.,..... ...

~ -.

-
. ...
rıre fITTER'S
..
AND
_._-----.
,.-,,-. .
STRUCTUfV\.L fITTER'S·

. ,
. Author &.p;ublisher .
..
ı

p. DESIKANANDAN
. ~AVYAPPATH HOUSE
"--, ..• PUDURUTHYP.O
INDlA, PIN: 680623

i•••

, ' .
'

•
 SPACE
. FOR YOUR COMMEıWS'.'
. ~:?.:!- ::....~ .•. -'--

SOLunon of' WArIOLM

WIDI SQUARB ROOT

"

FIG(1)
"'.

Formula:
/
.~L8= ~(C2-~~) 2) b= ~(c;2-a2) 3) c= "<a2+&)
: Note: The sign " Indicates square root.
Example:- .
F.ind the length of 'c' when .'a' is 300 mm
and 'b' is 400 mm
. Ans: c= ~(82+&)
c
= 4300X3(0)+l4OQx40OJ
== .J{90000 +160000)
=~250000
=500 mm

6 7

..'.
~:

•••••
 "
..
~,

~"Q °fFSE.!
• • •••• "O

]'ı1gonoqaeb1c funcUons ..
In computing plplng oftsels with Trigonometry
.
we
,

will have to employ the six functions which are .technically :

called trlQonometric functions. These functions are :
"
1) Sine A = Set;;. Travel *

rı i 2) Cosine A = Aun + Travel

,"

./ 3) Tang~nt A" =' SiS. + Rım '.

~=:J""
.~
"4) 9018ngenl A'= Au" + Set
,,"
, ,
•

.
11"::. ',

"
:
"5) S~pant A "
r.
= Travel + Run
:.f'
' ~ . /! 9-:; 'i>
,~'
. Ş) C6secant A =:= Travel + Set
~ .> ~
.-- :
i . l- .IIJ!!I:L.f2DU
.- ~
Sine = Sin
ltı/IV "

i Cosine
Tangent
cotangent
=
'=
1:1
cas
Tan
",Cot
Cosecant = co$ec
'Secant = See
FIG (2) PIPING OFFSET , , • Not8 : '/i: la the Arlgle of fitting and
....,
..
t
.•...
' Sin~ A me.nı the Sinı.of "Angleıp:
i
8

9
••
------------------.-----~( ;
-,.lt
---- :_---, ------ . wa..-

~~i
 SOLunO" Of' A:RlGHTTRlMGLE
CROSS l'IULTIPYCATION

c Weknow
8+4=2 " ,
If we cross multlply this equation we gel
4x2=8
~ ~~A ıf we'Jlur '2' :~ the place of '4'
c "then '4' will go to the place of '2'
1000 8+2=4
FIG:3 ""slmilarly
Set + Travel =SinA
In this rt. triangle ABC side AB = 1000,
side BC = 5n.35 and Angle B= 000. Travel x sin A "=
set
Calculate (1) AC~ (?) Angle A & (3) ~Ie C Set + Sin A =
Travel
Solution
lIke this a'l the slx functJons given
Side AC = ..J(AB2+BC2l="..J(1000x1000)+(5n.35x577.35)
= ~1000000+333333.(2235) in page No: 7 are' relatad.
=..J1333333.ö25 = 1154:7 .
Tan A = Set + Rlin = 577.35 + 1000 = .Sn35 Note : 5(n" A mearıe 51~e ofAngle 'A'
A =~
(Ffom TrIgoIıonayllıble RndcU __ IIgIWlIl.5T135in •••.••cokmn)

.
..
"
-

,
C =90-30=W
Note : ThIa tı1ang4e can tJe ~oIved \'{Ithother functiona
eg: SinA _, Set ITrav", Caelnt A • RunlTrav.etc .•
.0
i- 11
LO
 SOLUTION Of' RIGHT TRlANQLE SOLUTION Of RJOHT TRlANGLB
(USING SCIENTIfiC CALCULA TOK) (USI"G SClBNTIFIC CALCULATOK)

(Since the functioning of all thesclentitic calcula-

N<Xe
tors are not being exactly the same please go through the (1) to find tan ", cos ", sin ", press the 2nd function
cakulater -manufacturers operation manual for BEST results)

To solve the right triangle

. ~.~
.
given in FIG 3 (page No: 8)
button or INV Sutton (INVERSE PROCESS) _
(2) In some calculators answer will automatically be
STEP -i •• _ _ displayed ımmjjiatırtrer reSSing the butlons .
switch on the calculator by using ONlOFF BUnON. ISIt-!J {ÇQID TAN OJ etc.
We need not press§] Bınton
STEP ii .
By operating MODE SELECTOR Button keep the Example : Find the tangent value of 30".
. calculator in 'DEG' MODE.
press /ike this .
STEP III
(To find Angle A)
.'@] @J @J tAN i The display'wilt" be l·sn350269 i
press the following BUnONS To {ind the-Angle who se 'tan' value is .577350269
. one after another in the series given press the followlng Button

mm m [!]ClJ]] m EJ[!] mJ i[) m~~

. . ~
IÇ]D
'.
([J ın [ilm mı i[)i]) mı ([] [2ndl~
LLLiYJ
= 29.9998843 = 29.999999~
= aQ0 =3QO
s.in..and ÇQ§ also can be tried like this. since all the
.three sides and three angI es are known, you can practlce
i yourseH all the slx functions y.ourself.

12 13

.L-.__
... _
 SPOOL DRAWING SPOOL DRAWING
(Isometric) (Isometric)

LINE GOES TO NORTH. 1

90° Ell GOES TO .... :..:.... \

LINE GOES TO SOUTH, v : •

90° ELL GOES TO

: .
-....----~~
i
., 900ElL UP
90° ELL UP

~-
~ 1'1\

.. ~
90° ELL 90° ElL
DOVVN OOWN .o' (1)
(1) ,
90° ELL
90° ELL GOESTO
GOESTO EAST
~ EAST (4)
. (3)

90° ELL 90d ELL

GOESTO GOESTO
Vv'EST V\lEST

IS
i _
14

-----_. __ . _ ... __ .....•_---------------------

__ ..
 SPOOlDRAWING
SPOOlDRAWINL.
(lsometric)
. (Isametrie)
\UNE GOES TO WE~r,
LINE GOES TO::]Esr, ı90~ELL GOES TO .b.~ .
••••• 60.
90° ELL GOES TO ............

, ,.

" /.
...••
(1)
DO'MI
i~
: UP
UP
!

/(4)
~> f·
..
•

NORTH
.. i
,
'"
.
16 17

_ .. .., . s'
 '.

., " 1
i
SPOOL ORAWING

SPOOL DAAWING
i
i
(Isometric)

(Isometric)
'i " DOWN TO EAST,

.~
..

DOWNTOEAST

..
"ri" •
+1'''

(i) UPTO EAST

, .

'-.'3) , UPTOEAST

DOWNTOWEST
UP TO WEST

ILINE GOES TO NORTH & 90oELU45°ROL.LlNG 'J ..~

"
, UINE GOES TO SOUTH & 900 ELL 45° ROLLlNGf
, '

18 \9

,-----------------------------------------------------------
 SPOOL DRAWING
(Isometrie)
N
SPOOL DRAWING
(lsornetrtc)

tf'
DOWNTO '

(1)
.~.
"2. ) DOWN TO NORTH UPTONORTH

·~PTONOATH

. DOWN TO SOUTH

DOWN TO SOUTH i

. (+)
~ UPTOSOUIH
UPTOSOUTH
.. ..~ .~. lU.NE GOI=S TO WEST & 900 ElL45° ROLLlNG\
LiJ:f{g GOES TO EA~ J)O Ell45 R01' ı~ill -; . , ....
lt ••••• i

. 20
 .,'- i .•••
'0
-,
Ci) (ı) ~)
i
."
r

" ,..
,
(j) (2) (3)
" - ,
II PJ
.
-' o
. ı: LL· e:" o E S i O .5 O() T H
. ,.
-,

(ı> • HORTH
" " Ttı WE.5T (I)VE~T. L.ıtH:: G\oES J)O""~.) !JOE.Ll. GoES "TO

. (J) ,. To Noı"TU E AS,.

- c:J..o

(~) -; ii iİ
TO ff\S,. ! Ô) - ,}.ii_. -- - GıoES TO SOcJT"

--
~
(+) :... CJ..t, - - - - -- -. Gıou TO

22
~ •.J& 23 _
__ ._-
i

.1..
------- ....
 Lı NE.
._._ ----'
G.oES".
_- -- SOUTH". ' .
:.":'"'-
i
. .r

(I)

ii t:L L. (jı. fS 4i- $ E

. ..
(1) 4JL.LL·G.ıS4f~N
.
"1\ eUT
. (VUT-4().

@ .\ 'of>
••; LU. ,"oU ..,; UP TO f.lt5T(V'Rr-...ş)
\
'. .
(1) U t,u..6ıa ••;
.
~"'.n .so-U
~EA."t.tA.. 4r-)
25'
24
 SPOOL DRAWING
(lsornetrlc)
SPOOL DRAWING
(lsometrlc)

..
(2) ..--_--.~,......

(2)

.' (3)

(1) LINE GOES rOWAROS NORTH (HORIZONTAll Y)

·(2) 900 ElBOW ROLLING 45° OOWN TO E.~ST
(1) LINE GOES 45° HORIZONTAl SO,UTH i WE~T
(3) PIPE GOES ı 5° ERTICAL TO ~AST
(2) goo ELBOW DOWNWARD
(4) 45° ELBOW GOES TO EAST
(3) LINE PERPENDICULAA (VERTICAL)
(5) LINE GOES TO EAST (HORIZONTALLY)

26

_-------
...
 SPOOL DRAWING
SPOOL DRAWING
(Isometde)
(Isometric)

i '.

(1) PIPE 45° VERTICAL TO EAST

. (1)LlNEHORIZONTALLYTO,SOUTH
(2) ~ti° ELBOW ON TO EAST
(2) 45° ELBO~ 45° UP TOWARDS SOUTH
(3) PIPE HORIZONTALLY GOES TO EAST
(3) PIPE 45° UP TOWARDS SOUTH
0-

.-
28
.29

....------------------
 SPOOL DRAWING
(Isomatricl

SPOOL DRAWlf\JG
(Isomatı ie)

(1) LINE HORIZONTALLYGOES TO EAST

(1) 900 ELBOW GOES 45° SOUTH lEAST FROM
(2) 45° ELBOW SLlGHTLY RO~LS UP AND GOES .
VERTICAL LINE
BETWEEN SOUTH & EAST
(2) PIPE 45° HORIZONTAL SOUTH i EAST (ROLLING 15300 MM RISE FOR 1.7298 MM)
(3) 45° ELBOW TOWARDS SOUTH . (3) PIPE SOUTH.! EAST DIRECTION (10 RISE)
(4) 45° ELBOWTO SOUTH
(4) PIPE HORIZON TALLYTO SOUTH
(5) PIPE HOAIZONTALLY SOUTH

30 31

_. ....--------------_ ... -
 ..
'
~'. ,. ~ '... .

SPOOL DRı\WING
(Isomelric)

;.ı"------J(l)
,/ . 2)
.'f'
1----~--1(1)

ı
';

i
ı
J
iiL
ii (1). PIPE HORIZONTALLY GOES TO NORTH
i:
(2).45° ELBOW 45 ON TOWARDS NORTH
(3). PIPE 45° VERTICAL (ON)
(4). 900 ELBOW 45° ROLLS AND GOES TO WEST
.'1. (S). PIPEHORIZONTALLYGOESTOWEST .•
..
i

ii
ı- 32 33
 ...• - ~_,_:\ .. =-.. -L ""::

(5) --
< ..:
.•....+!5 '"
o-«·~·._~ <.

(::-~i~~
_, o r+5 y
' .. \

cıı--·_-- ._- . ---

..:
Ci) .. --_ .._-- -----
s (1)t--------1
.
o"· ~.

ı,
.
(~) 'IlR'TICA Lı..at.
.
(ftoE5 uP

+'.
(1) veRTICRı.. PıPE G,oES .UP

+S
. RoLLINGı
•
4-5
(2)+-,ıL!.' 6i~IS +lUp· l'eLL'NC, •. ;
5/""
(2)

(J) LıNE
ElL' GıoES

Gıoes
.
+5
uP

uP R.ı..Llt.JGı +5
• (,3) LıNE Gı.U •• jup RHLı~6ı ~L S/'"
-- ,.ı>"'5
. E. LL.· Gı. ES up FAo,... p,P,"(J)
(4-) +~ LLL, Gl. U uP FRoM 'IPt; (ı)

(i) 'lUT, &-INE G.u ııP

(5) "'~RTICAL. LINE G\oES uP
Lo

.• N/W ""co n S Bd..,e~ n Nu lh ct- \'ıC&t. '

.* 5/\01 NCAn. Beh .••een f;.ı.ılh cf... \Jest
. Note. : ___!
Pay "tUi ·1 t:n~.ıon
__~~ 1 J
NOlc: PAT yoUR ATTEtI'noN° 'n !40fl'tM OIf·f"'t"TI'~ 35 . .. \.0- _~OR''tI'
.. - -Ollfl'fTnııo~
- - -- ...
ı
i·
34
i
ii..-..
. -- -------_._---
 . '- .~ " r o;,: ,,;..... "r,>

i
..

".._.._..
_ _..,._
ı·,J
[~1
,
.
. . ~ ,~
.,
.__....-..:.._
....- L~
----0

- •• '0 __ ._. o_ol~

1------(2]
..•..• _0 -_.- (-;J
,- '"----0
~--0 -ıı--ITJ
ii+---[!J
1 SLIP ON FLG (FACE AT EAST) GO~s WEST
1 WN. FlG TO NORlH (FACE AT SOUTH) 2 PIPE HORIZONlAL GOES TO WEST
2 PIPE HORIZONTAl TO NORTH 3 gO' ELL GOES UP
3 90° Ell GOEs UP 4 PIPE VERTICAL GOES UP
4 PIPE VERTICAl oces UP 5 90i ELL GOES TO NORlH
5 90° Ell GOES TO EAST 6 PIPE HORIZONTAL GOEs TO NORTH
6 PIPE HORIZONTAl TO EAST 7 sus ON FLG GO ES TO NORlH (FACi AT NORlH)

'. 7 WN. FlG TO EAST (FACE AT EAST)

NOTE: PAYYOUR ATIENTlON TO NORTH ORıENTAlION.
NOTE :PAYYOUR ATIENTION TO NORTH ORIENTAliON

37 '
'36

______
~-~ ••••hz•••••••••• ~ _
~ "
 0)
... @)
i ._ (9)
..
. .•
\

-0

t
(6)
.t _·_--G)
i
i
ı
~0
~)
......
, --_
._...
_ ---0
-'" -- ci)
G) .__.-- CD
- (])
, SlIP ON FLANGE (FACE AT EAST)
, W.N FLANGE C;OES TO NORTH (FACE SOUTH SIDE) 2 PIPE HORIZONTAl GOES TO WEST
2 4S'ELL GOES 4S'UPTO NORTH 3 45'ELLGOESUPT'2WEST
3 PIPE GOES 45' UP TO NCJRTH 4 PIPEGOES45'UPTOWEST
4 45' ELL GOES UP FROM PIPE (3) 5 45' ELL GO ES UP .
5 PIPE GCES UP (VERTICAL) 6 PIPE VERTICAL GOES UP
6 45' ELl GO ES 45' TO EAST 7 45' ELlOOES UP 45' UP TO NORTH
-,

7 PIPE GOES 45' UP TO EAST . 8 PIPEGOES45'UPTONORTH

S 45' ELL GOES TO EAST FROM PIPE (7) 9 4S' ElL GOES TO NORTH
LO PIPEHORIZONTAl TO NORTH
9 PIPE GO ES TO EAST (HORIZONTAL)
" WN FLG TO NORTH (FACE AT NORTH)
10 SLlP ON FLANGE (FACE TO EAST) NOTE: PAYATTENTION TO NORTH ORIENTA1ION
NOTE:· PAY YOUR ATTENTION TO NORTH ORIENTATION
39 .
38
 o'
.sP" o J.
-----":"'
,"J) ~.9(.cJ"V
•.~."ı.•;~.,' .••.;.,'. ••.•..•..
~
ct
-

/ı,,!
i
-'-0
o_o, 0_ 'o, /./ i
; ~--0
"",. ii

'0 "00 o,. '.1lo ~ J

1.-----0

r zJ '1.----.--- 0
1"------11]
,.
1 VERT. PIPE GOES UP
2 45° ELL GOES 45° UP ROLLING 45 N/E. 1 VERT-PIPE GOES UP
3 PIPE GOES 45° UP ROLLING 450 N/E. 2 45° ELL GOES 45' UP ROUING 450NIW
'. 4 45° ElL GOES UP. (5) PIPE VERTICAL GClES UP 3 PIPE GOES 4So UP ROLLING 45 NIW
N/E MEANS BElWEEN NORTH AND EAST 4 45° Ell GOES UP
Note : PAY YOUR ATTENTION TO NORTH ORIENTATION. 5 VERT. PIPE GOES UP
• NIW MEANS BETWEEN NORTH & wssr
40 NOTE:· PAYYOURATTENTIONTO NORTHORIENTATION

41

'-_ o
 SPOOL DltAWING

. ---_. __ ._-- ..•

,Jl'ooL :DltlJ"""'(ir

.'
STUDY NOTES :-
l·PIPE VERTICAL (GOES UP)
2·45° ELBOW GOES 45° Up, ROLLING 45° N/W
3·PIPE GOES 45° UP ROLLING 45° N/W
4-45° ELBOW GOES UP F!\O~ı PIPE-3
5-PIPE VERTICAL (GOES UP)
6-90° ELBOW GOES TO NORTH FROM VERITCAL PIPE
7·PIPE HORIZONTAL (GOES TO NORTH) . . .
8-PEED CHEeIÇ VALVE(FLOW DIRECTiAN TO NORTH)
9'PlPEHQRlZONTAL (GOES TO NORTH)
10.90° ELBOW GOES TO EAST
l1.PIPE HORIZONTAL (GOES TO EAST)
--[!J
L= '2122 + 2121 + 3002 = -1179888 :: 424
. _._-- t-J.:~
_----.------ Lu
-,

-,

43
42
 s» • ol:/) AI~ ,.;II'V 6r
SPOOL DRAWING
----------
.:

Notes:-
..- .0'- G"J
(1) 32" NPD PIPE VAT (GOES UP)
II.__ -----;----
. .~
fAL i.

