Windmill Monitoring Final - Document

WINDMILL MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT AND WIFI
A Major Project report submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ANANTHAPUR, ANANTHAPURAMU
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
U MURARI 199X1A04J6
C RAVI KIRAN REDDY 199X1A0441
S PRAMOD KUMAR 199X1A04H9
BANDA GANGADHAR 199X1A0432
Under the esteemed guidance of
Dr. J. SALAI THILLAI THILAGAM, M. Tech, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, ECE Department
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS): KURNOOL
(Accredited by NBA of AICTE and NAAC of UGC with A grade)
(AFFILIATED TO JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)
2022-2023
G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous), Kurnool
(Accredited by NBA of AICTE and NAAC of UGC with A grade)
(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur) Kurnool-518007
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major project work entitled

is the bonafide record of work carried out by
U MURARI 199X1A04J6
C RAVI KIRAN REDDY 199X1A0441
S PRAMOD KUMAR 199X1A04H9

BANDA GANGADHAR 199X1A0432
Under my guidance and supervision in fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Dr. J. SALAI THILLAI THILAGAM, M. Tech, Ph.D. Dr. S. NAGARAJA RAO, M. Tech, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Professor and Head of the Department,
Department of ECE, Department of ECE,
G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College,
(Autonomous), Kurnool. (Autonomous), Kurnool.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to our principal Dr. B. Sreenivasa Reddy Garu, for
providing the facilities extended to work on the project during the project sessions.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. S. Nagaraja Rao Garu, Professor
and Head of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, G. Pulla Reddy
Engineering College for providing the requisite facilities and helping us provide such a good
environment.
We are extremely grateful to our project guide Dr. J. Salai Thillai Thilagam Garu,
Associate Professor, ECE Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, has been a source
of inspiration throughout the course and for extending all support to us in the form of technical
literature and excellent guidance.
We also extend our sincere thanks to the entire faculty and staff members of the ECE
Department, who have been a source of information throughout the course and for extending all
support to us in the form of technical literature and excellent guidance.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the major project titled “ WINDMILL MONITORING

SYSTEM USING IOT AND WIFI ” is an authenticated work carried out by us as the students
of G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous), Kurnool, during 2022-
2023 and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma in part or in
full to any institute.
U MURARI
(199X1A04J6)
C RAVI KUMAR REDDY

(199X1A0441)
S PRAMOD KUMAR
(199X1A04H9)
BANDA GANGADHAR
(199X1A0432)
ABSTRACT
In recent decades energy crisis and global warming has raised, so we have motivated development and
use of sustainable, alternative, clean sources. We have added the renewable energy sources, that is solar
generation for the energy production. Smart grid enables integration between conventional power and
renewable energy sources. This project describes about the usage of grid power and renewable sources
in an ideal manner. This aims at designing and developing a smart grid system with the use of renewable
energy and IoT technology. The ultimate goal is to provide No-interrupted sources daily needs and for
the future. Wind energy is used as an alternate form of energy to meet the increasing energy crisis. Wind
farms are set up in highly exposed sites. Wind is fluctuating in nature and hence a continuous monitoring
system is needed. The wind turbine is used for converting wind energy into a useful form of energy.
In this project the voltage parameters of wind are measured and monitored by setting up an
instrumentation system. So, we proposed a system to monitor the status of voltage at wind turbine from
anywhere in the world using Internet of Things (IoT) technology.
CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGE.NO
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVES 4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF RELATED PROJECTS 6
3. PROJECT METHODOLOGY 8
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
3.1.1 METHODOLOGY 9
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 10
3.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 10
3.3 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM 11
3.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 12
4. NODEMCU 13
4.1 NodeMCU DESCRIPTION 14
4.1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 16
4.2 NodeMCU PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 16
4.2.1 NodeMCU SPECIFICATIONS 18
CHAPTERS PAGE NO
5. DESCRIPTION OF ON BOARD HARDWARE COMPONENTS 19

5.1 POWER SUPPLY 20
5.1.1 Lead Acid Battery 20
5.1.2 Dynamo Motor 21
5.2 LCD DISPLAY 22
5.2.1 LCD DISPLAY DESCRIPTION 22
5.3 RELAY 24
5.4 VOLTAGE DIVIDER 26
5.5 POTENTIOMETER 28
5.6 LIGHT EMITING DIODE 30
6. SOFTWARE TOOL 31
6.1 ARDUINO IDE 32
6.2 STEPS OF ARDUINO IDE PROCESSING 33
7. RESULTS 40
8. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 44
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 46
REFERENCES 48
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE.NO
FIGURE 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM 9
FIGURE 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM 10
FIGURE 3.3 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM 11
FIGURE 4.1 Node MCU 14
FIGURE 4.2 Node MCU PIN DIAGRAM 16
FIGURE 5.1.1 LEAD BATTERY 20
FIGURE 5.1.2 DYNAMO MOTOR 21
FIGURE 5.2.1 LCD DISPLAY 22
FIGURE 5.3.1 RELAY 24
FIGURE 5.3.2 INTERNAL CIRCUIT OF RELAY 25
FIGURE 5.4.1 VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUIT 27
FIGURE 5.5.1 POTENTIOMETER 29
FIGURE 5.5.2 CONSTRUCTION OF POTENTIOMETER 29
FIGURE 5.6 LIGHT EMITING DIODE 30
FIGURE 6.2.1 WORKING OF BLYNK APPLICATION 36
FIGURE 6.2.2 CREATE A BLYNK ACCOUNT 37
FIGURE 6.2.3 CREATE A NEW PROJECT 37
FIGURE 6.2.4 CHOOSE YOUR HARDWARE 38
FIGURE 6.2.5 AUTH TOKEN 38
FIGURE 6.2.6 WIDGET BOX 39
FIGURE 6.2.7 WIDGET SETTINGS 39
FIGURE 7.1
THE RESEMBLANCE OF MODEL 41
FIGURE 7.2
THE RESEMBLANCE OF MODEL AFTER THE
POWER SUPPLY IS GIVEN 42
FIGURE 7.3
WHEN THE WINDMILL ROATES THE MEASURMENT
DISPLAYED IN LCD AND BLYNK APP 43
LIST OF TABLES PAGE.NO
TABLE 4.2.1 NODEMCU SPECIFICATIONS 18
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system can be defined as a computing device that does a specific focused
job. Appliances such as the air-conditioner, VCD player, DVD player, printer, fax machine,
mobile phone etc. are examples of embedded systems. Each of these appliances will have a
processor and special hardware to meet the specific requirement of the application along with the
embedded software that is executed by the processor for meeting that specific requirement. The
embedded software is also called “firm ware”. The desktop/laptop computer is a general- purpose
computer. You can use it for a variety of applications such as playing games, word processing,
accounting, software development and so on.
Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to do different
things. Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally, they
do not have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk. Embedded systems
have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a specific time.
In some embedded systems, called real-time systems, the deadlines are stringent. Missing a
deadline may cause a catastrophe-loss of life or damage to property. Embedded systems are
constrained for power. As many embedded systems operate through a battery, the power
consumption has to be very low. Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme
environmental conditions such as very high temperatures and humidity.
.
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Electricity plays a vital role in human life without electricity life on earth is impossible. So
absolutely we need to measure and calculate the consumed electricity. Nowadays by using normal
wattmeter, every month a person from a TNEB has to visit each customer’s house for calculating
the bill amount. So, it takes much manual work and consumes more time. Due to growth in
technological, the population raised in industries, the facility demand exceeds in rapid manner than
the level of power generation. So as to enhance the era of existence of the installation of a grid
connection and to fulfill out the facility of the supply demand then, there’s a requirement to modify
the surplus loads, when significant demand will exceed the level of the edge. The proposed model
may be categorized into high priority and low priority loads. The load consumption of the
consumed energy depends upon the voltage and current sensed by the voltage and current sensor
at regular time span. The turbine installation and their voltage is mainly integrated to grid. The
Node MCU controller is employed to either attach or detach the excess loads (i.e., non-prioritized
loads) whenever demand go off above the generation level from grid.
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
MAIN OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the project " WINDMILL MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT
AND WIFI " could be:
 Wind is almost everywhere.
 Wind power is excellent in remote areas, wherever they may be.
 Wind is consistent in the medium and long-term.
 Excellent conversion efficiency.
 Wind power occupies very little land.
 The environmental impact is minimal.
 A green source that is truly economical.
 Real time Electricity can be monitored using IoT technology in smart phones
 IoT sensors help in monitoring and man-aging generation, transmission and distribution across
remote locations. Continuous monitoring ensures that all equipment work efficiently thus helps
in improving reliability. Renewable energy equipment has complex constructions.
 Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each other and
do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort. Save time: As it reduces the human
effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT
platform.
These objectives aim to monitor the production of voltage produced by the windmills at
anywhere and anytime using the IOT.
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. "Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines Using IoT: A Review" by M. H. Shah, R. A. Abbasi,
and M. A. Gondal. wind energy has been identified as the second dominating source in the
world renewable energy generation after hydropower. Conversion and distribution of wind
energy has brought technology revolution by developing the advanced wind energy conversion
system (WECS) including multilevel inverters (MLIs). The conventional rectifier produces
ripples in their output waveforms while the MLI suffers from voltage balancing issues across
the DC-link capacitor. This paper proposes a simplified proportional integral (PI)-based space
vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) to minimize the output waveform ripples, resolve the
voltage balancing issue and produce better-quality output waveforms. WECS experiences
various types of faults particularly in the DC-link capacitor and switching devices of the power
converter. These faults, if not detected and rectified at an early stage, may lead to catastrophic
failures to the WECS and continuity of the power supply. This paper proposes a new algorithm
embedded in the proposed PI-based SVPWM controller to identify the fault location in the
power converter in real time. Since most wind power plants are located in remote areas or
offshore, WECS condition monitoring needs to be developed over the internet of things (IoT)
to ensure system reliability. In this paper, an industrial IoT algorithm with an associated
hardware prototype is proposed to monitor the condition of WECS in the real-time
environment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in wind turbine
condition monitoring using IoT. The authors discuss various approaches to monitoring and data
analysis, as well as future research directions.
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
2. "A Remote Monitoring System for Wind Turbine Using IoT" by N. Suganthi and S. Sivaranjani.
In this paper, the authors present a remote monitoring system for wind turbines using IoT,
which uses WiFi to transmit data from the turbine to a remote server. They describe the hardware
and software used, as well as the system's performance.
The necessity of making smart devices, intelligent processing and informative communication
has taken the Internet of things (IoT) to a new level. Various industries have been implementing
IoT-based services to increase the throughput as well as for information management and
analysis. Such IoT-based systems with the use of cloud computing and big data analytics are now
approaching toward the field of wind energy, one of the most promising, environment friendly
and clean renewable energy sources. In the scenario of the competitive energy market,
productivity, efficiency, operating costs and profitability are of prime importance. All these
parameters demand a system with the ability to continuously monitor and maintain high
performance over the time. That is where Internet of Things (IoT) analytics is seen as a significant
technology trend for the sustainable growth of renewable energy sector. This paper discusses the
recent trends and use of IoT in energy generation, specifically in relation to wind energy
generation. This paper explored various areas of IoT application with respect to WT system such
as IoT integration with energy generation system, IoT in wind turbine monitoring and control,
maintenance and prediction systems. The prime contribution of this review paper is that it
summarizes the current state of the art of IoT-based applications in the wind energy conversion.
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
CHAPTER 3
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
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Dept of ECE, GPREC
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD
Display
NODEMCU
Wind Voltage ESP8266
Cloud
DC sensor Controller
Relay module
Smart
phone
Battery bank
Potential divider
Voltage
FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.1.1 METHODOLOGY
The electricity management system can be widely used for monitoring the regional electric energy
of enterprises, factories, campuses, properties, etc. Wind energy is also one of the renewable
energy resources that can be used for generating electrical energy with wind turbines coupled
with generators. Wind turbine can be defined as a fan consisting of 2 or 3 blades that rotate due
to blowing wind such that the axis of rotation must be aligned with the direction of blowing wind.
A gear box is used for converting energy from one device to another device using mechanical
method; hence it is termed as a high-precision mechanical system. There are different types of
wind turbines, but the frequently used wind turbines are horizontal axis turbines and vertical axis
turbines.
Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 9

