1. The document summarizes an industrial visit to the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam located in Mandya District, Karnataka. It provides background on the dam's construction and key features.
2. Some highlights include that the dam was constructed in 1911 during a famine to supply water for hydroelectric power, drinking water, and irrigation. It spans 2,621 meters and has a catchment area of 10880.63 square kilometers.
3. The visit involved explanations of the dam's flood gate operations and renovation works, as well as how it provides major water supplies for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation. The experience provided valuable insights into the dam's functions.
1. The document summarizes an industrial visit to the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam located in Mandya District, Karnataka. It provides background on the dam's construction and key features.
2. Some highlights include that the dam was constructed in 1911 during a famine to supply water for hydroelectric power, drinking water, and irrigation. It spans 2,621 meters and has a catchment area of 10880.63 square kilometers.
3. The visit involved explanations of the dam's flood gate operations and renovation works, as well as how it provides major water supplies for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation. The experience provided valuable insights into the dam's functions.
1. The document summarizes an industrial visit to the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam located in Mandya District, Karnataka. It provides background on the dam's construction and key features.
2. Some highlights include that the dam was constructed in 1911 during a famine to supply water for hydroelectric power, drinking water, and irrigation. It spans 2,621 meters and has a catchment area of 10880.63 square kilometers.
3. The visit involved explanations of the dam's flood gate operations and renovation works, as well as how it provides major water supplies for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation. The experience provided valuable insights into the dam's functions.
1. The document summarizes an industrial visit to the Krishnaraja Sagar Dam located in Mandya District, Karnataka. It provides background on the dam's construction and key features.
2. Some highlights include that the dam was constructed in 1911 during a famine to supply water for hydroelectric power, drinking water, and irrigation. It spans 2,621 meters and has a catchment area of 10880.63 square kilometers.
3. The visit involved explanations of the dam's flood gate operations and renovation works, as well as how it provides major water supplies for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation. The experience provided valuable insights into the dam's functions.
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PART:2
INDUSTRIAL VISIT TO KRISHNARAJA SAGAR DAM,
MANDYA DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY:
Krishna Raja Sagara, also popularly known as KRS, is a lake and the dam that creates it. They are close to the settlement of Krishna Raja Sagara in the Indian State of Karnataka. The gravity dam made of surki mortar is below the confluence of river Kaveri with its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha, in the district of Mandya. Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV Maharaj of Mysore constructed the dam during the famine despite the critical financial condition in State. It was after him that the dam was named. There is an ornamental garden, Brindavan Gardens, attached to the dam. This place known as a ‘Tourists paradise’ With a view to supply water to the hydro- electric power station at Shivanamudra, drinking water to the Mysore City, as well as for a continuous supply of Kaveri water to irrigational purposes. The walls are measuring a length of 2,621 metres (8,600 feet) and a height of 39 metres (128 feet), the dam has a reservoir with a huge area of 130 square kilometres (32,123 acres). The total drainage area of the river is 75105.55 square kms. (29000 square miles) of which 33670 square kms. (13000 square miles) lie in Karnataka State. A siren is used for flood warning system in Krishnarajasagara Dam. A siren system is commissioned as soon as monsoon commences. Siren alert will be given to the people residing in the downstream area of the Dam, 72 Hours before releasing of flood water from the reservoir. Salient Features of Krishnarajasagara Dam: 1. Name of the River: Cauvery 2. Location of Dam: Near Kannambadi village in Srirangapatna taluk, Mandya district. 