, =-c0sx(sinx)”' + (n=). -(n-1), +C > nl, - (n-th, =-cosx(sinx) +0 putn=6 = 5, -6l, = cosx(sinx) + = sin2x 52 (sinx)' + = S82 (1 cos 2x) +c = 5024 (14 cos? 2x - 208 2x) +€ 8 Sol, = fisecx)™ sect xax > |, = (seex)"™ tanx - (n- 2) f(seex)” (see xtanx)tanxdx > |, = (secx)"* tanx~(n~2) f(secx)" * (sec? x- 1) dx = (n-1)|, = (secx)"” tanx +(n=2) |,» 107.

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