(i = 2411)
o
(2) 32" NPD 45 ELL UP TO SOUTH
o o
11
(3). 32 NPD 45 ELL 45 UP TO SOUTH
o
(4) 32" NPD 90 ELL GO ES TO NORTH

,,' (5) 3?" NPD PIPE HOAJZONTAL

,/

[!J _o_o .-.- ._- .••••.

(i = 222)

0------1 ~Z~·ı.J pp

"o ,/~
i' .',
' .
i·· .
44 45

L_.
 SPOOL DRAWING
(lsornetric)
.-

.:

See page No:102

( 1) Pipe 45° up towards North
e.L .2300 .,
i-~:..-=.::----=--- ~
BJ·
~,.('"" EL + :ı 3o o ( 2)45° Elbow Goes lo North

t
o t;\.. + 2)00,
( 3)Pipe Horizontaily to North

45 H , 4)45° Elbow Horizontally lo North i East

_lL+~JO~®
••
ELEVAnON
i\.--ill
(5)90° Elbow' Goes Up From'NorUı/East Dire~tion

-,
OF CENTRE liNE .> ( 6PiPe Vertical

'.

47
46
 SPOOlOHAWING
(Ise. ıtrlc)
DRlLL SIZES FOR PIPR TAPS
SIZE OF TAP NUMBER OF . OlA OF DRILL INCHES AND FEET
IN INCItES THREAO IN INCHES IN MM CONVERlED TO
,-
Gl
m N.P.T FERt«:H
MILLlMETRES

k~ kJ 1/6

1/4

3/6
27

16

18
11132
7/16

37/64
6.73

11.1

14.7
1"
:t'
3"
4"
= 25.4 MM
= 50.6
,. 76.2
= 101.6
S" •••127
« 1/2 14 23/32 18.3
! 3/4 14 59/64 23.4
6" = 152.4
IB30 T' = 1n.8
1 11112 15132 29.4 6" = 203.2
1114 11112 11/2 .36.1 9" = 226.6

. mı~
'"
11/2 11112 ' .•a/u 44.8fl
10"
11"
=254
,. 279.4

ın " "'/.9"
2

21/2 .

3
111/2

8
23/18

29/18

33118
55.6

65.1

81
12"
1'· O"
2'·0" .
= 304.8
,. 304.6
,. 609.6
i''f/J)/y P~ 8
3'·0" = 914.4
31/2 8 311/18 93.7 4'·0" :i 1219.2

4 8 43118 106.4 5'·0" '! 1624.0 .

i; 6'·0" LO 1628.8
i
4112 6 4314 120.65
(1) 48" ~i Pipe (Horizontal) To North 7'~0" :i 2133.6
5 8 55118 135· 6'·0" = 2438.4
(2)48" ~ 90° Eli RoIIs 45° Up To Ecıst 6 6 65118 160.34 9'·0" = 2743.2
10'·0" ,. 3048.0
..
(3)48 " ~ 45° Eli 45° Vertical To East 11'·0" = 3352.8
12'·0" ,. 3657.6
.. C 4,)48 ..~ Pipe (Horizontal) To East
48 49

·C
 LONO RADIUS WBLD BLıs
. , . H = Distance from Face to ElBOW CENTRE
~
o IR = Inside Radius of ElBOW
co
-1 OR = 'Outside Radius of E1.80W
.- tS.'lW
~:~ 'H' of a 900 long Radius elbo:w = 38.1 x Diameter
--1
. ,. (in inches)
LL•
, o
c')
(o
"-38.1 xDmm
s
....J Example
~ ~ (1)'H' of a 14" L.R 900 ElBOW
Q
....J ,
"
/1
i
)
= 38.1x 14 = 533.4 mm,
i ~
~ /'-J
,,
O
ın (2) H of a 45° l.A. ElBOW

-,s .~ i
i
i
lÇ1W
~a:
-1 = 15.78 x Diametre (in inches)
H ·=15,78xOmm
~. ü:.J
o
LO
-.;t Exampla:
O . :. 'H' of a 14" lo R. 45° Elbow
t
z
" = 15.78 x 14 = 220.9 mm
9 'H' of any degree Iong radlus elbow ( s 9(0)
~ = 38.1 x Diametre (in inches) x lan N2
O H = ;11.1 x' D x tan Al2
ın
-1
W
Exampla:
cr: 'H' of a 14" L.A, fy ,()-~'
"<t '

~.-L'_-
i
:t .. -1
630 Elbow L = 38.1 x 14 x lan (6312)°
~O
-O
u... o> = 38.1x14xtan 31'.5
= 38.1 x14xO.6128
-. = 326.9 mm
• taR AI2 rneans tangent of Degree of ElboWf2

'.
..
50 51

_ ..
._-----------~--_ .. ,._-
 .
"
..,

LONO RADIUS WELD ELLS

NOMINAL H H H H H H H H
SIZE OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF
OF 7.5° 15° 22.5° 3QO 45° SOO 67.5° goo

ELBOW ELBOW a..eow a.oow B..BOW EL.BOW EL.BOW B.BOW a..eow

(MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM)
1.5" 3,75 7.5 11.4 15.3 23.7 33 38.2 57.2
Z' 5.0 10 15.1 29.4 31.6 44 51· 76.2
2.5" 6.3 12.6 20 25.5 39.5 55 63.6 95.3
:ro 7.5 15.1 22.7 30.6 47.3 66 76.4 114.3
3.5" 8.74 17.6 25.5 35.7 55.2 77 89.1 133,4
4" 10 ,0 30.3 40.8 63 88 102 152.4
5" 12.5 25.1 37.9 51.0 79 110 127.3 190.5
6" 15 30 45.5 61.2 95 132 152.7 228.6
8" 20 40 60.6 81.7 126 . 176 203.7 305
LO" , 25 50.2 75.8 102 157.8 220 254.6 381
12" 30 60.2 90.9 122.5 189.4 264 305.5 457.2
14" 35 70.3 106.1 142.9 221 308 356.4 533.4
16" 40 80.3 121.3 163.3 252.5 352 40i.4 oiü
'18" 45 90.4 136.4 183.7 284.1 396 456 666
20" 50 100.4 151.6 204.1 315.6 440 509 762

52

,---------------

.'
LONG RADIUS WELD ELlS
H H H H H
NOMINAL H H H
OF OF OF OF
SIZE OF OF OF OF.
3I:fJ: . SOO 67.5° goo
OF 7.9' 1SO 22s' 45°
a.eow ELJ30W EL.BOW B.BOW
ELBOW B.BOW B.BOW EL.BOW ELBOW
(MM) (MM) (MM) . (MM) (MM)
(MM) (MM) (MM)
168.7 224.6 347.2 484 560.1 838.2
22"' 55 110.4
120.5 181.9 245 378.8 528 611 .914.4
24" 60
130.5 265.4 '410.3 572 662 990.6
26" 65 '197.0
212.2 285.8 442 616 712.8 1066.8
28" 70· 140.6
227.4 306.3 473.5 660 763.7 1143
30" 75 150.6
242.5 326.7 505 104 814.6 1219.2
32". 80 160.8
251.7 347.1 536.6 748 865.6 1295.4
34" 85 170.6
272.8 367.5 568 '192 916 1371.6
36" 90 180.6
303.1 408.4 631 880 1018 1524
40" 100 200.6
428.8 . 663 924 1069 . 1600.2
42" 105 210.7 318.3
363.8 . 490 7fi1.5 1056 1222 1828.8
48" 120 240.7
To fina OH' of LR ELBOWS these constants are used
H of 7.5° = x 2.5 + H of 15°= x 5.02 + Note:
tl
22.5° = + x 7.5S ii
300 =
o
+ x 10.21 'tr i.sthe c:i1stance
45° =+115.78 •• eo = +x22 of ıLE>OW from
•• +
67.5° = II 25.46 90° = + x 38.1
ii
ii
fece to ccnlrc.
53
 Proceedurf; oll'larWng

1. Divicle the surface of the·welding elbow Into four equal

o parts at both ends as shown in FIg 7B . Draw stralght
liiıes uslng a wrap arouod,

2. Calculate the lengths L l,L2.L3 & L4 and mark them on

respective lines. L4 is not a rnust measurernent for
L! -ı- -II _\
~.
t.. ~-=A ' ,=:ı FIG78
smail ELBOW. Mark L41n a straight wav only. (not in
a curved line).
90° WELDING ELBOW
3. Join
,
\he points L,M,N
.
& O with a wrap around. This Is
A = RADIUS OF ELBOW .' the cUl line. cut & Bevel through this line.
= 1.5 x DıA FOR l.A. ELBOWS
B = A- (OD + 2 OF ELBqW)
C = A + (OD + 2 OF ELBOW)
0= Degree ol litting requıred:
K = Constant,
= 2x22J7xl/360 = 0.01746
Ll = OxCxK L2 = OxAxK
-,
L3 = OxBxK L4 = Ax2xSin(O/2)
Answer is in millim6tre when A,B&C are In mm
"

54
55
 Measuremenls ~,~ s C of a 900 L.A. ELBOW.
See FIG 7A, Page No. 16
r~ImICA11rtQ flTl1r10S fROM 90° WELD l!.LLS Nolc : Mcosuremenls A.~ (if C ere in millilOdır
# -
"
end pipe- size! are in lNCH~,

_~_Example :-
PIPK
SIZE
A
mm •
mm
C
mm
Z' 76.2 46.2 106 ~
Calculate L,.~,L3 & L.•of a 48" 63° L.A. Elbovı
3" 114.3 69.3 159.;1
Ans: 4" 152.4 95.4 209
L, = DxCxK 5" '190.5 120 261
6" 228.8 ' , 144.6 312,6
= 63x2438.4xO.01746 = 2682.2 mm 8" 305 195.5 " 14.5
L2 = DxAxK , 10'" 381 244.5 ' 517.5 -
12" 619.2
= 63x1828.BxO.01746 = 2011.6 mm
14"
457.2
533.4
295.2
355.6 711.2
L3 = DxBxK 16" 610 406.4 813
= 63x1219.2xO.01746 =1341.1 mm 18" 688 457.2 914.4
20" 762 508 1016
L. = Ax2xSin(D/2) 22" 838.2 559 1118
= 1828.8><2><Sin(6312)0 24'" 914 •• 810 1219.2
= 1828.8x2xSin. 31.5° 28" 990.6 1)60.4 1320 8
28" 1068.8 711.2 1422.4
= 1882.8x2xO.522498 30" 1143 762 1524
= 1911 mm 32" 1219.2 812.8 1625.6
34" 1295.4 863.ti 1727_2
Note: See page No. 19 to get A,B&C 36" 1371.8 914.4 1828.8
Measurements. 40" 1524 1016 2032
1600.2 1067 2135.6
42"
48" 1828.8 1219
--
2438.4
B= Inside Radlus of elbow, A· RADIUS of Weldlng elbow
.. C = OutsIde Radluı of elbow
j
., •...
"

..• .., .
57
56
 "
•
.Lo
, ,,
, FROM 90° L.R WELD ELLS "
~i i mos pABRJCA'I1ID ,

NOMINAL L1
L 1,L2,L3 & L4 of 15°, 22.5°, 30' & 45° ELBOYV (LONG RADIUS)
See Page No. 16 FIG 7 A

l2 L3 L4 L1 l2' L3 L4 L1 l2 1.3 L4
.,
L1

4SO ELBOW
L2 L3 ,- .
SIZE OF 22.so ELSOW 3(fJeLBOW
15oeLBOW
ELBOW 36 58
39 84 60
20 42 30 15 30 se <40 24
125 90 s4 !iS
V~ 20 '2 eo 36 SB
2"
83 ~ V ~ 83
164 12) 75 ~
~ 30 '& 30 50 79
3"
39.8 82 60 37 50 m &J
eo 94 "ı46

40 25 63 99 205
4" 55 'Gl 'o)

50 :i 49.7 '03 ıs 47 71ı

, 75 tS 2<-s ..ro m 175
5" 68 89 164 '2:
1z3 90 51 154 z33
6" 82 60 38 '$J.7
217 16) 1:2 e 32'5 240
!i 79.6 'fI3 12) T7 'TS
'!.il fiIL 407 soo sı 292
8" 'LS 80 "149 271 2"LO
ge.5 203 19) 96 z32 3SO
1315 ıJ) 64 240 'Bi Z37, 1,B7 359
10" 111) m 178 324
V9 408
13) 77 1'& 243
si 1:16 559 419
1EI2 2SO
12"
'OJ m 2D9 1«> 2D8 373
639 479 319 0467
14" 1fI5 10.) 93
238 42t5 320 2c 316
240 1fI) 359 s25
16" 213 U -nı '5l 319
268 479 360 . 240 3s5 1i8 539
359 269 Bl 798 s99 ~ 583
240 18l 13:) 179 400 266 394
18" 300 200 'B7 532 4040 642
t33 W 39IJ 293 G4 878 659
266 200 586 440
20"
146 219 c9 329 220 327
320 473 958 718
480 roo
293 220 479
2L"
24" 319 2-iO , 1Bl 2387 \'-79 360
389
z39
259
357
3fs'i
639
692 S~ :!4-6 513 1IJ:e 778 519
5s9
7s8
8ı6
259 519 1115 838
26'
28"

.- .._-_ _
•L...-------------'-------~- _ .~.. " --
_..--- . .
, .. .

f1TJ'mGS FABlUCA,TED FROM 90° L.K WELD ELLS

NOMINAL LL l2 L3 L4 L1 l2 L3 L4 L1 l2 L3 L4 L1 L2 l3 L4
SIZE OF
ELBOW lSO,ELBOW 22.sGELBOW 3QOELBOW ~ELBOW
.30" ~ 300 :i!OO 298 se 448 298 446 798 eeo 400 592 ts' '898 s99 875
32"
34"
428
452
320
340
213
228
3t8
338
830
m
.eN
509
•• 339
.t715
505
E1
905
1540
879
4215
452 e71
em fZTT 95a
1357 '015
CS3S
879 911
933

, 38" 479 3150 ~ 358 7'19 .539 359 535 . 958 719: 471 710 1437 1078 7'18 UD
40" 532 400 2158 398 791 5&9 3&9. 5B5 1ILS4 7'98 532 '1'8Q 1s11 ts' 7'98 11E5
42"
48"
559
839
420
./ıSO
2!0
319
•••
err
131
958
829
7‫ן‬IL
419
471
824
714
ms
1ZT1
138
958
S80 ,828
838,947
1s78 137
'1n5 'M3S
838
SJı58 14(1)
122s

Nd..e (2) COMMON FOR L.R. EL80W OF ALL 5CHEDULES IN THIS BOOK.
L1KESTD, SCH 40, XS ETC.w..•
l1 =DxCxK . L2=DxAxK 12=:C~ L4--Ax2x6irı(Dl2)
(D= D~ree ofelb~)
Nou: 1) L1,L2,L3 &L4are In MILLIMETERS.
2) if you mark a 15 ELBON on A 9(jJ ELBOWthe balance 16a
, 750EL6OW(90-15=15)
sii'nllarty t7alance of22112°, :30" & _45'~are 671/2°, ecr & 45° respc:ctfvety.
 QUESTION·
CALCULATE CL,CZ,C3 & C4 AS IN PAGE 60 FOR A 15°
rp
CUT, 14" STDWALL THICKPIPE. ••••••

---1 i
~
ANSWER
; 8 = 15° (Given)
DıA = 14" = 356 MM (Given)
i :T R2 = 0/2 = 178 MM
,,
i
R2A = Rı x.707 = 178x.707 = 125.8MM
Cl = DIA,qAN e = 356X 15° TAN = 356x .268 = 95.4 MM
C2 = (1\+Rv.)xTAN8:: (178+125.8).268 = 81.4 Mt1
C3= Cı /Z·= 95.4/2 = 47.7MM
C4= (R2-Ru.)xTAN6:: (178-125.8)x~268 = 14 MM

FIG (8) MITRE CUTS

-. C ı = DıA x tanO . H
l
= DI,-\·;-2

Cı := (Rı i· RıA) x tane RıA;:: R, X 0.707

CJ = Cı ;- 2 U = Angle of Cuı
"o
C" = (R2: R2A) X tanO
61

• "0 ••• • ~ •••• _ •••••••••••• ı-.•. _

 UJ
N
u)
W
Q..
MrreRcurs (8 DlvısIO!'iS)
Q.. o Q Q CA o ci! Q CA o Q Q CA o Q Q CA
ı5° 22.5 30° 45°
2" 18 8 25 212 12.5 17.5 5 80.3 S, g
14 2 •• 35 29 30
3" 24 21 12 4 37.3 31.8 18.7 S 52 4<4 28 a 89 77 ••
5 13

4" 30.5 26 152 5 ••7.2 "0.3 23.8 7 88 58 33 'il 1143 97 57 tr

8" 4S 38 22.5 7 89.8 S9 ..c 3.c.8 'il . 97 '13 .ca.S 14 1683 143 a.. 25

8" 59 50 29 9 90.7 77 .• 45.3 13 125 1<11 63 ,18.5 219 187 108.5 32

10" 73 82 38.5 .• ra 96.556.5 18.8 158 135 79 23 273 233 136.5 40

12" 87 74.9 43 13 134 114.587 19.7 187 LS) 93.5 27 324 277 182 48
•
,.... 95 81.3 48 14 W 121 73.5 205 175 102.5 :30 355.8304 1n..8 52

16" 100 93 54.5 18 1tl8 1..:3534

2U'
24.8 235 200 117 34
. 406.4347 203.2
60

LLS" 123 1(!) 81.5 18 15 162 90.5 21' 2s.c 226 ·132 39 451 .2391 229 e7

2"" ~ m M 20 210 18) ıos 31 ~ 25c 1-465 43 508 434 2s4

-- 74

22" 15) 125 75 22 232 1s8 tti 34 323 278 1615 47 . t 559 478 2SO 82

24 164 1«) 82 2•• 2s3 215.! ızıs 3 2 s21 305

62

--- . . ' '. ----_. .l:

w
~
u) METERcm (8 DIVlSIONS)
W
Q..
o ez cı CA o Q cl CA o cl
Q CA o Q. CJ CA
7.5° go 11.25° 60°
2" 8 a
7 •• 1 'il s 1 12 1) 6 . 2 104 89 52 16
3" 12 10 8 1 M 12 9';-
7 2 18 15
4"
. .3 154 133 77 22
15 13 7.5 2 18 15 9 3 23 19 1 l
•• 198 168 99 29
S" 22 111 i 3 27 23 14
••• 33 29 rı 5 291 250 1-46 42
8" 2~ 25 15 3S 30
•• 17 5 37 22 6 379 324
•••• 19> 57
LO" 36 31 18 5 ••3 37 22 ıs :;4 48 27 8 473 .c03 236 S9
12" 43 38 22 e 51 44 28 7 t.•• 55 32' 'il Silt ••78 4!ll 83
14" 47 "O 23.5 7 56 48 28 8 7'1 60 35 1 818 527' 308 90
16" 53.5 ••8 27 8 U 55 32 9 81 89 40 12 704 soo 352 104
18" 60 52 30 9 72 62 36 1 • 91 78 45 13 792 677 396 T15
20" 87 57 34 1) 81 69 40 DI
22" 74 63 37 , 89 76 44
12

13 wl
88
gS
50.5 15 eso 752 .•.•0 1418

2.•.. 80 !!19 040

2, i 97 82 48 ,. li! ıD
58

ii
18

15
sö3 831
'taSı 9ixı
4M G

528 1SII

63
 I'" STU80NBR.ANCHES "
i ,(>
'. .,
i
Caloutata the cut backs Ct Cz C3 & C4 of a 48"x36"
stubon Branch. (pipes are of STO weight)
Ans :-
Given (1).00 of HEAOER = 48" = 1219.2 MM
(2). 00 of BRANCH = 36" = 914.4 MM
Solution:
Rı = 00 of Header+2 =121 92+2=609.6 MM
• Rz = ID of Branch+2 = 895.4+2 = 447.4 MM
Ct = Rl- v(R 2..R/) , .
= 609.6- ~(609.6)2_(447.7)Z ;: 609.6-413.7
=.195.9 MM
Cz = Rl- "Rt2- (G-9239xA,)2 _
= 609.6-"(609.6)2 - (0.9239x447.l)2
== 609.6-447.8 = 161.8 MM
C3' = Al- "A/- (R,x.707)2
= 609.6 - ~~6~)2ır-_ ~(44~7=-:.
7=-x-=.7=07:'-:)Z
= 609.6-520.98 =
88.6 MM
C•. = Al- "Rt - (A,x.3827)z
Z

= 609.6- "(609.6)2 - (447.7x.3827)2

= 609.6 - 585 = 24.6 MM
FIG (9) BRANCHES • R2= ID of Branch + 2 For STUB ON METHOD(ID+2)

Note: 1. For 00, Wali thlekness ete,

Ci Rı - JTRY-=lR~)2- referpage Nos 22 & 23

R
i
-i (R -)2'~O~239'-~-"R-2:)
ı
2. See page No 31 also

"
R
1
-f(R-i;"~-{o~iÖ7X
i
Rı)]
R, - Jni~}·i-~(O-:-3ff27-xf{~/

64

-----_. ,
 STU8 ON BR,ANCIIES
STUB ON BRANCHES
.. (STD WALL TIIICKNESS PIPEŞ1
HEADER X BRANCH (STD WALL THICKNESS PIPESl
.: CUT HEADER X BRANCH
BACK CUT
iN MM BACK
3'')(2'' 4"XZ' 5"X2" 6"X2" 8"X2" IN MM
CL 8.5 6.4 5.1 4.2 3.2
18"xS" 2O"x6" 22"x6" 24"x6"
C3 4.0 . 3.1 2.5 2 1.6 30"x6"
Cı 14 12 11
10'')(2'' 12'')(2'' 14'')(2'' 16"X2" 18'X2", 1,0 8
'2 1.2 C3 6,6 6 5.3
Cı 2.5 2.1 1.5 5 4
C3 1.3 1 1 1 .7 10"x8" 12"x8 14"x8" 16"x8" 18"x8"
4"X3" 5"X3" 6"X3" 8"X3" 10'')(3'' Cı 45 35.6 31.2 27 23.7
CL 15.3 11.7 ~.6 7.15 5.7 C2 37 30 26.7 23 20
C3 7.1 5.6 4.6 3.5 2.8 C3 20 16.7 15 13
12'')(3'' 14'')(3'' 16'')(3'' 20'')(3'' 11.5
18"X3"
C4 5.6 4.7 4.3
C1 4.8 4.3 3.8 3.3 3 3.7 3.3
.
1.9 1.7 1.5 2O"x8" 22"x8" 24"x8" 3O"x8"
C3 2.4 2.1 36"x8"
6"X4" 8"X4" 10"X4" 12'')(4'' 14'')(4'' Cı 21 19 17.~ 13.7 11.4
CL 17.4 12.7 10 8,3 7.5 C2 18 16.2 14.7 11.7 9.7
CJ 8.2 6.2 4.9 4.1 3.7 C3 10.3 9.3 8,5 7 5.6
16'')(4'' 18'')(4'' 20'')(4'' 22'')(4'' 24"X4" C4 3 2.7 2.5 2 1.6
Cı 6.5' 5.8 5.2 5.0 4.3
12'')(10'' 14"x10" 16")(10" 18"xl0"
2.2 2O"xl0"
C3 3.2 3 3 2.6
Cı 61.8 53.7 45
8"?C6" 10"x6" 12"x6" 14"x6" 16")(6" 38.7 34.2
C2 50.6 44 37.5
Cı 32 23.6 19.5 17.5 15.2 32.6 29
.. C3 15 11.3 9.0 8.5 7.4 C3 27 24,5 21 18.5 16.5
C4 7.5 6.8 6 5,2 4.7

67

_
._,-- .. .. _---_ ...• -------
 STUB ON BKANCHES STUB ON BRANCIIES

ı-
15TO WALL THICKNESSLlPI~M 1STO WALL'THICKNt;SS rırEsı
HEADER x BRANCH HEADER X BR.AoNeH
CUT
· CUT
BACK BACK
IN MM
IN MM
3O"x10" 36"x10" 40"x10" 3O"x14" ıIP"'x14
22"x10" 24"x10" 36"xI4" 40"x14 42"x14
22 18 16.2 CL 39.2 32 26.7 27 ~;l.'i
C1 30.7 27.6
18.6 15.4 13.8 C2 33 27.4 24.5 23.3 4?O.3
C2 26 23.6
10.8 9 6 C3 19' 15.8 14 13.4 12 .
C3 15 13.6
3 2.6 2.3 C4 ·5.5 4.6 4 3.9 3.4
C4 4.3 4
16"x12" 2O"xI2" 22"x12" 24"xI6"
14"x12" 16"x12" 16"x16" 2O"x16" 22"x16" 3O"x16"
56.3 51 '45.3 53 .
C1 66 69
36.1
C1 107
.. 69.6 76 69.4

C2 69.4 57 48.6 43 cı 66.4 74 65 58 44.7

27 24 21.6 C3 45.6 40 36 32:5 25.5
C3 36.4 31
7.6 6.8 6.2 C4 12.3 11 10 9 7.3 •
C4 10 6.6
36"x12" 4O"xI2" 42"x 12" 36"x16" 4O"x16" 42"x16" 48"xI6"
24"x12" 3O"x12":
26.2 23.4 22.3 cı 43 36.4 36 31.6
C1 41 32
22.3 20 19 C2 36.5 32.6 31 27
C2 34.5 . 27
13 11.6 11 C3 21 19 16 15.6 .
C3 19.7 15.6,
3.7 3.4 3.2 C4 6 5.4 5 4,5
C4 5.6 4.5
2O"x14" 22"x14" 24"x14" 2O"x16" 22"xI6" 24"xI6" 3O"x16" 36"x18"
16"14" 16"x14"
63.6 56.4 50.6 Ct 125 106 93 69.3 56
C1 59 74
53.5 47.6 43 C2 100.5 66.8 76.6 56.2 47
73 61.5
C2 .'.
29.6 26.6 24 . , C3 53 47 42.3 33 27
C3 36.5 33.4 .~., i
7 : ..•.... ' t3
·•.
,
9.3 6.3 7.5 C4 14.2 12 9.4, 6
C4 10.5 ,...

68 fI)

·M
 STUB ON BKANCHES STUB ON BKANCHES

(STD WALL THICKNESS PIP~ j ~TD WALLTHICKrillSS, PIPfS 1

. HEADER X BRANCH HEADER X BRANCH

CUT . CUT
BACK BACK
IN MM
IN MM

40"x18" 42"x18 48"x18 22"x20" 24"x20" 36"x30" 4O"x30" 42"x30" 48"x30

C1 49.7 47 ·41 144 122.7 C1 190.7 161.5 150 126.2
C2 42 40 34.6 115 100 C2 155 133 125 105.7
,
C3 24 23 20 60 53.8
C3 83 73 69 59.4
C4 7 6.5 6 16 15
C4 23 20 19 17
3O"x20" 36"x20" 4O"x20" 42"x20" 48"x20
51 . 4O"x36 42"x36"· 48"x36 .ı!2"~40 46"y.4f)
C1 89 70.9 62.7 59.3
C2 74 60 53 50.2 43.4 C1 268 243.4 195.7 343.6 258.4
C3 . 41.5 34 30 28.8 25 C2 212 196 162 264 210
C4 12 9.7 8.7 8.3 7 104 88.5 133 112.1
C3 110.6
24"x22" 3O"x22" 36"x22" 4O"x22" 48"x22"
C4 30 28 24.5 35 31
CL 163.1 112.2 88.2 77.7 73.4
~"x42"
C2 129.6 93. 74 65.5 62
67.2 58.3 41.8 37.3 35.4 CL :tB7.9
C3 ?
C4 18 14 11.8 11 10 C2 238.9
30"x24 36"x24" 40",(24" 42"x24" 48"x24" 125.4
C3
CL 140.5 106.3 115.2 89 76
C4 33.9
C2 115.2 90.5 79.5 76.2 64.5

.. C3
C4
62.21
17
50.5
14.2
45
13
42.6
12
37
10.6

70 71
 STUB ON BRANCHES
,

. ..-
FOR STUB ON METHOD.
.----
CONSIDER ID OF BRANCH AND 00 OF HEADER
i
i

ı-
-- l .. us. L. =-=C LU ==e:a:z: I
•

STUB IN METHOr) .
. ı.
~
,
;

.
,
; i "
i
i i •
.' . i
•

i'

Elbow Dummy Support

f

r
T
-
CONSIDER 00 OF BRANCH AND ID OF HE ADER
FOR STUB IN METHOD '- t
~
~
{
Type 1 "

72 i
~
"
73

---------------------- ~------------~------------
 ~ : •.- -, .~-,"!,." ," _. ,"- ,

EL60W DUIVIY SUPPORT TYPE ı

IN THIS FIRST TYPE, CENTRE LINE Of SUPPORT PIPE
PASSES THROUGH THE CENTRE LINE OF ELBOW. THE FORMULA
-r.r-:.--y--.-1II::::----- ..--- ..... -ı---f---.
E GIVEN HERE ARE SUITABlE FOR goo L.R. ELBOWS 14" & ABOVE
SIZES ONLY. FOR sızes 12" & BELOW SOME CHANGES HAS TO BE
DONE. EXAMPlE 20 WIll BE 1.50+0/2
CONSIDER OUTSIDE DIAMETRE OF ElBOWS AND -IN.
SIDe DIAMETRE OF SUPPORT PIPE. THE FOllOWING FORMU·
'i LAE ARE USEfUll-F:OA Al,.L SIZES OF PIPES ( ANY SCHEDUlE)

H1 = ..J(2ö}2- (1.50 + dl2)2

H2 = "(20-CJ2- (1.50+d12X. 707)2
H3 = ..J(20-C,)2- (1.50)2
H. == ..J(20-CJz • (1.50-d/2X. 707)2
, fi Hs =."(20)Z. (1.5D-d/2)2
I
i Li
i i
L,::H -H,
S

,
i
l:.z=Hs-Hz
i
L3=Hs-H3
L.=H,-H.

NOTES
D = OUTSIDE dıA OF ELBOW SIZE (N.P.S)
Elbow Dummy Support ii =
d INSIDE DıA OF SUPORT PIPE
= =
.-=-:::-=-:-
C, CUT BACK (FIRST) Aı- -J(R12-R22)
1ype1 LayOut ~ C3 = CUTBACK (THI RO) = R,-~'R,2.(.707xRz 2)
ii
A,= D/~ı Az.=d'2
(see Page 107) e
74 75

--_ - ..
 "-=::
-o ~
g
m

o
~
-t
O
:!!
•
4>0

ii
-t~:Dz..Jl..Jl
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----+
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11 ii

ii ol
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en
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.~ •.•.......•.............

DUMM\' SUPPORT (T\'PE ı)

5UPPORT PIPE 15 OF 5TANDARD WEIGHT
ELBOW PIPE L1 l2 1.3 L4 , El.BOW PIPE Ll l2 1.3 L4
SIZE SIZE
2" 2"
(MM) (MM) (MM)
65 46
(MM)
8"
.' , --,

12" 245 218 144 43

3" 2" 58 · 35 - 14" 8" 245 217 143 43
4" 2" 57 · 32 - 16". 8" 242 '216 141 42
6" 2" 57 - 31 - 18'" - 8" 239 213 136 42
8" 2" 57 · 30 - 20" 8" 238 ·21(, 132 41
LO" 2" 56 - 30 · 22" t" 237 '209 nı 40
12" 2" 56 · 30 - 24" 8" 235 208 13) 40
3" 3" 98 · 67 - LO" LO" 354 3041 251 66
4" 3" 90 · SS · 12", LO" 319 297 204 60
6" 3" 89 · 52 - 14" 10" 320 296 . 200 60
8" 3" 86 · 48 - 16" 10" 312 289 188 67
10" 3" 85 · 47 ' . 18" 10" .305 276 179 55
12" . 3" 84 · 46 - 20" LO" 302 273 175 54
4" 4" 135 · 92 · 22" lO" 300 268 172 53
6" 4" 113 · 70 · 24" 10" 296 264 168 52
8" 4" 1fi - 6S - 12" 12" ~5 430 319 81
lO" 4" 114 · 63 - 14" ,.,
12" 411 389 275 76
12" 4" ltl - 62 - 16" 12" 388 360 244 7'1
;
6" 6" 204 198 145 38 18" 12" 378 347 231 70
8" 6" 185 172 114 36 20" 12" 370 335 221 67
lO" 8" 178 18J 106 32 22" 12" 365 329 213 66
12" 6" 178 151 102 3t 24" 12" 362 325 209 65
... .,.
e' 8' 277 267 195 50 14" 14" 494 478 35S 89
10" '8" 248 229 156 46 lS" 14"' 448 421 295 es
18 14°' 426.395 268 80

77
 ,

PUMMY suer-oar TYrE ı

}VKAP ~JtOUND
SUPPORT PIPE LSOF STD WEIGHT
ELBOW
SIZE
PIPE
SIZE
'l,
MM
Ll'
MM
L3
MM
L4
MM i
20'1 14" 416 380 252 75
22" 14" 405 372 244 74
.
24" 14" "..
404 364 236 72
30" 14/1 394 351 223 68
16" 16" 574 567 417 103
18/1 16/1 519 491 344 96 SCRIBE
20/1 i CUTLINE:
16/1 493 457 310 aa i
HERE
22" 16" 485 445 300 90
24" '16" 475 432 286 86
30" 16" 460 413 266 81
18" 18" 654 636 479 101
20" 18" 590 558 399 105
The Wrap Around is a fiat piece of Flexible Material.
.22/1 18" 568 530 .363 106
Using a wrap around we can mark irregular shapes
24" 18" 553 510 344 103
also.To mark Dummy Support and mitre cuts ete, The use
30" 18" 528 478 312 95
of wrap around Is recommened. See Figure ... minimum Three
20" 20" 737 718 543 132
point's should be covered by one marking.
22" 20" 668 636 451 124
24" 20" 640 600 430 _. 120
30" 20" 601 550 363 111
.'

!
79

........ - '--- J ... -.- .. - _

..... .•.. __ .....
.-"
 "'''::;' .,"" r. .•••• ~ •••• ~." '.' \.,.... ...~ ••
...; . '.~ .,. , (" ",.,. ~

DlJMMY SUITOKT TYPE ii

<BOTJ:OM OF SUPFORT MPE LEVEL wım
IHIPIN\' sıu-rou i 'nT ii Ol1TSIDE RADIUS Of' ELBOW)
(HO i i 01'1 CIl' sı,,'I'OIU 1'11'1: 1./: vrr. \VII" Olll.'>,uı: 111\1)111••• 0,- ı ı.ı.)
(1) :: 20.· (2) = 20-C 3, (3) = 2D-Cı, (4) = 20-C,. (5) =20

"""'-I-~-=====ı, Hı = ~(20)2- (20-t)2

.-
Hz = ~(20-CJ2 - (20-t+R2A-Rz)Z .- "~_ .
i -J

\~.
, ,
-- . ..
H3 = .J(20-Cı)2- (20+Ri!
H
. 4
~ .J(20-C
.'
\2 -(20+R -R )2
31
Hs = ~(20)Z- (20+<:1)2
Z 2A
,

i
.'J"J ~
~., -l

i.
i

r
, i
L3 -- H5 • i:
'" - -..3Il----j:.:ı---1 ,, i·,
~':. NOTES:-
i "
"
,
•
i 'ı
"it D = OUTSIDE DıA OF ELBOW.SIZE (N.P.S) •
ıt
____ ... ~_.;;.,';;;;..,_;;..~,j7-__ =-=-=- ..:_- .. .. - =--
i
i

." I'
"

d = INSIDE dıA OF SUPPORT PIPE iı·

~.
_0 __
-i-,7 ı ı) •;i

r~:
.::
·'r
,:1
t = WALL THICKNESS OF SUPPORT PIPE ı;
trf:::l?I ..•1••
••••••• J R2 = sa; R2A = d12XO.70.7 i

Ci = CUT BACK (FIRST) = Rı- "(Rl-(Rz)Z

C3 = CUT BACKlTHIRD) = Rı- "(Rı (R )2 - 2A)2

R1 = 0/2
• 20 = 1.50+0/2
. i

•.......-
'.'
'
;

81

.'-'"' •....•....•.
_.~
 i
(H.O.P
DUMMY SUPPOKT YYPB
.•.

wım OUTSIDE
2 . ..
KADIUS) .:1
.•..
:i

-
-' .•..
"m
ın ii) M" fOO 0-
fOco co co ••••
co ~~
- •.... COın 0- NN
IDcıa CO co mm
NM
00 00
•.. - --
..,
.
, !IO".
GAlCULATE L 1,l2.1.3&l4 OF A DUMMY SUPPORT FOR A
L.R. 24" +
ELBOW. SUPPORT PIPE LS 16" N.P.S, STO WALL co)

-'-
:i
:i
~m •....
00
NN ~~
.•••••(\i

~~
CON ON
..,mlı0lı0 100
NN
IDN
NN fO- N. ON
-N •.•..
NN NCf)MCf) MM MM MM
c.oc.oco ..- -
Ş.Q.l._UTION:-
0=609.6,
R, = 304.6,
20
R = 193.7, 2
= 1219, d = 387.4
..i_
N:i
.-:i
.-
coıc
wco
MM
rn~ 0)- 010 N..,
mN
Cf)MM..,

•.•.. M
.
..,M11) •••••~~ "II)
..,
..•. ON
•...•...
•.••cn
••••••
..,.., ..,
~c.o • 0 om
c.oco 0-
ii) ın ii) ın ının c.ow

•....•..
R2A = 0.70XA, =" 1·93.7X.707 :; 137 ...::1:i MM
..,..,m
ocn •.•..•... ..,Lı0 -ın
..,W MM
- ın Cılılt'
NID cı.
GO N IDO
Ol..,
-
. CD OM
1=9.5 ~~ co CD •.... •....
..,ın 11).,. ının ının ın co w •.•..
Ci = 69.5 C~= 32.5
2D - C," ı ı49.~
20-1 = 1209.5 ,
20 - t- A,+ ~ = 1152.8,
ro-c, ~ı ı86.~
20+Rz = 1015.13
W
N
en
. .
eoCıo bo
•.. - - - - -ı....•..
ob
•.. ON
:":,,
•... NN N:" •.. - - _ •..•.. •.. -
~ .ioiD ioio

- - _.- - -
20-1-Rz-~ = 676.6 w
N rob N:" ioio b:" ioio bio Cıoo N:" ioo ",:.r
20 - t-d = 822.1 en -N _N N-_N N- NN NN

HL.= ~(20): - (2D- ı)l = -.'(12192 - 1209.52) = 152

H2 = "(2D-C:Jz- (20 - t+~-R2)2
.-
:i

.-::i-
010M 'of
=
~(1166.5)!. (1152.8)2 = 260.8 ""':i
..ı , , , , , , , , , , , , , O~ M..,ın
'0
ın ının
CD

H3 = ~{2D-C,)2-(2D+RY ın o o Lıo
- - - •.. - - •..
ol ın
GO ın •... O •.•..
N •.•.. 0 c.oM OlM
ın- •.. M 'of co GO ol ol
.-::E--
= ~(1149.5)2 - (1015.6)2 = 538 "'::lE ~ ~ ınw ww
O OM
"co GO ol OL•...
H4 = "(20-C,)!· (2D-I- Az - R2A)Z . ....,
=
..r( 1166.5): • (676.6)Z = 797 O -m ın W 010

H5 =
=
~(20)Z- (2D- t- ~:i)Z -
:::LE

•....
, , i i i i , i
• ! i i , N ~ın
N NN

-
(1)
N
O N ın
M MM

::E
-----
"'2192. (622.1)2. =900 •....
M O- -m
" •... ınMco•.. O •.•..
•....•.•..
O •.•..
~N ın ın co
c.ool M

-
::E O MiL) -M CD il) CON M M
CD ii)
l1 = H5 -H1 = 900-152 748 MM = 00- N- NN NN NM M M M 'of

l2 = H!i • H2= 000-' 260.8 = 619 MM w I/J

L3 = H5 - H3 = 900 • 538 362 MM = CL N
NN
.
NN -NM- -MM
. -M:". -.., -..,- -.., --co - - -co -co -coCQ
l4 = H5 - H4 = 900 • 797 103 MM = CL fI) CD CD

~
NOTE: Ci = R, • JR,2- f\ 2 C3 = R, - .f{R/ - (Rz,,)"" O
ID N
..ı
w
I/J fI)
. (:)•.. :.., -iD
-M -:" -ioio -ie
;
O:
-ıoie
:
•..
O N:
-
:
ro-
:
ONO
: :
•.. •.. •.. •.. Lo
N '<f
•..
:i'
 DlJMI'1Y SUPPOKT TYPE 3
(B.O.P. WITH ı. R)
r
(1). = 20, (2). = 2D·C3, (3).= 2D-C. (4).::= 2D-C3 (5).= 20

Hı>= "(20)Z - (1.50 - Rl +t)2

H4 = .J(20-CJ2. (1.50 - Rı+t+Rz-Rz,,)Z
Lı
H3 = "(20-C,)2 - (1.50 -Rı+t+Rz)Z
LL.
Hz = .J{2D-CJ2- (1.50 - Rı+t+Rz+Rz"f
,/"1": - Hı = "(20)2 - (1.50 + t - R,+d)2
-i'
::
,
,
,.
,\ '
'\~.' Lı = Hs - Hı
- t ./ --, ._- L3 = Hs - H3
,
\
. NOTES:
"'-~;f""- D = OUTSIDE D.IAOF ELBOW SIZE (N.P.S)
i J.b i
20 = 1.50 +Drl
~; = Drl
.:..1
= INSIDE DıA O~ SUPPORT PIPE
=d12
= dl2X .707
'.f\
= R 1 -. .Jm( R:-:,)-;;""2 _"':'::( 1\:-:):-:;-'2

= R1 - ~{Rı)2 - {f\X .707)2

= WALL THINKNESS OF SUPPORT PlPE

DU.,.MY SUPPORT Tl'PE J

80nOM OF SUPPORT PIPE LEVfl wını INSIOE
RAQIUS OF EL80W.

ss
84
 DUMMYSUPP'OI\TTY~~.~
(B.O.P. wını ı. R )
CALCULAlE L1, L2,L3 & l4 OF A DUMMY SUPPORl (lYPE 3)
~
FOR A 901) L.R. ELBOW 24" ~. SUPPORT PIPE IS.OF 18" + STO ~~ ~IM ••
~~ ~i.~~~~~~~G~~~~~~~~~
NIM ~io ~i~ LG Mi~ Ni~ ~J~ ~I~ N
WAll THICKNESS .
... ~ 1ii·1!!? i~
R ;ı. ~01°~ N t~~
ol •.• •.•1- ~ i~iilro ı::ı i....:81~ ~ I'...p) 2rı;
?oL\)IIQJ~~
=
D 609.6, 1.50 = 914.4, 20 = 1219, ~::ı: ,- ~ I•. t\ı f3 l'i ~ •...M ~ N N ~

=
R, 304.6 d = 438, R;ı 219, = tı:
=
R2A R2X.707 = 219 X.707 155
C,=93, c'3=42, .t=::9.5 20-C,=1126,
=
20-Cı=1177
gı ~~ ~i~~i~~i~~i~~i~·~iğ
~i~il~~i~~i~~
~
1.50-R,+l = 914.4-304.8+ 9.5 = 619 iı"""~
o.. zı ~ ~i~ ~i~~i~~i~~i~~i~~i~~i~~i~°l~~
•• ~M~.~
1.50- Rı + \ + Rz 619+219 = = 838
O
N~NNNMMNN~~MMN
1.50 - R, + L + Ra- R2A = 838 - 155 = 683
1.50 - R, + L + R;ı+ R2A 838 + 155 993= = ail ~o..cn~ :obbbbNhhh~·~·~~~~I~wı~~
I· . I· . i: . I· . I· : I· I·- -;,·1.,..i: .••.••.••.••.••.
.,... •.•.••.•• .- ~ •.••.•.•••••.•.••.••
i i· : i· :

=
1.50 - R,+ t + d 619 + 438 = 1057
=
Hs '/(20)2 - (1.50.- R1+W
=
~i~~~
~~~ - I:... io LiG bN I;" ~ Lio b Lio iD ib ~ I~ io Ib ~ i~b iN ;.
N __ NNN_NNNNNN
~(121g2 - 6192) = 1050
H 4 = ~(20 - C 2 _- (1.50 - R i.+t+R 2 • A2A )l
so
=(11772 - 6832) 959 = ~ ~
=
H, ~(20 - Cı)2 - (1.50 - Rı+l+R;ı)2 ~i~'" .i. . ı. .ı. .ı. .ı. . i. . i. 1;i~ ;ı; i~::;i::;ıl ıı:: ::ı
= ~(11262 - 8362),= ..;...7.;...52~ _
=
H2 ~(20 - CJ2 - (1.50 - Rı+t+R2+R2A)Z (/}i ~ ~ re i~~i~t:: i~~i~g i~m i~~i~§ i~ le i~e i~~ i§ ~
=
~(!.!
=
772 - 993:1) 632 __
H, ~(20);ı • (1.50 - Rı +t+d)2
=
=
=
j
,..;
i~
~·ı. ·ı. .ı. .ı. .ı. .ı. .ı. !lllhlhUIU
.J(121g2-10572)
= =
607
lı Hs - H i 1050 - 607 443 MM
~=Hs - Hz = 1050- 632 = 41 B MM
= i Q
"~ ~io .1. Mi~ ol~ Nlo.olm MIQ ~i~~18~i~Rıı ~
~~ ~.MMM~~.~~~~~~~-~ •.•
N~~~~~

.. =
1'3 Hs - H3 = 1050 - 752 298 MM =
=
L44- Hs·H =
1050 - 959 = 091 MM
UJUJ
a.~
.1•• i~
NOTE: C, = Rı - "(Aıl2. (R2)2 = 2
304.8 - "304.8 - 219
2
2

2
93' = Ci:cn NIN NIN NIM MIM Mi~ ~i~ ~I~ ala wla ~

C = A - "(A)2 - (A )z = 304.8' "304.8 -155 = 42

3 i i 21. ~

.~~
i: : i: o i: : i: o iN : i: o iN : ik
:M~~~"'.~~~""'~~"~~""''''~~''''''''~N i-.ı ik i-.ı I;' ~ LiG <:' •
86
...•
 ~eJl'QP OP LAYJ~O our AN ELLlmCA.L HOLE
L ON A SmEL I'LAm
fROCEOlJRE OP MARKlnQ at currmg
.
N STEP(1)
LAY OUT LlNES LM & NO at righl angles lo each
other. Crossing point Is to be the centre of openıng.

STEP (2)
PR • long DıA + 2
Mark the dimenslons PA & CA on a plece of wood
OR = Short DıA i' 2
and pierce 3 nails through P, C& R. (You can mark it on a
LONGDIA seale alsa simply)

STEP(3) .
Keep the Nails' 'P' on line LM and 'C' on line ON
always. Revolve slowly the wood and mark curved line wlth
the ~ail which passes through 'A'
~-r---PIPE
ST.EP (4)
When cuttlng with.the tereh, hold the tip at the same
SHORT DıA = 00 OF PIPE angle with the plate as the plpe wiIJbe when eractect
LONG dıA = 00 OF PIPE + SIN A
Note: A Is the angle of pipe with plate.
X = Plate lhickness + tan A

..
88
89

._---._---- -- -
..i CJRCI..E
The radlu! of a cirele Is one half of the dlameter,
An are Is a part of the drcumference
A chord is aline connecling the ends of an are.
u t,
A segment is an area bounded by an are
and a chord.
Formuı•• ;
Cireumference of a elrcle = nD = 2217 x DıA
Area of a Cirele = DıA x DıA x 22/28
~ AI~o Equal to 22/7 x Radiu! x Radiu!
~
'41 Length of a ehord =C = 2 x .J(AxB)
l:
\t s Alsa equal to 2 x radiu9 x !in(E/2)
DıA of a eircle = • = Cl2X1/B +B
~
Area of sector • (Are Length x Radlus)/2 = LxRl2
i Also equal to Area x Angle (E 1360)
Area of any eirele + Clreumference of same elrcle

~ ~•...~.•.:
_
J Are Length
=- Radiaus
= DıA x degree
of the circle + 2
x O.~73.
~ • x E x ".00873
J(

N Also equal to C)CL X E X O.OO2na

li
U

91
.1. _
 CONVERSION CON~TANTS
TO CHANGE TO MULTIPLY BY
. INCHES Fael 0.0633
Inehas Millimelers 5.39954
Feal 'nches 12
.., Ynrds Feel 3
Square Inehes Square Feet 0.00694
Square leet Square Inches 144
Square leel Square Yards 0,11111
Square yards Square Feat 9
Acre Sq. metre 4046.7
Acre Cent 100 KOLLING OFFSET
Cent Sq.Metre 40.467
Pounds Kilogram .4535
Kilogram Pound 2.205
Ki/omalar Mile .6214
Miles Kilo metre 1.6093
Sq. Miras Acre 640
Lilra US Gollons .264
Minule Degree 0.016667
Oagre. Minute 60
Atmosphares Pounds' per sq. inch 14.73 ..•_-
Feet Matra, .3046
Metre Fe,t 3.2806992
Hors8 power Watt5 746
Llnk Incha, 7.52

Example :.
TO CONVERT 7" INTO MIlUMETRE.
MULTIPlY 7.BY 25.4 =il 7X25.4 = 1n.8 MM
TO CONVERT 25 MI~JUTE TO DEGREES.
MUlT/PlY BY .016667.= 25 X .016667 is 0.416675"
To CONVERT 15 Cen13 lo sq. metre 1 .,
5 cents =
15)( 40.46imı =607 nı' .: i)
93
92

. ~J. _
 ROLLlNG OFfSET
CALCULATE (A). Travel Length of OffSET
(See Page 132) and
. . (8). the degrees of TOP & BOnOM ElBOWS
Solutlon:- .
(A) Travel l.enqth
. -. l= "(Distance AlONG)2 + (Distanca ACROSS)2 + (RISE)2
= "(5282 + 3052 + 61 az) = 862.5
(B) Degree of BOTTOM ELBOW

FORMULA :. Degree of ELBOW

= Cosine-' of (Cosine of RISE x Cosine of TURN)
Angle of tu,m = tan" of (305+528)
i· = tan" of 0.57765 = 300
Angle of RISE III tan·, of (Ri::iE+Hypote •.•.•se)
= tan" 61 0+~(305Z+ 528Zf
i.
j .
:ii tane' of (610 + 610) .45°

'pegree of 8ottom ELBOW

= Coslne-' of (Cqsine of RISE x CosIOc of TURN)
;
• Coelne of (coe 30 x coe 45) • CoI" (.866 x .707) • 52.25
(C) Dagree of TOP ELBOW
FORMULA :- Degree of ELBOW
i c: Cosine-' of (Cosine of RI se x Cosine of TURN)
•.
~r •.•..".' ..
=
Angle of TURN == tane' (6281305)' i~~r'1.732 = 600
Angle of Rıse =
45°
Degr.Q~of ELBOW =
Cos-' of (Cos 60 x Cos 45)
=
Oos: of (.5 x .707)
= CoS" 0.3535 = 69.3°
Note : USE SCIENTIFIC CAlCULATOR FOR MORE ACCURACY

95·

_____ -_~_-_---_- ~ __ •• wd.! ~ _

 KOLtiN(] OffSET CASE ii
·.
In this example Angle of RISE & Angle ol Tum ar~
, . known. We have to calculate the degrees of BOnOM; TOP
ELBOWS. (See page 134)

;
Solution :.
Given (1) Angle of RISE ='300.
(2) Angle of TURN = 22.5°
(1) i Degree of BOTTOM ElBOW .
= Cos" of (Cos of RISE x Cos of TURN)
= Cos ' of (Cos 30 x Cos 22.5)
~
= Cos" of (.866 x .9238) = Cos .800
= 36.870
(2) Degree of TOP ELBOW
= 90 -.Angle of Rlsa = 90-30 = 600
o Not.
o
N) (1) Cos Means Cosine"

o
(2) SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOAS are ~mmended
~ for more easy and accurate answers.
~
t'«

ı. t-z _

,. .", CJ7

_ 1_ ._-- .__ -.~.•.~..

.•.
 LAlEML EQ~Al..SIZE
i

". \~

(1) LONG CUT BACK = L.C.S = R + tan (N2)

.
"
"
(2) SHORT CUT BACK = S,C.B = R x tan (A/2) .

Note :;. R= OD/2 & 'A' = Ana1e of FırrlNG

;
,... Exampl ••
•
Calculate L.C.B & S.e.B of a 6" N.P,S 45°
Lateral equal size.
\/)
...J Solulion
s: a: R = 00/2 = 168/2 = 84
v ~
~ ~ L.A = 45°, .A/2 = 22.5°
cr \OJ w
(i) c:e
en i- (1) L.C.B = A+tan (A/2)
O; =84+.4142
t- t- ..J
':::;) '::J =202.8 mm
u V
t-
(2) s.c.s ~ R x tan (A/2) .
S cl! . = 84 x tao22.5
z Q 1,
,:. =84x.4142
o :t
...J .n = 34.8 mm
, .

CD
Iı
"
(xl Note: tan22.5°= 0.4142
,"
,
<...J . . seetable.
U
...J" u)
"

99
 LATERALS EQUAL Slw ıATERALS U" EQUAJ",ANY DROKER
D•• , ••• 1 S1l1B 0" ttrE. 16 DIVISIONS
Anwl •• 1 Anwl •• 1
: Fllllnw L.C •• e.c •• Fllllnw L.C •• e.C.B
45 Oıc1:207 O x.207 70 o' x.n4 O x.35O 1,.1 = (R2+tanA)X2
Oıc1.178
~6
~7 . Ox1.1S0
O x.212
O x.217
71
72
O x.701
O x.888
O ıc.357
O ıc.363
L2 = [R2+ (.707xR2))~tanA +(C3+sinA)

48 Ox1.1230 O x.223 73 D x.676 O x.370

L3 = f\+tanA+ (C +sl045)
1

49 Oıc1.097 O x.228 74 O x.664 O ıc.317 L4 = [Ri (o707xRz))+tanA +(C3+sln45)

50 Oıc1.072 O x.233 75 O x.652 D x.384 .•.•..
"\
=
L5 [R2+ (o9239xR2)]+tan~ +(C4+slo45)
51 Ox1.048 OX.4n 16 O x.640 O x.391
L6 = [A2+ (.3827xR2)]+tanA + (C2+sinA)
52 Ox1.03 O ıc.244 77 O x.82S O x.398
53 Ox~·.003, ·0 x.249 O ıc..405
L7 = [R2 -(o3827xR2)]+tanA' +(C2 +slnA)
78 O x.817
54 Oıc.981 O x.255 79 O x.607 0)(.412 L8 = [R2-(o9239xR2)}+tanA +(C4+sinA)
55 Oıc.961 O x.260 80 O x.596 O ıc.42O
56 Oıc.940 . O x.266 81 O x.585 O x.427
57 Oıc.921 . O x.271 82 O x.515 O x.4315
58 Ox.902 O «sn 83 O x.56!i O x.«2
S9 Ox.884 O x.283 84 O x.555 O x.45O
60 Ox.866 . O x.289 85 O x.546 ri x,4'58
81 0)(.849 D x.29S 86 ,O x.S36 0)(.468
62 OX.832 O x.300 87 0)(.52'1 O x.474
R1 ~ HEAOER 0.0+2
63 OX.816 O x.306 88 O x.518 O x.483·
64 Ox.809 O )(.312 89 O x.509 O x.491 =
R2 LATERAL 10+2
65 OX.785 O x.319 15 O x3.798 O x.O.66
68 ox.no O x.325 22.5 O x2.514 O X.O.gg Refer page' Nos 136•.•.140 e , ,

67 Ox.755 O x.331 30 O x1.866 O x.134

68 Ox.741 O x.337 37.5 O x1.473 D x.111 , FOR C1,Gi,C3&C4 See Page No:
69 Ox.728 O x.344 Note: Consider Only l1'~ i,&L
...
" "
Note: S.C.6 = SHORT CUT 6AC" LC.O = LONG cur OAC" O = DıA OF "!PE
i
ı.
For 8 OMsfon Method 4

•
101
100

----•...._----------_._--_.
-
 LAmRAL lJI'fEQUAL S1UBON mrnoo
CALCULATE CUT BACKS ll,ıZ,L,'l4'I',L.,l.., &L. OF A 45° LATERAL,
48"x36" STO WALL THICK PIPES, STUB ON TYPE.
SOLUTION i
Page No :
i. Rı :.= 0012 = 4812 iii 24" • 609.6 MM, Rı:= '(00 or lateral + 2)-1= 448
1I.(1).C, o: Rı • "{R,)2'(F\)2 • 609.6 • ~(609.SZ • 448') = 196
Note : Consider Lı i L21 L3 & L4 (2). Ca = Rı" "(R,)2' '(Rz'C.~9)2. 609.8· "(609.62-413.92)=162

f'.
(3). Ct • Rı' V(Rıjt (fÇX.707)2 .609.8- "(609.62-316.72) .089
Only for 8 Division Method
(4). C4• Rı' .J(R,)2. (Rzx.3827}2. 609.8- "(609.62-171.52).25
11/. Cı+ Sin 45° • 196 + Sln4S 198 + .7071 • zn
,C2+ Sin 45° • 162 + Sln45 • 162 + .7071 230 =
s
C + SIn.ıso. 089 + SIn45 .89+ .7071.126
en
..J
C. + Sin 45°.25 + SIn45 .25+ 7071 .035
c:( LV Rzx0.9239 • 448x.9239 • 414, f\x.707 • 448x.707 • 317
rı: Rzx.3827 • 448x.3827 • 171.5
w
ı- V. (1). L1. <R,+ lanA)x2. (448 + tan4!;}~2 - (448+1).2 • IlQR
c:( (2). l2. (R,+(.707xR,))+ tanA + (C, + 81045)
..J
• (448+317)+ tan45 +126 .891
(3). l3. (R,+ lanA)+ (C,+ SI"..5) • (448f.lan45)+(196 + ıln45)
• 448 +277 .725

- i
, . (4). l4.lF\' (.707XR,)J+ lanA +(C.+ıfn45)
i • (448 '317)+ tan45 +126. 131+126 • 2s1
(5). LS. p\ +(.9239XR,)]+ lanA +(C.+ıfn45)
,. • (448 +414)+ lan45 +35 • 862+35 • 897
(6). ıe'. [R, + (J827xA,)]+ lanA + (C2 + .llnA)
• (448+171.5) + tan45+230. 819.5+230 • 850
(7). l7. p\ +(.3827XRJ]+ tıW1A+ (Cı+ ılnA)
. '. (448 ·171.5) + lan45 + 230 • &J7
(8). l8. LA, • (.9239XF\)]+ LanA + (C.+ ılnA)
• (448-414)+ taiMS +35.069
a •
Note: tan450. 1, ıln·45°. 0.7071

ıoı 103
 ROLLING LATERAL

(1). TRAVEL = v(Oistanca Along)2+(Oistance Across)! +(Rise)2

. = ,J(1022}z+(1500)2+(1112}2=2128.6
:
. 2. ANGLE OF LATERAL WITH HEADER
",

eo
= (VIEWA)
= Cas" of (Distance Along + Travel)
= cos of (1022+2128.6)
= cos of .48013 = 61.3°
3. ELBOW DEGREE = a. (VIEW B)
Cosa. =
Distance Along + Travel
= 1500 +2128.6 = .70469
a. :ı COS·, .70469 = 46.2°

.~ 4. ANGLE OF ELBOW RQLLlNG DOWN

~~
=P
(VIEW B)
':/
. ıy
~
lan P = HEIGHl +DISlANCE ACROSS
= 1112+ 1022 = 1.0881
.,.'r ,
OJ
IIJ
P = tan-I 1.0881 :i 47.42°

.- .
(i
z
('4
114
Q
'"'f
..,...~- - 1~
~.•..
'1

,,~. 105
IM
 ~SINO 11UOOrtOMETRlC TA8LE \VE Cı\N LAYOl[{
MOLES MORE EASILY SQUARE Llrfl~

.EXAMPLE: To start a layout we have to start

:ot:!
draw an Angle of 300 c ~ from Square Line. C

A~~::~L~
::J'
r')

Construction:-
1. Drawa stright line.
A -..:..JL...! B
4 unit
Mark 'AB' = 1000MM on lt. 1000 Procedure:-
2. Draw a perpendieular One (Fig 10) 1. Draw a straight line - Mark AB = 4000 MM
to the line 'AB' through 'B'. 2. Drawan are from 'A' wnh a radius of SOOOMM above
Mark 'BC' = 577.35 MM. polnt B as In FIG (11)
3. Join 'AC;. Angle BAC = 300 3. Draw another are from polnl 8 with a radius of 3000
MM lo eut lhe prevlously
Note : From the Trigon~metric Table you ean find drawn are al polnt 'C' .
out the value of tan 300=.57735 .(page 82). 4. Joln BC. Now Angle ABC =90
Sinee you have marked AB =1000 you have to ~ : Remember AB = 4 unit, BC =3 unit &
multiply the value of tan 300(.5n35) also with 1000. Aq= 5 unit. Y~u can selecl any unit.
le BC = .57735x1 000= 577.35 MM For example if you select 100 MMas one unit then
Similarly ifyouOraw 'AB' =500, _ AB= 4x1 00 =400MM,
then to get the value of 'BC', multiply with SOO . BC=3x100=300MM& AC=5 xt 00 =SOOMM.
OR if you select 5POMM as one unit lhen
le ec = 500 x.57735 = 288.675 MM
AB =4x500 =2000MM, BC= 3xSOO=1S00MMı
(when AB = SOOMM) AC =5x500 =2S00MM
Take care lo multiply'always 3,4&5
• with the same unit .
.. . ı
,
"
..
"·If •••

~
107
106

1 _ -----_._--- ---.-
 ~
------.. -_ ..
_- -_.-
-.
,

"
-ı~.~
..J

o
.,. ., (L;L)
___ o ••
·--=r~~-
_ •••• _ •• _. - ••••••• _ ••

i 17
H
~4..~!!./!
~
..,..•.
~
L::=J=:=. o _. •. 0_ _o... .. .. __ ... _.0' . :=.; i)'ı~---
"-.J ". __ • )00-
(Lı) --_ ..-
~
~
V,
~o

1. ClB = CUT BACK = BEAM SIZE x RISE x 2+ SPAN

= 300x1000x2 + 13150 .§.§
2. L, •••LENGTH OF RAFTER (CENTER TO CENTEF\
•••.J(RISE)2+(SPAN+ 2)2
(f) = .J(1 00)2 +(6575)2 = 6650.6
(f) 3. L, =LENGTH OF RAFTER (END TO END)
:::>
cı:
t-
= L,+ ClB = 6659.6+45.6 = 6696.2
. 2
«
LU
: al

.. (oool.J :ıS IJI

109
..J
 ,/

fORMULA 10 SOLVE CONE

... 1. R1 . = (D,-t) + 2. 0,= LARGE DıA & t:: THICKNESS

2. R2 :: (0 • t ) + 2. O2::SMALL DıA & t :: THICKNESS

2
3. HYPOTENUSE = ~H2.(Rı·R2)2.. H:: HEIGHT

4. tan B :: H + (R,·R2) B:: OEGREE WITH OlA

5. R:ı= R, + COS B, R, = LONG RAOIUS OF DEVELOPMENT

6. L.A = 360xR, + R:ı' A:: ANGLE AS IN FIG ...

7. L = 2xR:ıxSIN(AI2) L= SEE FIG ....

= R2+COS B
-
8. R.• R.•-= Short Radius of Development
o

.\

'IT

III

.
.. .... ••••.••••-----
1 ---~~-
 pEVELorMENTOfCONE J!1arklngProcedure:

DEVELOP A GONE WHOSE TOP DıA = BOU,

Soo ~
BOTTOM dıA = 355, HEIGHT = 1606 AND
PLATE THICKNESS 4 MM

Solutlon:-
~.
1. Rı = (01-t)/2 = (800-4)+2 = 398
2. R2 = (02-t)/2 = (355-4)+2 = 17!i;5
3. Rı-Az "="398-175.5 = 222.5
4. tan 8
. "

= H+(R1·R2) = 1606+222.5 :: 7.218,

LB = tan" 7.21B = 82.112°
5.A3 = A, +cosB = 396+Cos 82. 112
= 398+0.13723 = 2900
6. LA = 360 x R,+A3 = 360x398+2900
= 49.40~
7.L = 2xR xsinN2
3

= 2x2900xSin 24.7035 = 2424

8.A4 = R +COSB = 175.5+COS 82.112
2
ON A 4 mm plate draw an are with 2900 mm radlus
= 1279 (R3). Mark aR = 2424 (straight line) Join pa and PA. Draw
another are with a radius 1279.
:
;
aRTS Is the requi~ed piece. Bend through the dot-
ted lines starting from both the ands as & TA.

112 113
 SOLUrlOm Of' TRlMQLES (SFECIAL CASES)
.... CASE 1.
SOLunO"OF~AnOLES
i
2'ANGLe AND ONE SIDE GIVEN. TO SOLVE THIS
SFECIAL CASES CASE
USE THIS FORMULA
i a+sinA = b.sinB = c+sinC ]

CASE2.
2 Sides and one angle given to solve this case also
Above formula Is appllcable

CASE3.
3 sides are glyen. To SO~R this case use
this formula .

CosA = (trw-a2)
2Xbxc

A ~------------~
-----.,. .. b ---- C. Note : A, B, C Int inctuded ıngın.
i, b, c ere ~ opposlte to them

WHEN THE TRIANGLE LS NOT

A RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE. USE

;
THIS METHOD
<.

i
.,
114 .i
., .llS
__ ·L
--------_ ... - ..•.
 1" 25.4 35 889 69 17S2.8
...•
qHÇ~ 2 50.8 36 914.4 70 1778
3 762 37 939.8 71 umA
Clf-lClJMFERENCE EQUALS 4 •
UIAMETEn x 3.141 c OH ı/ı X ?;ı; / ------
5
1)16
ro
38
39
9652
M.e
72
73
182Bl!
111542
....--
UIAMElER = CIRCUMFERENCE X .31831 6 152.4 40 ml 74 1117VB

ARC LENGTH = DıA X DEGREE X .00873

7 177. 41 104104 75 um
8 2ClU 42 1068.8 78 1!DJo4
RADIUS OF ARC = 9 228.6 43 1CBZ.8 n 111i55.
ARCLENGTH ~ (DEGI1EE X .01746) 1) 254 44 U17IS 78 ••• 2
1 . ~79.4 45 IMJ 79 20011.8
1z 304.8 48 11111ı4 Lo 2002
fıre ~I'1D~
1) THE MINIMUM RADIUS LSMOSTLY
1J
11
3302
355.8
47
48
11SBa
1.282
•
82
2D51A
2082.1
GIVEN AS 6x PIPESIZE 15 :Jt1 48 1344.8 ıD 2108Z
1l 406..4 1210 84 2m.8
2) THE AMOUNT OF PIPE REQUIRED - V .oi.l
.50
LI 1aıı5.4 85 2s
FOR ABEND
= THE RADIU X DEGREES X .01745 •
;'9
4572
.4a2A
52
53
1320.1
134O.Z
•wl 211404
2:ım.8
2D 50ıI 54 1371. 88 m52
---_.~...,...,~-- 21
22
533A
5511.8
ss
51
f1f1I
M22A
iii
80
ZlIIiO.8
2210

,...
23 ·51U ST 1447.1 il D1A
,, ıM _.ii 51 M73..2 82 mu
\tl " 25 135 58 ID 2J8U

,... i eo
-
~ 218 8B6A 1SiM 84 DU

•
~
i··
11
21
•••
7112
- .. 82
,III. 154u
1574.1 ."
116
18
ata
lM3I.4
O o
Ml3.1
28 738.1 G· 8IJ2 'IT
X 30 782 M 182u 118 a.a82
A 31 mA 15 ," .. 11161 ili 2514.1

..,•
LO •

32 112.1 181u 11) 2540

" ,

-
33 .1312 11Dt •
~

~_. 1 34 1&3.1
• f1712

~ " Il7

116
---'-_. - - - .-._ .. ----.._--- .,
------------------------~~.~.~.~-~.
------------------~------------ _.. .. -'-' ---
 "m~",u
___ • __ •••1
111- _

Wt = LxWxtx.00000783 KG
WEIGHT OF PIPE
.. ... t = THICKNESS, .;4

L=LENGJH, WEIGHT OF CARBON STEEL PIPE

W= WIDTH IN MM . .
. i Wl = (00 - W.T) x W.T x Lx 0.00002462 KG L

Q:- Calculate the weight of a 10 MM THK Plate

2500x767 MM Size. Note : ALL MEASUREMENTS ARE IN MIWMETRE
EXCEPT ANSVYER.
ANS:- WL = tx Lx WxO.OOoo0763
, = 10x2500x787XO.OOOO0783
:::154 K~ EXAMPLE1.
. CALCULATE THE WEIGHT OF A24" sro WALL,
2533 MM LONG PIPE
ANS·: WL = (Oo-W.T) x W.T x Lx 0,(>0002462
=
(609.6-9.53)x9.53x2533xO.OOO02462
= 600.1 x 9.53 x 2533 x 0.00002462
=
35&.6 KG.
Not.:
1. FOR WALL THICKNESS AND OUTSIDE dıA
OF PIPES Refer Page No 22 & 23
•••
00 = Outside Dıa of pipe }.
W.T! = Wall Thickness of.p!pe. .in milli meter
~~ = Lenghth of pipe. .
.. . ~' '.".

" ."
.. '-
120 121
i .
i

_i --- --_._-~-_.-
 .. .. .... .. ..~
COMMERCIAL Pın SIZES Am> WALL 1lfJCKJ"{EŞŞES
fVI W)
NOMINAL w ALL THICKNESSES OF ••••••.•.•PIPES oor
PIPESızE
(INCHES) g:)-t
ss
g:)-t
1:8
S::H
10
&ii
20
S::H
30
~
40
S':H
80
S::H
100
s>i
12)
S':H SOi ıSTAN
10«) 160 DARD
i XS XXS
j
SDE

1.8 . · - -
,. .
1.3&
1115 · ·
·
·
1.73

224
2.45
3.crz
-
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
1.73
2.24
2..
3.D2
·
· '.3J
~'.~

311 - 145 · · · 2.3 3.2 · · · · 2.3 32 · ?

112 LfS 211 · · · 27 3.73 · · · 4.78 2.' 3.74 75 213
314 LfS 211 · · · 2.9 3.9 · · · • 5..56 2.' 3.9 7B 26..7
lfS 2.n . ·
1 · 3.4 4..55
· · · lS.3S 3.4 45 91 33."
11'& 1.85 2.n . ;.
· 3.6 4.&5 · · · 635 3.1 4.BS 9.7 Q..2
11fl LfS 2.77 • · · 3.7' 5.08 -, · · 7.14 3.7 Sl 10.16 '8.3
2 LfS 2.77 • · · 3.9 554 · · · 8.74 3.8 1554. 1101 60.3
21/2 211 3.05,; • · · 5.2 7.0 · · · 953 5.2 7Dı 'K.02 73
3 2:t1 3.05 • · · 5.5 7.62 · · · 111 5.5 7.& 1~ . 88.9
31/2 211 3.05 • l'
· 5.74 LLL · · · · 5.7 III · n!li
4 211 3.05 • · · 6.02 8.6 · nı · 13.5 1.02 8.6 17.12 1100
5 2.77 3.4 · · · 6.6 9.5 · 127 · 159 I.S 9..53 19!!i V1.:l

.•..
rn

1 :: .;-.
.
ol
,

. -j-' -
. " .._--_.- - - 1-" . ii

COMMERClAL PlPE SlZES AND WALL nllCKNESSES

tD-r-Ö\~ lAfı
. NOMINAL W ALL THIO<NESSES OF PIPES OUT
PIPESIZE
- -- SIDE
(&NaiES) s::ı-t
es
S:::H ali
m 10
s::ı-t ali
20
S:::H S:H'
aa · 100 13)
.
S::H ..:ı:li S:H SQi STAN
Ml
xs xxs

6 2.77 3.4 . -
30

-
40

7.1 , - 143 · 183

160 DARD
7.1 10S7 21.95 '-1
i

168.3
8 271 3.78 - 8.35 7,,04 1l1l 127 15Jl9 1il2i 20.& 23.0 '.,2 121 222 2'19

~ 3A 4.2
-- a.35 U '3 .!il 183 21.44 .2s.4 2IUi 1.3 121 ZiA 'z73
12 3s8 ·4.& - 8.35 aA 103
nı
175 ZIA 25.4 28.& 333 '.53
•.sı
127 25.4 324
14 3.96 ~4.7I 8.35 7~ 1.53 19115 23.1 'DB 31.75 35.7 121 · 355.6

i, 15
18
4.2
42
4.78
4.78
&35
8.35
7 ss
7..sa
.t.53
111
127
'143 211
21A a2 311
aA 3CS "JS:1 45,2.
3Il.1 44.45 so
38.5
••53 127
'.53 127
40.4&
·
-
<406."
457.2
20 4.77 5.54 8.35 l.S3 127 151:8 2IIS.2 32.54 ••53 127 · 508
:ı 22 437 5.54 us 1.53 121 ·17A1 30.1 2u 34.9 41.2S 47.63 SL.9I! '.53 127.• s59
i us
!
24 5.SI 8.35 t.S3 143 38..9 oC6..03 s2.37 59.54 '.53 127
· 6C1U
28 - - '7.13 121 -159 · .- - -. · .'.53 121 ·. '
660 .•
28 -6.35 -7Sl 7.13 127 - - . · '.53 121- · 711.2
30 7m 127 159 .· - - - · '.13 121 - 7a2
- - -
32
34
38 "
--
-
- -. 7.13 127
1.13 127
7.13 12.7
159
159
1s9
17A1. -
17A1 -
'Bt . - .
- - - -
- - - -
· '.53 121 _.
1.53 121
'.53 127
·
-
-, ae:u
813'

9'14.04

Note: - ~pe Thiokne56 i5 in MILLIMETRE.

123
 ---
t o r'..: 1'\1.-('"'
(' ft. q c: crr eJt
rj \~ ',·1(:\ G
'
'v S.cı
rı, ,
t1J..!...U''1'P-'.,j·
i
~. ! ' --'

~_UlSIDE DIAMETRE. ClJtCUMfERBNCE (:~ç of

r.tQMIMLJ~PES Trigonornetric Table

..~ PıPE SIZE OUTSIDE
~.t i.:-rei ~
OUTSIDE
-.
oce·ı -4 OC-i8 OC-·r16 ."1 •

Deg Min Sin Cos Tan

IN DıA C1RCUMFERENCE
INCHES (M M) ( MM) (MM) ( MM) / MM) 00 00000 1.0000 OO()OU'
.- 11.8
() 15 .00436 .99999 .00436
2 60.3 189.5 47.4 23.7 O 30 .00873 . ·.99996 .00873
3 88.9 279.4 69.8 34.9 17.5 O 45 .01309 .99991 .01309
; 4 114.3 359.2 89.8 44.9 l2.45 1 O .01745 .99985 .01746
5 141.3 444.1 111 5&.5 27.8 J 15 .021815 .99976 .02182
- __ 6
168.3 528.9 132.2 66.1 33.1 -I~ 1
1
30
45
.02618
.03054
.99966
.99953
.02619
.03055
i
8 219 688.3 172.1 86 43 . 2 00 .034899 .99939 .. 03492
'10 273 . 858 214.5 107.3 53.6 2 15 ;03926 .99923 ;03929
12 324 1018.3 254.6 127.3 63.6 2 30 .04362 .99905 .04366
14 355.6 1117.6 279.4 139.7 69.9 2 45 .04798 .99885 .04803
3 00 .05234 .99863 .05241
16 406.4 12n.3 319.3 159.7 79.8
3 15 .05669 .99839 .05678
18 457.2 1436.9 359.2 179.6 89.8 3 30 .06105 .99813 .06116
20 508 1596.6 399.1 199.6 99.8 3 . 45 .. 06540 .99786 .06554
i
22 559 1756.9 439.2 219.6 109.8
i
4 00 .06976' .99756 .06993
i 4 15 .07411 .99725 .07431 .
24
26
809.6
G60.4
1915.9
2075.5
479
518.9
239.5
259.4
119.7
129.7 i 4
4
30
45
,.01846
.08281
:99692
.•99657
.07870
.08309
28 .
30
711.2
762
2235.2
2394.9
558.8
598.7
279.4
299.4
139.7
149.7
i 5
5
00
15
.08716
.09150
.99619
.9cf580
.08749
.09189 ,
32 813 2555.1., 638;8 319.4 159.7
.. i
~- "
5
5
30
45
.•09585
.10019
.99540
.99497
.09629
.10069
!
34 863.6 2714.2 678.5 339.3 169.6
6 00 .10453 .99452 .10510
36 914.4 2873.8 718.5 359.2 179.6 6 IS .10887 .99406 .10952
40 1016 3193.1 798.3 399.1 199.6· 6 30 .11320 .99357 .11394
42 1066.8 3352.8 838.2 419.1 209.6 6 45 .tt754 .99307 .11836
239.5 7 00 .12187 .99255 .12278
48 1219.2 3831.8 957.9 479
7 15 .12620 .99200 .12722
7 30 .1'3053 .99144 .13165
''ıa 7 45 .13485 .99087 .13609
124
125
 __...._. m
u ~._ "'-
 i Trigonornetric Table
Trigonometric Table
... i x'1. Min Sin Cos T." ,. lkK Min Sin Cos Tan
.40674 .«523 32 00 .52992 .84805 .62481
24 00 .91355
... 24 15 41012 .91176 .45047
! 32 15 .53369 .84573 .63095
24 30 .41469 .90996 .45573 32 30 .53730 .84339 .63707
24 45 .41866 .908l4 .•~ıoı , 32 45 .54097 .84104
.83867
.64322
.64941
25 00 .42262 .90631 .4(;631 32 00 .54464
,. .83629 .65563
25 15 .42657 .90«6 .47163 3:l 15 .54829
.43051 .902.58 .47698 33 30 .55194 .83389 .66189
25 30
.43444 .90070 .48234
i
33 45 .55557 .83147 .66818
25 45
26 00 .43837 .89879 .4B773 34 00 .55919 .82904 .67451
26
26
15
30
.«229
.«620
.89687
.89493
.4~315
.49858
i 34
34
15
30
.56281
.56641
.57000
.82659
.82413
.82165
.68088
.68728
.69312
26 45 .45010 .89298 .50404 34 45
.89101 .50953 35 00 .57358 .81915 .70021
27 00 .45399
35 15 ,57715 .81664 .70613
27 15 .45'887 .88902 S1503
.5W57 35 30 .58070 . .81411 .71321
27 30 .46175 .88701
.52613 35 45 .58425 .81157 .11990
27 45 .46561 .88499
36 00 .58779 .80902 .12654
.46947 .88295 .53171
28
28
00
t5 .47332 .88089 .53732-
i, 36 15 .59139 .806« .13323
.87882 ,.54296 36 30 .59482 .80386 .13996
211 .47716
28
29
30
45
00
.48099
.48481
.87673
.87462
.5·&862
.55431
i
j
36
37
45
00
.59832
.60182
.80125
.79864
.14674
.15355
29 15 .48862 .81250 .56003
. ,
i 37 15 .60529 .79600 . .76042
29
29
30
45
.49242
.49622":" ..
.87036
'.86820 .
.56576
.57155 -._.;. i
.,,
37
37 .
30
45
.60876
.61222
.19335
.79069
.76733
.77428
- 33
,-
00 : ""- . -.61566 .18801. .18129
)t) 00 .50000 .86603 .57735 i .619094 .18532" , '.78834
ıs 38 15
:'‫ן‬IL
:w 30
.50377 -.
.50754
.86384
.86163
.58318
.58905 :.;,,ıç.,, . i 38 30 .62251 .78261 .79544
··. 30 45 .51129 .85941 .59494 i 38 45 .62592 .77988
.77115
.80258
~••'''' .8097&
31 00 .51504 ,85717 .60086 i 39 00 .62932
.63271 .77439 '.81103
31 ıs .51877 .85491 .60681
i 39 15
·· . 31 30 .52250 .85264 .61280 39 30 .63608 .77162 .82434
.85035 .61882
i
39 45 .63944 .76884 .83169
31 45 .52621
,
i

i 129
128
 Trigonoıııctric l1ıhle
..•. i \.'r, Min Sin Cos '[an
Trigonometric Table
Deg , Min Sin Cos Tan
40 00 .64279 .76604 .RJYIII
4(1 IS' .114612 1 48 00 .74314 .66913 1.1t06
.76323 .84656
40 30 .64945 ' .76041 48 15 .74606 .66588 1.120,(
.8540!i
40 45 .65276 48 30 .74896 .66262 1.1303
.75756 .H616(,
40 00 .65606 48 45 .75184 .65935 1.1403
.75471 .86929
40 15 .65935 49 00 .75471 .65606 1.1504
.75184 .87698
41 30 .66262 49 15 .75756 .65276 1.1606
.74896 .88473
41 45 .66588 49 30 .76041 .64945 1.1708
.74606 .89253
42 00 .66913 49 45 .76323 .64612 1.1812
.74314 .90040
42 15 .67237 50 00 .76604 .64279 1.1918
.74022 .9(1834
42 30 .67559 SU 15 .76884 .63944 1.2024
.73728 .91633
' 42 45 .67880 50 30 .77162 .63608 1.2131
.73432 .92439
43 00 .68200 .73135 50 45 .77439 .63271 1.2239
.93251
43 15 .68518 .72837 51 00 .77715 .61.932 1.2349
.. 94071
43 30 .68835 .72537 51 15 .77988 .62592 1.2460
.94896
43 45 .69151 .72236 .95729
St 30 .78261 .62251 1.2572
44 . 00 .69466 51 45 .78532 .61909 1.2685
.71934 .96569
44 15 .69779 .71630 52 00 .78801 .61566 1.2799
.97416
44 30 .70090 .71325 52 15 .79069 .61222 1.2915
.98269
44 45 .70401 !i2 30 .79335 .60876 1.3032
.71019 .99131
45 00 .70711 52 45 .79600 .60529 1.3151
.70711 1.0000
45 15 .71018 .70401 53 00 .79863 .60182 1.3270
1.0088
45 30 .71325 53 15 .80125 .59832 1.3392
.70090 1.0176
45 45 .71630 .69779 53 30 .80386 .59482 1.3514 ,
1.0265 45,
46 00 .71933 .69466 53 .80644 .59131 1.3638
1.0355
46 15 .72236 54 00 .80902 .58779 1.3764 '
.69151 1.0446
46 30 .7]..537 54 15 .81157 .58425 1.3891
. ..
46 45 .72837
.~883S
.68518
1.0538
1.0630
54 30 "" " .81412 .58070 1.4019
47 00 .73135 54 45 .81664 .57715 1.4150 .
.68200' 1.0724
47 IS .73432 . !i5 00 .81915 .57358 1.4281
.67880 1.0818
.
;
47 30 .73728 .67559 1.0913
55 15 .82165 .57000 1.4415 ,
47 4S .74022 55 30 .82416 .56641 1.4550
.67237 1.1009
55 45 .82659 .56280 t.4687
130
131
 Trtgonomeutc Table
.~ Trigonoıııctric Tablc
Min Sin Cas '13n
()q; Min Sin Cos 'Ian Ikg

;'6 1.4826 64 00 .89879 .43837 2.0503

(LU .829114 .55919
3(, 1.4966 64 15 .90070 .43444 2.0732
15 .83147 .55557
Sf, 1.5108 64 30 .90259 .43051 2.0965
:HI .H33H9 .55194
(,4 45 .90446 .42657 2.1203
!if, 45 .8362CJ .54829 1.5253
65 00 .90631 .42262 2.1445
57 00 .83867 .54464 1.5399
!i7 15 .84104 .54097 1.5547 , 65 15 .90814 .41866 2.1692
65 30 .90996 .• 41469 2.19'U
57 J(, .84339 .5373.0 1.5697 i
~
65 45 .91176 .41072 2.2199
57 45 .84573 .5336'1 1.5849 i
:1..2460
1.6003 i 66 00 .91355 .40674
Sö 00 .84805 .52992
66 IS .91531 .40275 2.2727
SIS 15 .85035 .52621 1.6160
66 30 .91710 .39875 2.2998
5S JII .85264 .522.50 1.6319 2..32.76
1.6479 66 45 .91879 .39474
SH 4s .85491 .51877
.39073 2.3558
).(,643 (,7 00 .920S1
St) OU .85717 .51504 2.3847
59 15 .I'ı,941 .51129 1.6808 ,, 67 15 .92221 .386;1
30 .92388 .3.2.68 . 1.4142.
59 30 .86163 .50754 1.6977 67 "
.37865 2.4443
59 .•
~ .86384 .50377 1.7147 67 45
00
.92554
.927n .37461 2.4751
oH ıIU .86603 .50000 1.7321 68
, 68 15 .92881 .37056 2.5065'
60 ı5 .8682.0 .49622 1.7496 2..5386
68 30 .93042. .36650
6U 30 .87036 .49242 1.7615 i
2..5715
68 45 .93201 .36243
60 45 .87250 .46862 1.7856 2..6051
69 00 .93358 .35837
(OL 00 .87462 .48481 1.8040 i
2.6395
i
69 15 .93514 .35429
tıl 15 .87673 .48100 1.8228
61 30 .87882 .47716 1.8418 i 69 30 .93667 ' .35021 2.6746
69 45 .93819 .34612 2.7106
61 45 .88090··, .47332 L8611
62 O .88295 .46947 1.8807 - 70 00 .93967 .34202
.33797..
2.7475
2.7852
1.9007 70 IS .94118
62 15 .8849Q .46561 .33381 . 1,8239
70 30 •94264
62 30 .88701 .46175 1.9210 2..8636
. 70 45 .94409 .32969
.. 62 45 .88902 .45767 1.9416 ~ r
71 00 .94552 .32557 2.9042
63 00 .89101 .45401 1.9626 2.9459
.32144
63
63
(,3
15
30
.89298
.89493
.45010
.44620
1.9840
2.0057
2..02.78
,
ı
71
71
71
15
30
45
.94693
.94832
.94970
.31730
.31316
2..9881
3.0326
45 .89687 .44229 \ .
133
132
 .'; Trigonometric Table Trigonometric Table
1X-~ Min Sin Cos Tan Deg Sin Tan
Min Cos
72 00 .95101 30902 3.0777
80 00 .98481 .17365 5.6713
72 15 .95240 .30486 3.1240
RO 15 .98556 .16935 5.8197
72 30 .95372 .30071 3.1716
80 30 .98629 .16505 5.9758
72 45 .95502 .29654 3.2205
80 45 .98701 . .16074 6.1402
7J 00 .95630 .29237 3.2709
#
81 00 .98769 .15643 6.3138
73 15 .95757 .28820 3.3226 6.4971
81 15 .98836 .15212
73 30
45
.95882 .28402
.27983
3.3759
3.4308
.. 81 30 .98902 .. 14781 6.69116
73 .96005
3..d74 i 81 45 .98965 .14349 6.8969
74 00 . .96126 .27564
82 00 .99027 .13917 7.1154
74 15 .96246 .27144 3.5457 i
82 15 .99087 .13485 7.3479
74 30 ~96363 .26724 3.6059
82 30 .99144 .13053 7.5958
74 45 .96479 .26303 3.6680 i 82 45 .99200 .12620 7.8606
75 00 .96593 .25882 3.7320 i 83 00 .99255 .12187 8.1444
15 .96705 .25461 3.7983 ;
75 15 .99307 .11754 8.4490
3.8667 i 83
75 30 .96815 .25038 8.7169
83 30 .99357 .11320
75 45 .96923 .24615 3.9375
ID 45 .99406 .10887 9.1309
76 00 .97030 .24192 4.0108
R4 00 .99452 .10453 9.5144
76 15 .97134 .23169 4.0867
84 15 .99497 .10019 9.9310
76 30 .97237 .23345 4.1653 i 84 30 .99540 .09585 10.3854
76 45 - .97338 .22920 4.2468
84 45 .99580 .09150 10.8829
n 00 .97437 .22495 4.3315
85 00 .99619 .08716 11.4301
77 15 .97534 .22070 4.4194
85 15 .99657 .08281 12.0346
i7 30 .97630 - .21644 - 4.5107.
77 45 .97723 .21218 4.6057 ,
i 85
85
30
45
.99692
.99725
.07846
.074.11-
12.7062
13.4566

ii
78 00 .97815 .20791 4.7046 14.30()7
86 00 .99756 .06976
78 15 ;97905 .20364 4.80n
H6 15 .99786 .06540" lS.2571
78 30 .97992 .19937 4.9152 ;
16.3.41/9
86 30 .99813 .06105
78 45 .98079 .ı9509 5.0274
M 45 .99839 .05669 17.6 ılI6
79 00 .98163 .19081 5.1446 i .05233 19.0811
87 00 .99863
79 15 .98245 .18652 5.2672
79
79
30
45
.98325
.98404
.18224
.17794
5.3955
.3.5301
.,
\
". ~
...
i
!
87
H7
l5
3()
.99885
.99905
.04798
.04362
20.1'188
22.90:18
25.4517
i 87 45 .99923 .031926

134 i 135
.
1_.
.
-- ---
_-
o ••• _ •••

-- -'- ....
 MlNl.JTES CONVERTED TO D ECIMALS OP A P&1I1EB
"II'UiT~ n~QIl~~ JllII"lU1E 'D~QIlE~

1 .01667 31 .51667
Trigononıetric l1ıhll.!
ı:x.~ Min $in Cos
2 .03333 32 .5333
Tıın 3 .05000 33 .5500
B8 4 .06667 34 .5667
'DO .9994 ı .03490 .08331 3S.
88 28.6:163 5 .5633
15 .99953 .O305·~ 32.7:1113 8 .1000 38 .6000
118 30 .99966 .026 III 38.1 tcli5 7 .116&7 .37 .81~7
88 45 .99976 .O218~~ 45.821)4 8 .13333 38 .8333
89 00 .99985 .O174~ 9 .1500 31 .0.850
89 57.29011
15 .99991 .0130!} 1) .16687 40 .8867
89 76.3911"
30 .99996 .0087:ı 1 .18333 41 .18333.
119 144.511li6
4S .99999 .C043(ı 12 .200 42 .7000
90 229.1817 .13 .21867
00 I.U()OU 0.00011 43 .71867
INflNITY 14 .Z333 44 .0.7333
15 .2$0 45 .0.7500
18 .28887 48 .7887
f1 .28333 ~7 .78333
18 .3000 48 .l000
19 .31887 41 .8UJ7
20 .33333 50 .8333
21 .3500 51 .8$0
22 .38867 52 .He11
23 .31333 53 .81333

- 24
25
.4000
.41687
54
55
.8000
.81817
28 .4333 58 .13333
i 57 .150
i 27 .4SO
i 21 .48817 58 .81817
29 .48333 "
58 .H333
30 .5000 80 1.000
..,
~ ' .
60 Mlnut•• • 1 DegrM
1 Mlnute .1180 DegrM .0.0166687 degrH
2 MInUtM • 1180 JC 2 degrH
,r • 2 x 0.016687 • 0.03333 ct.grH
i
i
,'1 137
i
136
 FLANGES
NOTES: Class 150
- .. Raised face forged Steel
1. The 2 mm Ralsed Face is ~ American Standrd
!.
included in thickness C(l) and a.
NI'S OlA rıucx lENGrn LENGTH OlA DıA
:J NO
length through hub Y(L).This . ta
iııch of of Ihrou~h Ihrough of of ol
FlG FlG HUD HUB BOır DOlT DOlT
applies to ISO and 300 Pressure o Ci TIlRED WELO CIRClE HOLE.
Ratings.
2. The 7 MM Ralsed Face is not
included in thlckness C~.)and
length through hub X(.). 600,
1~:~J 1/2
3/4
i
90.
100
110
11.5
13.0
14.5
SUPON
YI
16
16
17
NECK
YI
48
52
60.5
70.0
79.5
16
16
16
ol
4
4
=1
"o, 11/4 120 16.0 21 56 89.0 16 4
900, 1500 and 2500 Pressura ~ ~
61 127· 17.5 22 57 98.5 16
11/1
Ratings are regularly furnished 2 150 19.5 . 25 62
- 1111.5 20
••
••
with 7 mm Raised Face which is
additicnal to the' flange thlck-
~i~
‫ן‬il1

• r-
21/2
3
31/2
180
190
215
22.5
24.0
24.0
29
30
31
64
70
70
139.5
152.5
178.0
20
20
LO
4
4
8
ness Cı(l) and Y,(t). ~~
4 230 24.0 33 71 190.5 20 8
5 255 24.0 36 76 216.0 II 8
3. Always speclfy bore when 6 280 LS.S 40 89 241.5 ıı 8
erdering Weldneek or Seeket 8 345 ı9 44 89 298.5 22 8
10 405 30.5 49 102 362 26 - 12
Weld Flanges. Bore dlrnenslons 56 102 432 26
12 485 32 12
shown opposite also provide 14 535 .35.0 57 tl4 476.0 30 12
inside pipe diameters. 16 600 37.0 64 127 ·540.0 30 16
18-- 635 010.0 68 140 578.0 33 16
c
.0(
20 700 43.0 73 145 635.0 J3 20
.. = 24 815 48.0 tO 152 749.5 36 20
All dimensions are shown in mllllmetres • mm 30. 985 54.0 89 130.2 914.0 35 28
36 1170 60.3 95 136.5 1086. 41 32
!'

138' 139
.i

________ L.__ ~ .. _
 .. ,
FLANGES
CJass 300 FLANGES
Raised face forged Steel Class 600
American Standrd Raised face forged Steel
NPS DıA n-UCK lENGTII LENGTI" DI" OlA NO American Standrd
inch of of through through of of (if

FLG FLG HUB IIUD BOLT DOLT nOLT NPS DıA lHICK LENGm ısscm DıA DıA ~O
lhrough Ihrough of of of
o CL TIlRED WElD cmCLE HO LE inch of of
SLlPON NECK FlG FlG HUB HUS soır BOLT UOLT
YI YI o CI lHRFD WELD CIRCLE HOLE
SLIPON NECK
1/2 95 14.5 II 52 665 16 4 YI . YI
3/4 120 16.0 25 57 82.1 20 4
66.5 16

i 1 125 17.5 27 62 89.0 20 4 1/2 . 95 14.5 21 5ı ••

19.5 16.0 LS 57 82.5 20 4
135 27 96.5 3/4 120
11/4 65 20 4
17.5 'J.7 62. 89.0 20 .ı
11(.5 125

,i
1t /1 155 2U' 30 68 22 4 i .ı
22.5 135 21.0 19 67 98.5 20
'J. 165 33 70 127.0 20 8 11/4
8 . 155 ll.5 32 70 114.5 12 4
21/2, 190 lS.5 38 76 149.0 22 ıı/ı
165 26.5 37 73 127.0 20 is
J 210 29.0 43 79 16/1.5 22 8 2
29.0 41 79 149.0 II 8
31/2 230 30.5 .4 81 184.0 22 8 21/1 190
32.0 .8 210 32.0 46 83 168.5 II is
4 255 48 86 200.0 22 3
230 35.0 49 86 lM.o 16 is
5 280, 35.0 51 98 235.0 22 8' 31/ı
275 38.5 s4 102 216.0 16 is
6 320 37.0 52 98 270.0 22 12 4
44.5 60 114 267.0 30 8
it 380 .•1.5 62 111 330.0 26 . 12 5 330
48.0 67 LL7 292.0 30 IL
LO 445 4S.0 67 117 387.5 30 16 6 355, ,
42.0 76 133 349.0 33 IL
12 520 sın ,73' 130. 451.0 33 16 8 55.5
432.0 36 16
511.5 10 510 63.5 86 152
14 585 54.0 76 143 33 20
66.5 156 s -, 489.0 36 LO
16 6SO 57.5 83 146 571.5 36 20 ıı 560 92
5'J.7.0 39 LO
2.& 14 605 10.0 94 165
18 710 60.5 89 lS9 628.5 36 20
76.5 106 178 603.0 4l
775 63.5 95 162 ~85.0 36 24' 16 685
i- 20 IM 654.0 45 LO
. 2-1 915 70.0 106 168 813.0 42 24 18 .
20
145
815
83.0
8'-0
117
127 190 7:U.0. 45 :u
30 1090 92.0 210 210 997.0 48 28
24 940 102.0 . 140 103l 838.0 51 24
36 1270 105.0 241 241 1168.0 54 32 LS
2A8 248. 1022.0 54
L: 30 1130 . 114.0
28
'124.0 283 283 1194.0 67
140 36 1315

141

~
 -r ' FLANGES
FLANGES Class 1500.
, Class 900 Raised face forged Steel
Raised face forged Steel . American Starıdrd .
American Standrd NPS DJA TIUCK LENGrn LENGrn DıA DıA NO
'NPS TI-nCK inch of of through through of of of
DıA LENGnl LENCllI DIA DıA NO ••1..G
"

inch or of throush Ihroush of of of RG HUD HUD BOLT BOLT ..BOLT

RG RG IIUD HUD DOLT nOLT "OI.T o Ci nlRED WELD CIRCLE HOLE
o CI nı RED WElD ClRCLE HOLF. SLIPON NECK
SLlPON NECK YI YI
YI YL
1/2 120 12.5 32 60 82.5 22 4
1/2
3/4 130 25.5 35 70 89.0 12 4
3/4
1 ISO 29.0 41 73 lOI.S 26 ••
i Use class 1500 dirnenslons 11/4 t60 29.0 41 73 .11.0 26 ••
11/4 in theses sizes, . j2.0
11/2 180 .44 83 124.0 30 4
11/2 57 102 165.0 26 8
2 215 38.5
21/2
3 240 38.5 54 102 190.5 26 8
21/2 ırr 41.5 64 105 190.5 30 8
3 270 48.0 73 118 203.0 33 8
4 295 U.S 70 114 235.0 32 8 4 310 54.0 90 124 241.5 36 8
5 350 Sı.O 79 127 279.5 35 ii 5 375 73.5 105 155 292.0 42 8
6 380 56.0 86 140 317.5 J2 12 6 395 83.0 119 171 317.5 39 tl·
~t02 393.5 . ~9 12 8 143 213 393.5 45 ı2 .
8
LO
470
545
63.5
70.0 108
J62
184 470.0 39
, -
16 10
485
585
92.0
108.0 159 154 482.5 52 12.
12 610 117 200 12 675 124.0 ISI 233 571.5 56 . 16
79.,5 533.5 39 20
14 640 86.0 130 213 559.0 42' 20 14 750 133.5 298 ·.635.0 60 t~
:6 705 89.0 133 ·216 616.0 45 20 16 825 146.5 311 705.0 68 16
102.0 18 91S 162.0 327 714.5 76 16
18 785 152 229 686.0 52 20
20 985 '178.0 356 .832.0 80 16
20 855 108.0 IS9 248 749.5 54 20
i
24 1170 203.5 406· 990.5 94 16
..
,ıi
i •
24 1040 140.0 203 292 901.5 68 20

142 143
.~" '''r_f'
--_.-
 FLANGES
Class 2500 ~ııı~ ıııq ••q~
Raised face forged Steel 'd! : :!R ıı:a ~ıı
American
«
Standrd
NI'S DıA nuCK LINGrn LENGTH DıA DıA NO
inch uC of through through of of oC
FLG FLG HUD HUD DOI.T DOLT UOLT
o CL nlRED WELD cmCLE HOLE
SUPON. NECK
YI YI
Ra ~iii.
~~ iii""
'DU '.1..1 IY IftYl_

i
1/2
3/4
135
140
30.5
32.0
40
4J
73
79
89.0
95.0
22
22
4
4
&~==1 ıuc c.aa ..•;ar:" ,,~
ii II" ~"": "q
!i iiai ij9p
•••q iii~

i
i 160 35.0 48 89 108.0 26 ••

, 2
11/4
1 III

21/2
185
205
235
270
38.5
44.5
51.0
57.5
52
60
70
7,
9S
111
127
143
130.0
146.0
171.5
197.0
JIl
:;J
30
33
4
4
8
8
-
~:.
3 305 67.0 92 168 228.5 36 8

ı i
••
5
6
355
420
485
76.5
92.5
108.0
108
DO
152
190
229
273
273.0
324.0
368.5
42
48
s6
8
8
8
•
ıı
8 550 U7.0 P8 318 438.0 56 12 ~a
10 675 165.5 . 229' 419 539.5 68 12
12 760 184.5 254 464 619.0 76 12 Ai!

All dimensions are shown in ınillimetres - mm

.-

-.:lı..
144
~ ... ._-~-: f I"':
 "": t~
_ ::' r.J o
in
~ ." •. 4....... • ~
ı-,
1"1
O i.••• "1'....
rı') r i rı rı
•.••• ,....4 ~ f"""""'I i
cr.ırı ın r·ı
'.0
.-.
-n
~
ırı ın
.......,..... •
,'1"1' ••.• 'ı'
o
("1
Q\ Q\ COJ
r-4 ••...• ~ •
•..•o-
"fO ri
N r
O· 0:..'
,.., ~.
rı,.. i
EQUA~ & UNEQUAL TEES
~5 N~
INCHES INCHE.C;
w· "1' "1'M M M r"l M M 00 00 00 00 00 \() -o \() -O ,I) .,. .,. "1' "1' LARGESMA(LC M LARGHSMALlC M
~ t'l N "1' "fO "1' "1' '1' o,fi h I... i.... i _ i.... •••• ••.• ••.• ••.• r < ırı ırı ın ın
II "" ••.•••.•••.•••.•••.• ro< ••.•••••••••••••••••••.•••.• rı 1'-1 rı N i i rı ri rı rı r:
"fO
ırı END END MM MM HND END MM MM
.4 "'DueINO TIU
N N rı 14 14 279 24 24 432
ıç m~:i.....
..J
< P. '.. •••••• .
ci \il ıJ r i N -o ın <rf' M rf) C'I
O 1"10
00 \o ın "fO M ••.• 00 \() ın 't< ••.• ••.• 00 \o "fO 14 12 279 270 24 20 432 432
. c - c.
".:, ZZ\LL
14 10 279 ~7 24 18 432 419
, -i.)
14 8 279 248 24 16 432 406

l
~ ~ O O ci O o M 1"1 M 1"1 ri
..J W ın ın \o \o \o \o \o \() 00 00 00 00 00 •••• •••• •••• •••• ••• •••• ••.• •••• ••.• ••.• 14 6 279 238 24 14 432 406

0.
IT"AIOHT Trıı

16 16 305 24 12 432 397 ' c

16 14 305 305 24 10 432 384 -, e '
c ...

Ö 16 12 305 295 30 30 559

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"""1'''''"1'Z
~ '0 -e ın ın ~ ~ ~ ın ın ın ın ın ın O o O O ı:ı O N C'I 1"1 rı III
U "" i..•." 00 00 o') rıo 00 00 Q\ 0\ 0\ 0\ 0\ ••.• ••.• ••.• ••.• ••.• ••••.••.•••.• ••.•••.• i.) 16 ,10 305 283 30 24 559 533
..J
;; 16 8 305 273 30' 20 559' 508
ılı
:;! p. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~~ \ll 16 6 305 264 30 18 559 495
:;::1: ~ ...........................,.........,... •..• '!!.
~ ~ ~ u.ı ••.• •••• M N M •••• •••• •••• rı") rı") N M ••.• "1' M M M i~ ••.• ın ot' M 1"1

18 18 343 30 16 559 483

2:~p-~~ ~~~~!:! ~ 18 16 343 330 36 36 673
:i (j ;::;;::;M M M M M M ;::; ;::; ;::; ;::; ;;:j
. "fO .,. "1' "1' .j' .,. ın ın ın ın 18 lı4 343 330 36 30 673 635
18 12 343 321 36 24 673 610
\o •..••..•• 1'1 rı rı 1"1
18 10 343 3.08 ,36 20 673 584
cıô cıöoci
N i M M
""""
, ın ın ın ~

ın ~ n ın ın N rı M
18 8 343 298 36 18 673 572
...-i ,..; ,-1 ,..; ,..; .o .o .o .,'20
\o \o .o \o \o i..•.
" 1-. 20 381
20 18 381 368
j-' 20 16 381 356
20 14 381 356 20 10 381 333
1 :
., -, ",.. 20 12 381 346 20 8i 381 32A
N N N'''·
"- "-
.............
...••
t'tNf'tNNNNN 147

---_ .. -
 ,,. CONCENTRIC & ECCENIRIC REDUCERS
CONCENTRIC & ECCENTRIC REDUCERS ,," NPS NPS
,-
- NPS
INCI-fES
~a ~a
J_
J,
NPS
INCHES
INCHES
LARGESMALL
INCHES
LARGESMALL
LARGESMALL LARGESMALL END END Hmm END END Hmm
END END Hmm END END Hmm 24 20 508'
12 10 203
3112 J 102 8 203 24 18 508
12
3/4
1
1/2 38.1 31/2 21/2 102 - '
12 6 203 24' 16 508
3/4 50.8 31/2 2 102 24 14 508
i t/ 2 Şp.8 12 4 203
31/2 11/2 102 14 12 0330 24 12 ' 508
11/4 1 ' 50.8 4 31/2 102
-1 3 102 14 10 330 24 10 508
11/4 3/4 50.8
11/4 1/2 50.8 4 21/2 ,102 14 R 330 30 24 610
14 6 330 30 20 610
i
i .11/2
.11/2
11/4
1
63.5
63.5
4
4
2
11/2
102
102 16 14 356 '30 18 610
i 11/2 3/4 63.5 5
5
'4
31/2
127
127
16
16
12
10
356
356
30
36
16
30
610
610
'i 11/2
'2
1/2
11/2
63.5
76.2
5 3
ıı/2
127 16 8 356 36 24 610
e- i ı 11/4 76.2
5
5 2
127
127 16
18 .
6
16
356
381
36 20 610
2 1 76.2 6 5 140 36 18 610
i
i 2 3/4 76.2 (, 4 140 18 14 381
' 381
2 88.9 6 31/2 HO 18 12
21/2
88.9, .(, 3 140 18 10 381
I" 2l/2 11/2 141) 381
21/2 11/4 88.9 6 21/2 18 8
R 6 152 20 '18' .' 508
I' 21/2 1 88.9 8 5 152 508
i
20 16
3 21/2 88.9 8 152 508
•• 20 14
i. i
J 2 88.9 8 3 152 20 12 508
11/2 88.9
i
ı
J
J 11/4 88.9
LO
10
B
(,
178
178 20 10
8
508
508
1:
t 88.9 LO 5 178 20
J
i 10 ,i 178 149
i
: . 148

\.r.~ _.
.. • __ o • -: .- .- - .
i
,- '~i"'7,'---"
·~f',·t. -.sf, . t
ı•
• ~.~:. ..'" 'ı
:''''''~~~!'i'~
...;'.. .....
. .
 CONCENTRlC REDUCER
SIZE NUMBER SIZE NUMBER
INCHES ' OFARMS lNOfES OfARMS
2"XI" 5 'Xl 5
2'')(11/.'' 5 'X1I/l S
2'')(11/2'' S 6XL 6
21/ZX2 5 'XII/l 6
11/LX1I/L 5 IX6 6
.. 21/lXII/.
LL/LXI
S
5
8XS
8X4
6
6
. ıxıı/ı S 8xli/l 6
ıxı S 8Xl 7
LXII/2 S IX21/l i
LXII/4 5 IX2 a
lXI 5 ıoxa 7
31/lX3. 5 IOX6 7
31/lX21/2 5 IOXS 7
L/LXL 5 10X. !
ll/lXlt12 S IOXLL/2 9
31/lX11/4 5 IOXl LO
31/LXI 5 IOXlI/l lt
4XlI12 5 ııxıo 8
4X3 5 12X8 LO
!~
i
4X21/2
4XL
5
S
12X'
ııxs
'10
LO

lA:: CIRCUMFERENCE OF LARGE PIPF. DIV1DED BY NCı. OF ARMS.

4XLI/2
4XIL/4
4XI
S
S
5
lıx4
12X3112
12X3
11
IL
12
B= CIRCl1MFERENCE OF SMALL PIPE DIVIDED BY NO. OF ARMS 5X4 S
I
i
C= DIFFEHENCE BE1WEEN OUTSIDE DIAMETERES IN ro 1.3 SX31/ı
5X3
SX2112
5
5
S
EXMPLE :-
. CAlCULATE AıD&<:FOR 12'')(8'' CONCF.N.
mc REDUCER. .•
Note: 5X2 S A,", <!tOF.LARGE PIPE +
NO.OF ARM5
BURN OUT SECl10NS BElWEEN ARMS (SHADED PORTION) 3SX11/2 5 ,",1018/10 •• loıMM
J _ PROVIDE RADIAL CUT AND mEN BEVEL ARMS sxıı/4 5 B•• ~F SMALL PD'E -r-NO. OF ARMS
SXI S 688/8 •• 69 MM
,_ HEAT ,"U{OUGH BASELINE AND BEND ARMS UNIFORMLY. 6XS S
il:

C•• DıA DIFFERENCE INTO 1.3

6X4 ~
. GIVE A eOOD ROUND SHAPE AT SMALL END.
~. 6X31/ı S
2 (314·220)X 1.3: 104XI.h 135 MM

151
150

......•...• --_ _ ..-_... . ..':.if·.,

...
 E C C E:. iv 'r,f i C REJJ()(.ER
, ECCENTRIC REDUCER
A = 1 /H of smail plpe cireumference
B = Difference of outside circumferences x O.OR33
C = Dimension Bx2
D = Dimension Bx3
E = Out side dia of large pipe x 3/2
F = Dimension Ex 0.866.

Note - For A 30° slope multiply dimension E by the con-

r." II
stant 0.866 and layout this dimension on the bottom tei-
Marking erence line as in Iigure.
Dividc the \luıside circum- Eccentric may be lengthened or shortened to suit the re-
Ierence (if pipe lnto K equal , quirement of job. Consult your piping engineer.
rarls Mark dislanı:c . E' fro'"
the erıd of pipc and draw
baseline Ihrnu~h ıhis point Cut & remove the unwanted portion
usin~ wrap :ınıund.
Using a wrap :ımund draw Where written eut by aradial cut.
line arnund the pire [rnrn E lo Bevel the edges of arms. Heat the' top arm into positlon
F as in 'igun! il
From ıhe ıup ccntcrH~e mark". ı :; J -
first. Heat & berıd other arms also.
half nf the di ••ıance ' A' lO boıh As an aid in forming the arrrns 'to the .correct size; use a
sldes. Simill:ırly mark ha~f uf
dlstancc ' 3xA' lll bıııh ••ides
piece of pipe with an outside dlarneter about equal lo the
[rrım bouom center line. inside dia meter of the smallerpipe, Use this plpc picce as
15Z a guide while forming the end.
(See page no 152)
.i
i
152 153
. '
i
i

,_---..L..
 ECCENTRIC REDUCER
ECCENTRIC REDUCER
Exarnplc :
Calculate the dlstances A,B,C,D,E, & F for a 12"x6" Eec.

#
,
,
redueer.
ANS: A = 1/8 of smail pipe circumference
= 529 / 8 = 66mm z= MM
. = 13 MM
B = dlfference of outside circumferences x 0.0833 = 2" X 1" - Z = 13MM 21/2' X 11ı2'-Z
,i,:., 2" X 1 ın: - Z= 6 MM 2 1/2 " X 2" -Z = 6M M
(1018 - 529)x 0.0833 = 41mm
3x 11/2":: 21MM 4'x ı" = 27MM
C = Bx2 = 41x 2 =82mm 3x ~ı/ı!'= 8 MM 4"/11/2" = 33 MM
D = Bx3 = 41 x 3 = 123mm 3x 2" = 14 MM 4"x3"= 13 MM
E = out slde dia of large pipe x 3/2 • 6"x 21/2"= 48 MM 8"x3" = 65 MM
6"x4" = 27 MM 8"x6" = 25 MM
= 324 x 3/2 = 486 mm . . 6"x 3"= 40 MM 8"x4" = 53 MM
F = E x .866 = 486 x .866 = 421 mm . 10"x4" = 79 MM 12"x6" = 78 MM
Note : out side circumferenee of 6" p~pe = 52.9mm 10"x8" = 27 MM 12"x8" = 52 MM
.1O"x6" = 52 MM 12"xlO" = 25 MM
" " of 12;; pipe = 1018 mm
out side dla of 6" pipe ::.168 mm 14"x6" = 94 MM '16")(6' = 119 MM
14"x10" = 42 MM 16"x8" = 93 MM .
(See page No. 'IJa
14"x8" = 68 MM 16"x10" = 67 MM
14"x12" = 16 MM 16")(14" = 25 MM

154 155
 .L~~;ı;mz.
r--:- __'ar
mr 7 __* ....5= : 2 2 7 2· Cw - m ..- --_ .....
_. ----.a...- __ •.

-j.

~
80LT & STUOOIMENSIONS FOR BOLT & STUO OIMENSION FOR AMERI-
,
':, AMERICAN STANDARD FLANGES '--.) CAN ~TAND~ FLANGES .' "-..l .

','
~ .
~ ..- -, CI.ASS .150 i
CLASS ·300 ii CLASS 600

I, NI'$ 11 NO eoır L(MM) UMM) NO BOL'rl(MM) I.(MM NO 1\ ıı.r l-{MM)

INadı BOLTS r.ıA stuo ..tldı. BOLr ru snm M.dı. OOLT LU $'MJ
"'dıa BOLT BOLTS INCU 80LT IIO\.T INn i BOLT

- • Polnı iiıigM
1/1.. 1/1 60 45.. III 65 55 .. III eo
STUO BOL T WITH NUTS MACHINF. BOL T WITtI NUT 3/4 4 III 65 :10.. 5/. 75 60 4 511 90
i 4 1/1 70 55.. 5/. Lo 65 4 5/1 90
11/4" ıı/ı 70 55.. ". Lo 65 4 511 '00
,ııı 4 1111 LO 60 4 .:;,.?Ci 75 4 3/4 105
ı 4 ". 80 65. 5/1 9:J 75 • ~:a 105
NOTES :- 1 'ıı 4 5/1 90 75. 3/4 100 ~ • :\/4 no
3 .. 5/' 90 7!i i 3/4 110 90 i 3/4 '115
1. DIAMETER OF BOLTS LS SHOWN IN INCHES. FOR J .'11 i 5/1 90 75. "4 110 95 i 711 ıtO
NOMINAL DIAMETERES 1 INCH & SMALLER" 4 • 5/1 90 75. 3~4 110 95 • 7" LO
THREADS ARE UNC. FOR 1'/8 INCH AND LARGER 5 ,I "4 90 Lo I 314 120 100 • i 165
6 I 3/4 100 a5 il 3/4 115 105 12 i . 170
DIAMETERS THREADS ARE 8 UN (8T.r.I) a , 3/4 110 90 il 7/1 140 110 il 11111 195
2. LENGTH OF BOLTS (L) LSSHOWN IN MILLIMETERS. LO II 7/1 115 95 16 i ıss 130 16 1114 115
THE LENGTH SHOWN INCLUDES THE HEIGHT OF il 11 "I 110 10016 ILLI 1;'1) i'" 20 1114 210

THE RAISED FACE IN AL.L,CASES. ' ",." " ,. 14 11 i 130, 110 20 II/I '" 150 LO pıı, 23;
", 16 LO 1 135 115- 20 11/.(" 190 160 20 11/2 15'
3. RAISED FACE HEIGHT IS 2 MM FOR CLASSESS tl 16 1'/1 1:10 115 ıt 11/4 19' 170 20 .'/1 175
150 &'300 LO LO 1'/1 160 135 ıt 1"4 105 110 ıt '''I 198
LOJ LO 1'/4 "5 ~ ıt·aı/ı
i.. 130 195 U 17/1 3JO
RAISED FACE HEICHT IS 7 MM FOR CLASSES 600,900, JO LI 1'/4 190 160 LI 13/4 190 1:10 11 ı 3"
1500 & 2500 J6 31 1'/1 115 110 31 ı 315 ıao LI 1'(2 400

156 157
 .
.0' BOLT & STUO DIMENSJON FOR AMERI- STAJNLESS STEEL PIPES
CAN STANDARD FLANGl~S . <, (AMERICAN STANDARD)
. ."~

-<:LAs..C;·900 CLASS-lS00
~
CLASS 2500
" selI SS SOllOS SCI141lS sru Rr
W,,"
=
NPS OJ) ID Wall ii'> W"II ii>
NPS NO OOLT NO BOLT NO ~)LT= W,'"
INOf OOLT DtA ~ lJOLT" [LA BOLT DıA Inch mm Ihick mm thick mm thick mm ıhlck
,#~" lJOLT lloleH lJOLT 'f'lcH BOLT 1/8 10.29 - 1.24 7.81 1.73 6.83 2.41
~1/2 4 3/4 105 4 3/4 lOS 4 3/4 llS
1/4 13.72 - 1.65 10.42 2.24 9.24 :U12
3/8 17.]5 . 1.65 13.85 2.31 ]2.53 s.zn
3/4 4 3/4 LLS 4 3/4 US 4 3/4 LLS
1/2 21.34 ].os 113004 2.11 17.12 . 2.77 ıs.en .1.7.1
1 4 7/8 125 4 118 LLS 4 7/8 140
2(,.(,7 1.(,5·
11/4 4 718 LLS oc
7/8 115 4 1 150
3/4 23.37 2.11 22.45 2.H7 2U.lJ3 :L.9 ı
1 :n.40 1.65 30.10 2.77 27.66 :1.38 2(,.64 4.55
11/2 4 i 140 4 1 140 4 ı118 170 11/4 42.1" 1.65 38.86 2.77 36.62 3.56 35.04 4.8~
ı 8 7/& H5 8 7/8 J45 8 1 J75 11/2 48.26 1.65 44.96 2.?7 42.72 3.68 40.90 5.08
ıl/ı 8 i 160 8 . 1 160 8 11/3 19S 2 60.33 1.65 57.03 2.77 54.79 3.91 52.51 5.54
3 8 7/8 145 8 'llS 180 8 P/4 220 21/2 73.03 2.11 68.81 3.05 66.93 5.16 62.71 7.111
3J'lı 3 88.90 2.11 84.68 3.05 82.80 5.49 77.92 7.62
31/2 101.60 2.11 97.38 3.05 95.50 5.74 90.12 f!.OR
~ 8 Jl/8 170 8 DI/4 195 8 '1/1 lS5
'"
5 8 '1/4 190 8 11/2 LSO 8 PH 300 4
5
114.03 2.11
141.30 2.77
110.08
135.76
3.05
3.40
108.20 6.02
134.50 6.55
102.26 8.56
128.19 9.52
6 12 '1'/8 195 Il ı,J/S UO 8 •..
rı
345
6 ]68.28 2.77 162.74 3.40 161.47 7.lt
8 ıı ):1/8 LLO II l5/8 190 II 2 380
8 219.08 2.77 213.54 3.76 211.56 8.1S
154.05 ltl.97
202.72 12.70
10 16 1l/8 235 12 17/8 3j5 12 ~~~ı 485 10 273.03 3.4 266.24 4.19 264.67 9.27 2';4.51 12.70
ıı . 20 tl/B 255 16 2 375 .12 2. 4 540 { 12 323.85 3.96 347.68 4.78 314.71 9.52 304.08 12.70
14 20 II/S 275 16 2.~4 405
14 355.60 3.96 347.68 4.78 ·-346.05
: 16 20 ,S/8 285 16 2,.1/2 445 16 406.40 4.19 398.02 4.78 396.85
- 18 LO 17/S 3lS 16 '1.:i/4 495 _o". 1R 451.20 4.19 448.82 4.78 44'1.6';
.,
..
.20 20 1
.'12
345 J6 3 540
ı
.,
- ,
.•...
20 508.00 4.18 498.45 5.54 496.93
.'24 20 '1. 4JS 16 3~/2 615
- 24
30
609.60 5.54
762.00 6.35
598.53
749.30
6.35
7.92
596.90
746.16

Notes: Schedules 5s and lOs do not permit threading

- "o,

158
"'!'..;;:.
- ~. C,," __•
159
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1. ,; o( any plpc 14" tp k above = DX79.83 MM (aprox)
2. Q'/8 of any plpe 14"; & above = DXI0 MM (aprox)
Nole: D is in inehes k answer Lo; in Mlllimctre
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Ans: (ir= DX 79.83 = 14X79.B3 = II17.6 mm
Q. Calculatc ı
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Ans: B iM = DXlU = 30XIO = 300 MM (appmx)

A IIEXAGONAL NUT
::=----ı
~ i
A= 1.732XB
Example : Calculaıe the spanner'

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slde B = 18.5 MM
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J
B
[J .
= 1.732XJH.5
= 32 MM

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176
 ~ Appticatlon for t.he post of PIPErlTIER APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF A PIPE FABRICATO
.--'"
24, sandhyadeep apartmenls P.V.Chandran,
Kanpur. . Room No: 22,
19th October 19~j7 Basheer chawl.
To , West patel nagar,
THE MANAGER, BombaY-400078.
MAlıNı ENTERPRISES, 15th October 1997
BANGALORE. To
Dear Sir, The Secretary,
Having seen your advertisement in today's "MANORAMA" for a PIPE Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation,
FITTER, i offer my seıvices (or the vacency.t Give helow full particulars Bombay.
regarding my qualirication,· training, age etc, and hope that you will give Sir,
an appointment at a time most convenient to you . With reference to your advertisemenl In "The Kerala Manarama" dat
i am a young man of 25 years with robust health, height 6'-3"& weight 'IOth October 1997, FOR THE POST OF A PIPE FABRICATIOR, i beg
~~. .
ofter myself as acandidate for the same and submit the followlng deli
i passed my high school examination from sarvedayem high school, tor your kind consideration.
kanpur. In 1986. The same year i joined a private institute for learning the As regards my qua/ification , i am a qualified diploma holder In r
job of a PIPE FITTER. i passed the regular diploma course from there with chanical engineering ·:trom Thrissur polyteehnic Kerala.
i

a high Iirst class, in Janu,,')' 19,88. Immediatly C?n.

conıpletion of my course For the last 6 years i am working as a pipe fabrleator wilh mes
i joined Messrs Hindustan Contracting Companyand worked lhere about Ranchana Industries, Bombay, Owing lo the death of the proprietor of
two years. Since i could not find much more advancement , i joined with company last month, 'the sons of the proprtetor have decided to yı
Messrs Bhageerat/ıa Construction Company, Bul by my mere iII-luck , last up their business. As a result i i will be out of Job very soon. .
•.Q10nththe company closed due to some dispute between partners. Copies of my testimonial and certificates are attacned for_your i
Regarding my lechnical abilities i am well versed with isometric draw- view. .
,ings. Also i am able to do gas cutting and steel structure fabrication i am at present 24yea.rsof age passessing robusl health and ac
;ıllups. Assuring a duty to the entire satisfaction ot my superiors may i habils. i am prepared to work odd hours, should the need be.
hurnbly request you to give me a chance of an interview. i hope that my' application will recieve your favdfable consıders
1\
Hoping to receive favorable reply and that you will select me for an Intervlew.
. Thanking you
Yours fdithfu/ly Yours faithfully

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