3. Longitude: 76° 34’30” E 4. Latitude: 12° 25’ 30”N 5. Purpose: Multipurpose 6. Catchment Area: 10880.63sq.km 7. Mean Annual Rainfall: 160.96 cm (63.37”) 8. Gross storage capacity: 1400 MCM (49.452 TMC) 9. Dead storage capacity: 124.62 MCM (4.401 TMC) 10. Live storage capacity: 1275.38 MCM(45.051 TMC) 11. Maximum water spread area: 129.24 sq.km (49.90 sq. miles) 12. Lowest River bed level RL: 714.45 m from MSL 13. FRL RL: 752.48 m 14. Top of Dam RL: 754.32 m 15. Type of Dam: Gravity dam constructed in stone masonry with surki mortar 16. Length of Dam: 2620 m 17. Top width: 4.12m 18. Lowest foundation level RL: 709.66 m 19. Maximum height of the dam from deepest foundation level: 44.66 m (MSL 754.32 m – MSL 709.66 m) 20. Maximum height of the dam above lowest river bed level: 39.87m (MSL 754.32 m – MSL 714.45 m) 21. Bottom width of dam at deepest foundation level: 33.88 m 22. Surplus sluices: +80’ level – 16 gates +103’ level – 48 gates +106’ level – 40 gates +114’ level – 48 gates 23. Designed discharge of spillway: 9911 cumecs (350000 cusecs) 24. Power generation at the dam site: 20MW 25. Discharge of first 40 sluice gates: 1842 cusec
The working of the opening and closing of the flood gates and their mechanisms were explained in detail. The dam which was built in 1911 and functional by 1932, spans over 2.621km and has a catchment area of 10880.63 sq.km. Grouting and pointing operations done on the dam were explained in detail. The sluice gates were being renovated by means of cables and ropeways Apart from the power generation application, the dam is also the major source of irrigation in the fertile lands of Mysore and Mandya. It also provides drinking water supply for Mysore and large parts of Bangalore. It is also a major source of water supply for the state of Tamil Nadu. The whole experience was indeed an enlightening one. PART:1 EXCERSISE ON COLLECTED RAINFALL DATA ANNUAL RAINFALL: It is the average yearly rainfall over an area.
MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL: Precipitation is expressed in terms of the depth to which rainfall water could stand on area if all the rain were collected on it. The precipitation is collected and measured in a raingauge. A raingauge is essentially consists of a cylindrical vessel assembly kept in the open to collect O Raingauge can be broadly classified into two categories as : 1) Non-recording rain gauges – Symons’ rain gauge 2) Recording rain gauges – Tipping bucket type Weighing bucket type Natural-Syphon type Telemetering rain gauges Radar measurement of rainfall
1)FINDING OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGE STATION
Formula used: N=(CV/ɛ)2 Where, N=optimum no. of stations ɛ=allowable degree of error in the estimation of the mean rainfall Cv=coefficient of variation of the rainfall values at the existing m stations (%) Cv=(100*σm-1)/Pm σm-1=(i=mi=1 Σ (Pi-Pm)2/(m-1))1/2 = standard deviation Pi=precipitation magnitude in the ith station Pm=( im ΣPi)/m= mean precipitation m=6 Pm=(101.72+97.42+103.43+91.69+94.65+103.22)/6=98.69cm σm-1=48.8 assuming ɛ=10 Cv=(100*σm-1)/Pm=49.45 N=4.94=5 number of raingauges
2)ESTIMATION OF MISSING DATA
BY USING NORMAL RATIO METHOD Formula used: PX=(NX/M)*((P1/N1)+(P2/N2)+…) Considering for the year 2021
By using the above formula,
We got the missing value of rainfall for Kolar station to be 109.23cm, which was close to the actual value of 103.22cm. 3)TEST FOR CONSISTENCY OF RECORD The checking for inconsistency of a record is done by DOUBLE MASS CURVE. Accumulated annual precipitation at X (ΣPx) Accumulated annual rainfall of 5 stations (ΣPav) cummulative rainfall at station M (mm) double mass curve 8000.000 7000.000 6000.000 5000.000 4000.000 3 3000.000 2000.000 1000.000 0.000 0.000 1000.000 2000.000 3000.000 4000.000 5000.000 6000.000 7000.000 8000.000 cummulative rainfall of 5 stations (mm)
Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites X: A Collection of Papers Presented at the 39th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites
Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites X: A Collection of Papers Presented at the 39th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites