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FIG 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The above figure shows the circuit diagram of Smart Assistant for Deaf and Dumb
using Flexible Resistive Sensor. The flex sensors are connected to gloves.
3.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Voltage sensors are the system's basic building block. Using a relay module, potential
divider and battery bank. The messages are shown on the LCD screen and read via the voltage
sensor based on the movement of the windmill. By activating the NodeMCU module, a
connection to the mobile phone can be established, allowing the identical measurements of
voltage on the phone. The system operates in accordance with the instructions provided in the
ARDUINO.

3.2 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM
Read
sensors data
push the
data to lcd
push the
data to app
FIG 3.3 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM
The fig 3.3 shows the flow chart of proposed system which explains that the data is
firstsent lcd and then to the app in the mobile phone depending upon the movement of
windmill.

3.2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The electricity management system can be widely used for monitoring the regional electric
energy of enterprises, factories, campuses, properties, etc. NodeMCU development board is
used in the main control module, and the serial communication between the main control
module and the sensor module is performed with digital and analog input and output ports to
receive power consumption data for subsequent processing. NodeMCU integrates a
microprocessor with a Wi-Fi module to send data directly to the upper computer with the help
of Wi-Fi and MQTT transmission protocol. In the power supply module, the external DC
power supply circuit and the VIN pin are connected to the external input circuit for powering
the electricity metering module while the main control module NodeMCU is powered by a
USB power supply circuit, which can also be powered by external DC power supply in
practical applications. The voltage levels of turbine can monitored anywhere in the world using
IoT technology.
In front of the huge increase demand in energy over the world, and in order to search a
substitution kind of energy against the prices rise of the energy fossil fuel resources and then
its exhaustion reverse in the long term. The development of this alternative is encouraged
because it offers natural, economical, clean and safe resource. Monitoring and diagnosis
become essential to reduce maintenance costs and ensure continuity of production because
stopped a wind installation for unexpected failures could lead to expensive repair and to lost
production. This operating system stopped becomes critical and causes very significant loses,
for this reason there is an increase need to implement a lot efficient maintains, This online
surveillance allows an regular early detection mechanical and electrical faults; it must able to
prevent major component.

CHAPTER 4
NodeMCU

4.1 NodeMCU ESP8266
NodeMCU Firmware:
NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It uses the Lua scripting language. It is based
on the eLua project, and built on the ESP8266 SDK 0.9.5. It uses many open source projects,
such as lua-cjson, and spiffs. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, and
hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. NodeMCU was created shortly after the
ESP8266 came out. In December 30, 2013, Espressif systems began production of the
ESP8266.The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely
used in IoT applications. NodeMCU started in 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file
of NodeMCU - firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded to include an open-
hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266 board,
named devkit 1.0. Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the
ESP8266 SoC platform, and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to
support the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access
the MQTT broker. Another important update was made on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported
the u8glib to NodeMCU project, enabling NodeMCU to easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even
VGA displays.
Fig 4.1 NodeMCU.

NodeMCU ESP8266 :
NodeMCU was created shortly after the ESP8266 came out. On December 30,
2013, Espressif Systems began production of the ESP8266. The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC
integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, widely used in IoT applications. NodeMCU
started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the first file of nodemcu-firmware to
GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded to include an open-hardware platform when
developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9.Later
that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the ESP8266 SoC
platform, and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to support the MQTT
IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was made on
30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib to NodeMCU project, enabling NodeMCU to
easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays.
In summer 2015 the creators abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent
but dedicated contributors took over. By summer 2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40
different modules. Due to resource constraints users need to select the modules relevant for
their project and build a firmware tailored to their needs. As Arduino.cc began developing new
MCU boards based on non-AVR processors like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino
Due, they needed to modify the Arduino IDE so that it would be relatively easy to change the
IDE to support alternate tool chains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled down to these
new processors. They did this with the introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM Core.
A "core" is the collection of software components required by the Board Manager and the
Arduino IDE to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file down to the target MCU's machine
language. Some creative ESP8266 enthusiasts have developed an Arduino core for the
ESP8266 WiFi SoC that is available at the GitHub ESP8266 Core webpage. This is what is
popularly called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino IDE" and it has become one of the leading
software development platforms for the various ESP8266 based modules and development
boards, including NodeMCUs.

4.1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

 Operating Voltage: 3.3V
 Input Voltage: 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
 Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
 UARTs: 1
 SPIs: 1
 I2Cs: 1
 Flash Memory: 4 MB
 SRAM: 64 KB
 Clock Speed: 80 MHz
 USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
 PCB Antenna
 Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects
4.2 NodeMCU PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
FIG 4.2 NodeMCU PIN DIAGRAM

 Power Pins There are four power pins. VIN pin and three 3.3V pins.
 VIN can be used to directly supply the NodeMCU/ESP8266 and its peripherals. Power
delivered on VIN is regulated through the onboard regulator on the NodeMCU module –
you can also supply 5V regulated to the VIN pin
 3.3V pins are the output of the onboard voltage regulator and can be used to supply
power to external components.
 GND are the ground pins of NodeMCU/ESP8266
 I2C Pins are used to connect I2C sensors and peripherals. Both I2C Master and I2C Slave
are supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically, and the clock
frequency is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency should
be higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.
 GPIO Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to functions
such as I2C, I2S, UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button
programmatically. Each digital enabled GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or
pull-down, or set to high impedance. When configured as an input, it can also be set to
edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.
 ADC Channel The NodeMCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two
functions can be implemented using ADC. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin
and testing input voltage of TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same
time.
 UART Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 has 2 UART interfaces (UART0 and UART1) which
provide asynchronous communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to
4.5 Mbps. UART0 (TXD0, RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication.
However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit signal so, it is usually used for
printing log.
 SPI Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master
modes. These SPIs also support the following general-purpose SPI features:
 SDIO Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO)

which is used to directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz
SDIO v2.0 are supported.
 PWM Pins The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM
output can be implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and
LEDs.
 Control Pins are used to control the NodeMCU/ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable
pin (EN), Reset pin (RST) and WAKE pin.
 EN: The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the
chip works at minimum power.
 RST: RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.
4.2.1 NodeMCU SPECIFICATIONS:
TABLE 4.2.1 NodeMCU SPECIFICATIONS

CHAPTER 5
DESCRIPTION OF ONBOARD
HARDWARE COMPONENT

5.1 Power Supply

5.1.1 Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery:
This high performance Panasonic battery is specially designed as your back up when the
mains power is lost or you experience a blackout. The high quality rechargeable sealed lead acid
battery ensures that no electrolyte leakages occurs from the case or terminals. This battery has
a long running time of 6 to 9 years and is optimally usable in standby parallel operation.
With AGM technology, you can be sure that the battery is sealed and maintenance free. The
plates are rigidly mounted to withstand extensive shock and vibration.
FIGURE 5.1.1 LEAD BATTERY

Features and Benefits:
Absorbed Glass Matt (AGM) technology with no free acid High durability with with 6 to 9 years
Long service life with low self-discharge Recyclable.
Typical Applications
Alarm Systems
Communication Equipment
Emergency Lighting
Fire and Security Systems
GEL Vs AGM Lead Acid Batteries

AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat)
These batteries contain only enough liquid to keep the specially designed glass mat wet. The
glass mat is made to wick the battery electrolytes between the battery plates. If the AGM
battery is broken no free liquid leaks out. AGM batteries are preferred when a large amount
of amps are required. The life expectancy remains excellent in most cases, if they are not
discharged more than 60% between recharges and/or recharged fully every 3-6 months.
Gel Cell Batteries These batteries contains silica type gel, which is a thick paste like material.
It allows the electrons to flow between plates, but will not leak in a gel battery if the case is
broken.

Gel Cell Batteries don't offer the same power capacity as do the same physical size as AGM
batteries. Gel cell batteries excel in slow discharge rates and slightly higher operating
temperatures and with excellent deep cycle capability. Recharging these batteries must be done
correctly or it will suffer a premature failure.
5.1.2 Dynamo Motor And Round Shape Motor - KT751
A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator. Dynamos
were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation
upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were based, including
the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter.
Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability
and cost reasons. A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commutator. Also,
converting alternating to direct current using rectifiers (such as vacuum tubes or more recently
via solid state technology) is effective and usually economical.
FIGURE 5.1.2 DYNAMO MOTOR
Dynamo - a device that makes direct current electric power using electromagnetism. It is also
known as a generator, however the term generator normally refers to an "alternator" which
creates alternating current power. Generator - normally this term is used to describe
an alternator which creates AC power using electromagnetism.
Generators, Dynamos, and Batteries are the three tools necessary to create/store substantial
amounts of electricity for human use. Batteries may have been discovered as early as 248 BC.
They simply use chemical reaction to make and store electricity. Scientists experimented with
the battery to invent the early incandescent lamp, electric motors and trains, and scientific tests.
However batteries were not reliable or cost effective for any regular electrical use, it was the

dynamo that radically changed electricity from a curiosity into a profitable, reliable
technology.
Description:
The electric dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo
machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a
constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within
that field. Due to Faraday's law of induction, the motion of the wire within the magnetic field
creates an electromotive force, which pushes on the electrons in the metal, creating an electric
current in the wire. On small machines, the constant magnetic field may be provided by one
or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by
one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
5.2 LCD DISPLAY
5.2.1 LCD DISPLAY DESCRIPTION
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display which uses liquid crystalsin
its primary form of operation. LEDs have a large and varying set of use cases for consumers
and businesses, as they can be commonly found in smart phones, Televisions, computer
monitors and instrument panels.
FIG 5.2.1 LCD DISPLAY
The fig 5.2.1 shows picture of LCD display. It contains 16 pins which is connected to anI2C
bus for working. It is generally used to take serial inputs and print them on the screen.
LCDs were a big leap in terms of the technology they replaced, which include light-
emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma displays. LCDs allowed displays to be much thinner
than cathode ray tube (CRT)technology. LCDs consume much less power than LED and gas-
display displays because they work on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting it.

How LCDs work:

A display is made up of millions of pixels. The quality of a display commonly refers to the
number of pixels; for example, a 4K display is made up of 3840 x2160 or 4096x2160 pixels. A
pixel is made up of three sub pixels; a red, blue and green commonly called RGB. When thesub
pixels in a pixel change color combinations, a different color can be produced. With all thepixels
on a display working together, the display can make millions of different colors. When the pixels
are rapidly switched on and off, a picture is created.
Types of LCDs include:
 Twisted NEMATIC (TN)- which are inexpensive while having high response times.
However, TN displays have low contrast ratios, viewing angles and color contrasts.
 Vertical Alignment Panels (VA Panels)- which are seen as a medium quality betweenTN
and IPS displays.
 Advanced Fringe Field Switching (AFFS)- which is a t o p performer compared to IPS

displays in color reproduction range.

5.3. RELAY:
Features
Works on 5V 240V Appliances can be controlled from a ARM Processor with a 5V signal High
power loads which cannot be directly controled from ARM Processors can be switched on/off
with this relay module. Loads like 12V DC Motors, Solenoids, LEDs, etc can be controlled with
this module. Relay board uses high quality relays with a maximum load of 7A/240 V AC or
7A/24V DC Board comes with connectors for easy connections to both the ARM Processor and
the load. The board uses high quality relays, which can handle a maximum of 7A/240 V AC or
7A/24V DC. Each relay has all three connections - Common, Normally Open, Normally Closed
brought out to 3 pin screw terminals which makes it easy to make and remove connections. The
board has a power indication and a relay status LED to ease debugging. The board requires a
5V to power supply to power the relay. The relay can then be turned on and off with 5V HIGH
Signal from a ARM Processor. Power input and relay control signals are brought to header pins
on the board. Hence, the board can be easily interface with our Arduino and development boards
using our female to female jumper wires.
The relay takes advantage of the fact that when electricity flows through a coil, it becomes an
electromagnet. The electromagnetic coil attracts a steel plate, which is attached to a switch. So
the switch's motion (ON and OFF) is controlled by the current flowing to the coil, or not,
respectively.
A very useful feature of a relay is that it can be used to electrically isolate different parts of a
circuit. It will allow a low voltage circuit (e.g. 5VDC) to switch the power in a high voltage
circuit (e.g. 100 VAC or more).
The relay operates mechanically, so it can not operate at high speed.
FIGURE 5.3.1 RELAY

FIGURE 5.3.2. INTERNAL CIRCUIT OF RELAY
There are many kind of relays. You can select one according to your needs. The various things
to consider when selecting a relay are its size, voltage and current capacity of the contact points,
drive voltage, impedance, number of contacts, resistance of the contacts, etc. The resistance
voltage of the contacts is the maximum voltage that can be conducted at the point of contact in
the switch. When the maximum is exceeded, the contacts will spark and melt, sometimes fusing
together. The relay will fail. The value is printed on the relay.
System Design:
Relay Driver Circuit In relay driver circuit there are transistors, diodes and the relays. Relay
driver circuit is used to control the light. This block can drive the various controlled devices.
We are using +12V dc relay. As μC cannot drive relay directly so output signal from
microcontroller is passed to the base of the transistor, which activates the particular relay so that
it can select particular device to operate. Relays can control the charge flowing to the load. Load
may be and AC device such as light, fan, Bulb etc.
Load Relays control the flow of charge to the load. In this project we have used four bulbs of
10 Watt each as a load. But we can use any electronic object like tubelight, CFL, fans, cooler
etc in place of bulbs.

5.4 Voltage Divider:

A voltage divider is a fundamental circuit in the field of electronics which can produce a
portion of its input voltage as an output. It is formed using two resistors (or any passive
components) and a voltage source. The resistors are connected in series here and the voltage is
given across these two resistors.
This circuit is also termed as a potential divider. The input voltage is distributed among the
resistors (components) of the voltage divider circuit. As a result, the voltage division takes place.
If you’re looking for help on the calculation for voltage division, you can use our voltage divider
calculator.
In electronics, a voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear
circuit that produces an output voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage
(Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the input voltage among the components of
the divider. A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the
input voltage applied across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the
connection between them.
Resistor voltage dividers are commonly used to create reference voltages, or to reduce the
magnitude of a voltage so it can be measured, and may also be used as signal attenuators at low
frequencies. For direct current and relatively low frequencies, a voltage divider may be
sufficiently accurate if made only of resistors; where frequency response over a wide range is
required (such as in an oscilloscope probe), a voltage divider may have capacitive elements
added to compensate load capacitance. In electric power transmission, a capacitive voltage
divider is used for measurement of high voltage.
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
As we mentioned above, two series resistors and voltage source constitute a simple voltage
divider. This circuit can be formed in several ways as shown below.

FIGURE 5.4.1 VOLTAGE DIVIDER CIRCUIT

In the above figure, (A) represents shorthand, (B) represents longhand and (C) and (D) shows
the resistors in different and same angle respectively.
But all the four circuits are in effect the same. R1 is the resistor that is always close to the
input voltage source and R2 is the resistor that is near to the ground. Vout is the voltage drop
across the resistor, R2.
It is actually the divider voltage that we get from this circuit as the output.Equation of Voltage
Divider in Unloaded Condition
The simple voltage divider circuit with reference to the ground is shown in the figure below.
Here, two electrical impedances (Z1 and Z2) or any passive components are connected in
series. The impedances may be resistors or inductors or capacitors.
Applications:
Applications include Logic level shifting, Sensor measurement, High voltage measurement,
Signal Level Adjustment. The measuring instruments such as Multimeter and Wheatstone
bridge consist of the voltage divider. The resistor voltage divider is usually used to generate
reference voltages or for decreasing the magnitude of the voltage for ease of measurement. In
addition to this; at low frequency, it can function as signal attenuators. In the case of DC and
very low frequencies, the resistor voltage divider is suitable. The capacitive voltage divider is
implemented in power transmission for high voltage measurement and to compensate load
capacitance.
Voltage dividers are used for adjusting the level of a signal, for bias of active devices in
amplifiers, and for measurement of voltages. A Wheatstone bridge and a multimeter both
include voltage dividers. A potentiometer is used as a variable voltage divider in the volume
control of many radios.

Sensor measurement:
Voltage dividers can be used to allow a microcontroller to measure the resistance of a sensor.
The sensor is wired in series with a known resistance to form a voltage divider and a known
voltage is applied across the divider. The microcontroller's analog-to-digital converter is
connected to the center tap of the divider so that it can measure the tap voltage and, by using the
measured voltage and the known resistance and voltage, compute the sensor resistance. An
example that is commonly used involves a potentiometer (variable resistor) as one of the
resistive elements. When the shaft of the potentiometer is rotated the resistance it produces either
increases or decreases, the change in resistance corresponds to the angular change of the shaft.
If coupled with a stable voltage reference, the output voltage can be fed into an analog-to-digital
converter and a display can show the angle. Such circuits are commonly used in reading control
knobs. Note that it is highly beneficial for the potentiometer to have a linear taper, as the
microcontroller or other circuit reading the signal must otherwise correct for the non-linearity
in its calculations.
High voltage measurement:
A voltage divider can be used to scale down a very high voltage so that it can be measured by
a volt meter. The high voltage is applied across the divider, and the divider output which outputs
a lower voltage that is within the meter's input range is measured by the meter. High voltage
resistor divider probes designed specifically for this purpose can be used to measure voltages
up to 100 kV. Special high-voltage resistors are used in such probes as they must be able to
tolerate high input voltages and, to produce accurate results, must have matched temperature
coefficients and very low voltage coefficients. Capacitive divider probes are typically used for
voltages above 100 kV, as the heat caused by power losses in resistor divider probes at such
high voltages could be excessive.
5.5 Potentiometer:
The Potentiometer is an electric instrument that used to measure the EMF (electro motive
force) of a given cell, the internal resistance of a cell. And also it is used to compare EMFs of
different cells. It can also use as a variable resistor in most of the applications. These
potentiometers are used in huge quantities in the manufacture of electronics equipment that
provides a way of adjusting electronic circuits so that the correct outputs are obtained. Although
their most obvious use must be for volume controls on radios and other electronic equipment
used for audio.

FIGURE 5.5.1 POTENTIOMETER

Why is Potentiometer chosen over Voltmeter to measure the potential (EMF) of a cell? When
we use Voltmeter, current flows through the circuit and because of the internal resistance of the
cell, always terminal potential will be less than the actual cell potential. In this circuit, when the
potential difference is balanced (using a Galvanometer null detection), no current flows in the
circuit, so the terminal potential will be equal to the actual cell potential. So we can understand
that the Voltmeter measures the terminal potential of a cell, but this measures actual cell
potential. The schematic symbols of this is shown below.
FIGURE 5.5.2 .Construction of Potentiometer
The basic working principle of this is based on the fact that the fall of the potential across any
portion of the wire is directly proportional to the length of the wire, provided wire has uniform
cross-sectional area and the constant current flowing through it. “When there is no potential
difference between any two nodes there is electric current will flow”. Now the potentiometer
wire is actually a wire with high resistivity (ῥ) with uniform cross-sectional area A. Thus,
throughout the wire, it has uniform resistance. Now this potentiometer terminal connected to
the cell of high EMF V called driver cell or the voltage source. Let the current through the
potentiometer is I and R is the total resistance of the potentiometer.

5.6 LIGHT EMITING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps
in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical electronic
components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
FIGURE 5.6. Light Emitting Diode

When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to recombine with holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence
and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and
integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many
advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer
lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. However, LEDs
powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current
and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

CHAPTER 6
SOFTWARE TOOL

6.1 ARDUINO IDE
 Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter
message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. A worldwide community
of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around
this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of
accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
 In the programming part, to facilitate communication between Arduino and LCD module,
we make use of a built in library in Arduino <LiquidCrystal.h> – which is written for LCD
modules making use of the Hitachi HD44780 chipset (or a compatible chipset). This library
can handle both 4 bit mode and 8 bit mode wiring of LCD. In 4 bit mode, data is sent using
4 data pins and 3 control pins. In our project, R/W pin is always grounded so we require only
6 pins in 4 bit mode, thus saving no of pins. During interfacing the library is first initialized
and then define pins using the command LiquidCrystal lcd(RS, E, D4, D5, D6, D7), pins are
assigned in this order. In program we can see this command as LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12, 11,
10, 9, 8), here RS pin to 13, Enable pin to 12, D4 pin to 11, D5 pin to 10, D6 pin to 9 and D7
pin to 8 respectively.
 The Arduino reads the sensor output through the analog input pins using analogRead
function. For example “analogRead(moisture_sensorPin);” converts the voltage (in the range
0 to 5V) at the A0 pin into a number (in the range 0 to 1023) This way the voltage at A0 is
compared to a fixed number (avg_moisture) for identifying the current status of the soil.
 The status of the float switch is compared to identify the current water level and according
to these both sensor status the controller will switch the motor to ON or OFF condition.
If values from the float switches is high and if the reading from the moisture sensor is low,
then controller will shows a full level tank status and a low level moisture status on LCD
and switches the motor to ON condition. This is done by giving a signal to the base of the
BC547 transistor which is connected to the 4th pin of the arduino Nano.

 Software program:
The program is written in Arduino programming language. The code is well commented and
is easy to understand. Compile the autowatering.ino code and upload it to the microcontroller,
using Arduino IDE version 1.
 Hardware installation:
The USB standard requires a 1.5 kΩ pullup resistor on D+, but this board is known to have
a wrong value (R10 on the board). It ships with either a 10 kΩ resistor or a 4.7 kΩ resistor,
but it should be replaced with a 1.5 kΩ resistor, or put an appropriate resistor value (e.g
1.8 kΩ) in between PA12 and 3.3V. It is also true that some PCs are tolerant of incorrect
value so, before you change the resistance, you can try if it works in your case.
6.2: STEPS OF ARDUINO IDE and Blynk app PROCESSING
 Check the power supply connections

 Insert smart card in to the smart card reader · Check LEDs
 Check Microcontroller minimum requirements
 Welcome message will be printed on LCD
 Consumed units and available units are displayed on LCD
 A message will be displayed if there is no smart card
Window – Files.
 Now use from the menu Project – Select Device for Target and select a CPU for your
project. The Select Device dialog box shows the μVision2 device database. Just select the
microcontroller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This
selection sets necessary tool options for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way
the tool Configuration
Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files
 Typical, the tool settings under Options – Target are all you need to start a new application.
You may translate all source files and line the application with a click on the Build Target
toolbar icon. When you build an application with syntax errors, μVision2 will display errors
and warning messages in the Output Window – Build page. A double click on a message
line opens the source file on the correct location in a μVision2 editor window.

 After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download
the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. μVision2 creates HEX files with each
build process when Create HEX file under Options for Target – Output is enabled. You may
start your PROM programming utility after the make process when you specify the program
under the option Run User Program #1.
CPU Simulation:
 μVision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be mapped for read,
write, or code execution access. The μVision2 simulator traps and reports illegal memory
accesses. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the
integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU
you have selected are configured from the Device
Database selection:
 You have made when you create your project target. You may select and display the on-chip
peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each
peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes.
Start Debugging:
 You start the debug mode of μVision2 with the Debug – Start/Stop Debug Session command.
Depending on the Options for Target – Debug configuration, μVision2 will load the
application program and run the startup code μVision2 saves the editor screen layout and
restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, μVision2
opens an editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly
window. For example, you can use the find command or correct program errors. The
μVision2 debug mode differs from the edit mode in the following aspects: The “Debug Menu
and Debug Commands”. The additional debug windows are discussed in the following. The
project structure or tool parameters cannot be modified. All build commands are disabled.
Disassembly Window:
 The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program
or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed
with Debug – View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug – Enable/Disable
Trace Recording. If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program
step commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can
select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context
menu commands.

TESTING OF PROJECT
 With the knowledge of operation of the system was tested step by step to the transistor
output and the load was connected across the collector terminal of the transistor.
ASSEMBLING
 The whole system was packed in a plastic casing and provision was made for the IR to sense
light from the outside.
Software installation:
 A bootloader needs to be flashed using USB to Serial or ST-Link (SWD). See Flashing the
bootloader.
 Note that after first flashing the bootloader you may have to place the board into "perpetual
bootloader" mode before you can upload a sketch; place a resistor between pin PC14 and
3.3V, and then reset the board. You should now be able to flash a blank sketch, remove the
resistor, and restart the board, after which uploading new sketches should work as expected.
If you find that the IDE successfully resets your board, but dfu-util complains about no DFU-
devices being present you may have to edit the maple-upload script in tools-folder. Find the
line where it calls upload-reset, and increase the value given to it.
Blynk app:
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can display
sensor data, it can store data, vizualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
 Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using various widgets
we provide.
 Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone and
hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally. It’s open-
source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched on a Raspberry
Pi.
 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication with the
server and process all the incoming and outcoming commands.
 Now imagine: every time you press a Button in the Blynk app, the message travels
to space the Blynk Cloud, where it magically finds its way to your hardware. It works the
same in the opposite direction and everything happens in a blynk of an eye.

FIGURE 6.2.1 Working of blynk application

Features
 Similar API & UI for all supported hardware & devices

 Connection to the cloud using:
o WiFi
o Bluetooth and BLE
o Ethernet
o USB (Serial)
o GSM
1. Hardware.
An Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or a similar development kit.
Blynk works over the Internet. This means that the hardware you choose should be able to
connect to the internet. Some of the boards, like Arduino Uno will need an Ethernet or Wi-Fi
Shield to communicate, others are already Internet-enabled: like the ESP8266, Raspberri Pi
with WiFi dongle, Particle Photon or SparkFun Blynk Board. But even if you don’t have a
shield, you can connect it over USB to your laptop or desktop (it’s a bit more complicated for
newbies, but we got you covered). What’s cool, is that the list of hardware that works with
Blynk is huge and will keep on growing.
2. A Smartphone.
The Blynk App is a well designed interface builder. It works on both iOS and Android
Getting Started With The Blynk App
1. Create a Blynk Account

After you download the Blynk App, you’ll need to create a New Blynk account. This account
is separate from the accounts used for the Blynk Forums, in case you already have one. We
recommend using a real email address because it will simplify things later.
FIGURE 6.2.2 Create a Blynk Account

An account is needed to save your projects and have access to them from multiple devices from
anywhere. It’s also a security measure. we can always set up a Private Blynk Server and have
full control.
2. Create a New Project

After you’ve successfully logged into your account, start by creating a new project.
FIGURE 6.2.3 Create a New Project
3. Choose Hardware
Select the hardware model you will use. Check out the list of supported hardware!

FIGURE 6.2.4 Choose Hardware
4. Auth Token
Auth Token is a unique identifier which is needed to connect your hardware to your
smartphone. Every new project you create will have its own Auth Token. You’ll get Auth Token
automatically on your email after project creation. You can also copy it manually. Click on
devices section and selected required device :
FIGURE 6.2.5 Auth Token

NOTE: Don’t share your Auth Token with anyone, unless you want someone to have access
to your hardware.
It’s very convenient to send it over e-mail. Press the e-mail button and the token will be sent
to the e-mail address you used for registration. You can also tap on the Token line and it will
be copied to the clipboard.
Now press the “Create” button.
5. Add a Widget
Your project canvas is empty, let’s add a button to control our LED.
Tap anywhere on the canvas to open the widget box. All the available widgets are located here.
Now pick a button.
Widget Box

FIGURE 6.2.6 Widget Box
Drag-n-Drop - Tap and hold the Widget to drag it to the new position.
Widget Settings - Each Widget has it’s own settings. Tap on the widget to get to them.
FIGURE 6.2.7 Widget Settings

The most important parameter to set is PIN . The list of pins reflects physical pins defined by
your hardware. If your LED is connected to Digital Pin 8 - then select D8 (D - stands
for Digital).
6. Run The Project

When you are done with the Settings - press the PLAY button. This will switch you from
EDIT mode to PLAY mode where you can interact with the hardware. While in PLAY mode,
you won’t be able to drag or set up new widgets, press STOP and get back to EDIT mode.
You will get a message saying “Arduino UNO is offline”. We’ll deal with that in the next
section.

CHAPTER 7
RESULTS

FIG 7.1 THE RESEMBLANCE OF MODEL

FIG 7.2 THE RESEMBLANCE OF MODEL AFTER THE POWER SUPPLY IS

GIVEN

FIG 7.3 WHEN THE WINDMILL ROTATES THE MEASURMENT DISPLAY IN

LCD DISPLAY AND BLYNK APPLICATION

CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES & APPLLICATIONS

8.1 ADVANTAGES
 Minimize human effort

 Real time Electricity can be monitored using IoT technology in smart phones
 IoT sensors help in monitoring and man-aging generation, transmission and distribution
across remote locations. Continuous monitoring ensures that all equipment work
efficiently thus helps in improving reliability.
 Improved efficiency.
 Cost effective
8.2 APPLICATIONS
 Condition monitoring.
 Remote monitoring.
 Performance optimization.
 Energy management.
 Environmental monitoring.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

9.1 CONCLUSION:
The study focuses on the electricity consumption data collection in intelligent electricity
management monitoring and has proposed a design method of electricity data monitoring nodes
based on a sensor network, MQTT protocol to meet the demand of electricity consumers for
monitoring power data of each node for enterprises, factories, campuses, properties, and other
regional electricity consumers. The sensor module receives electrical parameters such as voltage
and the control module performs control and data processing and uploads the processed data to
the application platform of an upper computer through the MQTT protocol. The test results
show that the scheme can effectively monitor various electric energy parameters of each
electricity node and realize the real-time monitoring using IoT technology which indicates that
the design is effective and feasible.
9.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
The proposed system has immense potential for future improvements and enhancements. One
of the future scopes is to make the system more efficient and accurate. Advanced signal
processing techniques and machine learning algorithms can be employed to improve the
accuracy and reliability of thesystem. Another future scope is We can interface GSM modem.
This would enable the system t2o send this data through SMS.

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[18] Revathi, R., Nivedhitha, A., Priyadharshini, J., & Rashmithaa, K. M. (2021, May). IoT based
smart grid using node MCU. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1916, No. 1, p.
012156). IOP Publishing.
[19] Lova Raju, K., Yaswanth Pavankalyan, K., Khasim, S., & Naveen, A. (2020). Node MCU
Based Power Monitoring and Smart Billing System Using IoT. In Advances in Decision Sciences,
Image Processing, Security and Computer Vision (pp. 345-354). Springer, Cham.
[20] Silva, C. R. M., & Silva, F. A. C. M. (2019, November). An IoT Gateway for Modbus and
MQTT Integration. In 2019 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics
Conference (IMOC) (pp. 1-3). IEEE.

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: NODEMCU
NodeMCU
ESP8266
ESP-12E
WiFi Development Board
NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the DevKit.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson, and spiffs.
Wireless Connectivity Breadboard Friendly USB Compatible Lightweight
Features
TM
Version : DevKit v1.0 Arduino IDE Compatible Low Power Consumption
Breadboard Friendly
Light Weight and small size.
3.3V operated, can be USB powered. Uses
wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n. Built-in
wireless connectivity capabilities.
Built-in PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip.
Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin. Uses
CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module. Arduino
IDE compatible (extension board manager required).
Supports Lua (alike node.js) and Arduino C programming language.
PINOUT DIAGRAM
NodeMCU ESP8266 v1.0

APPENDIX 2: DYNAMO MOTOR
Dynamos and generators work using the wild complex phenomena of electromagnetism.
Understanding the behavior of electromagnetism, its fields and its effects is a large subject of study.
There is a reason why it took 60 years AFTER Volta's first battery to get a good powerful dynamo
working. We will keep things simple to help introduce you to the interesting subject of power
generation.
Above: a simple electromagnet referred to as a solenoid. The term "solenoid" actually describes the
tubular shape
Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL

The DynamO
Brushes are part of the commutator, the brushes must conduct electricity as the keep contact with the
rotating armature.
the power during the reversed current part of the cycle.
There are two ways of wiring a dynamo: series wound and shunt wound. See the diagrams to learn the
difference.
A series wound machine - click to see close up A shunt wound machine - click to see close up

APPENDIX 4: LCD

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WINDMILL MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT AND WIFI

A Major Project report submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

C RAVI KIRAN REDDY 199X1A0441

S PRAMOD KUMAR 199X1A04H9

BANDA GANGADHAR 199X1A0432

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. J. SALAI THILLAI THILAGAM, M. Tech, Ph.D.

Associate Professor, ECE Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

G. PULLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS): KURNOOL

(Accredited by NBA of AICTE and NAAC of UGC with A grade)

(AFFILIATED TO JNTUA, ANANTHAPURAMU)

(Accredited by NBA of AICTE and NAAC of UGC with A grade)

(Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapur) Kurnool-518007

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

WINDMILL MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT AND WIFI

C RAVI KIRAN REDDY 199X1A0441

S PRAMOD KUMAR 199X1A04H9

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

We hereby declare that the major project titled “ WINDMILL MONITORING

C RAVI KUMAR REDDY

5. DESCRIPTION OF ON BOARD HARDWARE COMPONENTS 19

 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. "Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines Using IoT: A Review" by M. H. Shah, R. A. Abbasi,

hardware prototype is proposed to monitor the condition of WECS in the real-time

analysis, as well as future research directions.

and software used, as well as the system's performance.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 9

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

FIG 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 10

3.2 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM

FIG 3.3 FLOW CHART OF THE SYSTEM

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 11

3.2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 12

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 13

4.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

Fig 4.1 NodeMCU.

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 14

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 15

4.1.1 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

 Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

4.2 NodeMCU PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

FIG 4.2 NodeMCU PIN DIAGRAM

 GND are the ground pins of NodeMCU/ESP8266

 SDIO Pins NodeMCU/ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO)

4.2.1 NodeMCU SPECIFICATIONS:

TABLE 4.2.1 NodeMCU SPECIFICATIONS

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 18

Dept of ECE, GPREC KNL 19

5.1 Power Supply

FIGURE 5.1.1 LEAD BATTERY