TOPIC 8: TRANSPORT SYSTEM

1) FIGURE 3 shows a section through a human heart

FIGURE 3
a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. [2 marks] A = Aorta
B = Pulmonary artery
C = (Superior / Anterior) vena cava

b) Which of these A, B and C carries the blood from the heart to the muscles of the arm and legs? [1 mark]
Aorta

c) Describe briefly the route of a red blood cell leaving from right ventricle of the heart and
entering the left atrium [2 marks] Through pulmonary artery to the lungs
Return to the heart via pulmonary vein

d) What is the function of the valves labelled D and F? [2marks]

D– prevent backflow from aorta to ventricle
F – prevent backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

e)
i) In which part of the heart is the pacemaker located? [1 mark]
E/Right Atrium
ii) The pacemaker also known as? [1 mark]
SAN/SA node/Sinoatrial node
2) FIGURE 4 shows one of the stages in the cardiac cycle. The arrows represent
blood flow.

. FIGURE 4

a) Name the stage of cardiac cycle shown in FIGURE 4. [1 mark]

Ventricle systole

b) Explain the stage in 4 (a) [3 marks]

The pressure in ventricle is higher than the atria
Semilunar valve is open
Produce ‘lub’ sound

3) FIGURE 5 below shows a portion of an electrocardiogram (ECG).

FIGURE 5
i) State events that occur during stages P, Q and R. [3 marks]
P: Signals /(electrical) impulse from SA node spread through atria/atrial//atrium
contraction/atrium systole//depolarization of atria/atrium/atrial
Q: Signals /(electrical) impulse are delayed at AV node
R: Signals /(electrical) impulse are spread throughout ventricles
//depolarization of ventricles/ventricle systole/ventricular contraction

ii) State the significance of events that occur during stages Q and R [2 marks]
Q: Allows blood to fully enter the ventricles//allowed atria to be fully
emptied
 R: Pumps blood to aorta and pulmonary artery

iii) Explain briefly why heart beat rate increases in cold weather. [ 2 marks]

Low temperature causes blood vessels and arteries to narrow/constrict

Restricting blood flow and reducing oxygen to the heart//heart must pump harder
to supply blood to the constricted vessel

iv) Define cardiac cycle. [1 mark] The complete sequence of events in the heart from the
beginning of one beat to the following beat // a complete sequence of heart beat
(including systole and diastole)

v) What represents the ‘lub-dup’ sound in cardiac cycle? [2 marks] ‘Lub’ is the sound of the
tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valve// AV/ atrioventricular valve closing //recoil of blood
against closed AV valve
‘Dub’ is the sound of the aortic and pulmonary/semilunar valves closing//recoil of
blood against semilunar valve

4) FIGURE 6 shows a schematic diagram of a normal ECG.

FIGURE 6

i) Which wave on the ECG in FIGURE 6 represents atrial depolarization? [1

mark]

P wave

ii) What happens in the heart during the QRS complex? [4 marks]
-QRS complex represent ventricular depolarization
-Electrical impulse spread to the whole ventricle via bundle
branches and Purkinje fibers
-Ventricle contract/systole causes pressure in ventricle
increase/higher than atria
-AV valve closed, preventing backflow of blood into atria
-First heart sound (lub) appear due to recoil of blood against closed AV valve
 iii) Name the water movement pathway where water diffuses along the cell wall matrix and
extracellular space. [1 mark]

Apoplast Pathway

iv) Differentiate the movement of water from epidermis to cortex with movement of water from
the cortex into xylem. [2marks]

The movement of water from epidermis to cortex is via apoplastic, symplastic, vacuolar
and transmembrane pathways meanwhile the movement of water from the cortex into
xylem is via symplastic pathway only.

v) Describe how root pressure is formed. [3marks]

In the root, a ring of cells called the endodermis surrounds the xylem vessels in the
middle of the root
These cells actively transport mineral ions into the xylem, which has the effects of
reducing the water potentials in the xylem
This draws water by osmosis into the xylem, increasing its hydrostatic pressure.
By raising the hydrostatic pressure at the base of the root xylem, a pressure
difference can be created between the base and the top of the water column, pushing
the water upwards.

5) a) FIGURE 7 illustrates the transport system in the human body.

FIGURE 7
i) Name the structures labeled M and N in FIGURE 7? [2 marks]
M: Lymph capillary/lymphatic capillary
N: Blood capillary
 ii) How does the fluid composition in N differ from M? [1 mark]
N consist of red blood cell/erythrocytes/platelets/high protein concentration
which is not present in M.

iii) Give TWO importance to this transport system . [2 marks]

-Collect and returns interstitial fluid to the blood
-Defends the body against pathogen/organism
-Absorbs lipid from digestive tract
-Carry the lipid into the bloodstream

6) FIGURE 8 shows the cross section of a root.

FIGURE 8

i) Name the pathway O and P. [2marks]

O: Apoplastic pathway
P: Symplastic pathway

ii) Give TWO differences between O and P. [2marks]

Apoplastic pathway Symplastic pathway

Water move across spaces Water move through the

between cellulose fibers cytoplasm of cell
in cell wall

The cohesive forces between The cytoplasmic strands

water molecules enable the in the plasmodesmata
stream of water to be pulled enable water to move
between the cytoplasm of
 one cell to adjacent cell.

iii) Why do the water and minerals cannot cross the endodermis to enter the xylem vessel
via pathway O? [1 mark]
Because of the Casparian strip present in endodermis.

7) FIGURE 9 shows the pathway of transport via root in a plant

FIGURE 9
i) Identify the routes of transport labelled A and B. [2 marks]
A: Apoplastic (pathway)/ apoplast
B: Symplastic (pathway)/ symplast

ii) Give TWO functions of C. [2 marks]

Control/regulate /selective entry of water (and mineral/nutrients) to the vascular
cylinder/vascular bundle/xylem/stele
Prevent backflow/ prevent leakage of water (and mineral) from the vascular
cylinder/vascular bundle/xylem/ stele
Apoplast pathway is prevented by suberin layer of Casparian strip
Divert/force water from apoplastic route to symplastic route

iii) Explain briefly how substances are transported via A and B. [2 marks] A/ Apoplastic
(pathway): water moves through/along the cell wall / intercellular spaces B/
Symplastic (pathway): water moves from cell to cell/cytoplasm to cytoplasm
through the plasmodesmata.

iv) Describe briefly how water moves in the xylem from root to shoot. [2 marks]
Cohesion between water molecules and Adhesion between water molecules and the
xylem wall / Capillary action forces the water to moves upwards
 Transpiration pull due to the loss of water from leaves
The accumulation of water in roots generates root pressure that forces fluids up to
the xylem
v) A botanist noticed that when Zinnia flowers were cut at dawn, a small drop of water
collects at the surface of the rooted stump. Explain the phenomenon. [2 marks]
At dawn a drop is exuded because xylem is under positive pressure due to root
pressure Low transpiration rate at dawn/no transpiration

8) FIGURE 10 shows the translocation of sucrose from P to Q.

FIGURE 10

i) Give one example of P and Q [2 marks]

P is matured leaves
Q is fruits
ii) Name the hypothesis involved for sucrose transportation in phloem. [1 mark]
Pressure Flow Hypothesis
iii) Explain the movement of water from xylem to phloem. [2 marks] When the
concentration of sucrose is higher in phloem, the water potential is low
Higher water potential in xylem will enter the sieve tube through osmosis
iv) State the type of pressure generated in the phloem due to 10 a)(iii). [1 mark]
Hydrostatic pressure
v) What would happen to sucrose at Q? [1 mark]
This positive pressure of hydrostatic forces the phloem sap/sucrose to flow along the
sieve tube toward sink
9) FIGURE 11 shows the pathway of water movement from surrounding soil to the
xylem.

FIGURE 11

a) )Describe the movement of water from the surrounding soil to the endodermis. [6 marks]

i. Water will move from high water potential to low water potential region// water potential in
soil is higher than in the root.
ii. Water diffuse from soil into the root hair by osmosis
iii. Apoplast / apoplastic pathway/ route
iv. Water move along the cell wall
v. Symplast/ symplastic pathway/ route
vi. Water move through the cytoplasm of the cell
vii. Water move from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata
viii. Vacuolar pathway/ route
ix. Water moves into vacuoles

10) FIGURE 12 shows the events in the cardiac cycle.

FIGURE 12
 a) Based on FIGURE 12, write the correct sequence of blood flow in cardiac cycle.
[1 mark]
P R Q T S or P,R,Q,T
*starts with any letter, but sequence must be correct

b) Briefly explain the sequence of events that leads to the production of ‘dub’
sound.[3marks]
(Atrial and ) ventricular /ventricle diastole/ relax.
(Blood) pressure in the aorta/ pulmonary artery is higher than the ventricles.
//Pressure in ventricles is lower than in aorta and pulmonary artery.
Semilunar/ pulmonary/ aortic valves closed (to prevent backflow).
Occur due to vibration of closing of semilunar valve.
*any 3
c) Briefly explain the sequence of events that occur during ventricular systole. [3marks] i) Impulse
from AV node conducted by a bundle of His and Purkinje fibre (towards heart apex). ii)
Ventricles contract, (ventricular volume decrease thus) increase the ventricular pressure.
iii) AV/ atrioventricular/ bicuspid and tricuspid/ mitral and tricuspid valve closed and
semilunar valve (force) opened (and produce ‘lub’ sound)
iv) Deoxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary
artery. v) And oxygenated blood pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

d) What does ECG wave represent? [2 marks] i) ECG shows/ translates the electrical activity of
heart// Spreading/ transmission of impulse throughout heart// ECG represents sequence
of depolarization and repolarization atria and ventricles.
ii)Electrical activity / impulse affects the contraction and relaxation of heart muscle.

11) Figure 7 below shows the structure of mammalian heart

a) Name the structure labelled A and B. [2 Marks]
A: Sinoatrial node / SA node / pacemaker
B: Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve/Atrioventricular/AV valve//semilunar Valve/aortic valve

b) Explain initiation of heart beat. [4 marks]

i. Sinoatrial node/SA node/pacemaker generate/produce impulse/electrical signals

ii. Impulse spread across atria /both atrium
iii. Atria/both atrium contract
iv. impulse reach Atrioventricular node/AV node
v. AV node delays the signal (for 0.1s) to ensure/allow atria /both atrium to finish
contracting / empty completely (before ventricle contract)
vi. impulse travel through bundle of His/branches to Purkinje fibre
vii. both ventricles contract

12) Figure 7 below shows the structure of human heart

a) Name the structure W and state its function. (2 marks)

W: Sinoatrial node// SA Node
Function: Generates impulse// act as pacemaker// initiate heartbeats

b) Which blood vessel containing deoxygenated blood? (1 mark)

vena cava// pulmonary artery

c) How ‘lub’ and ‘dub’ sound produced? (2 marks)

‘ Lub’ because of the recoiling of blood against closing of atrioventricular valves/ AV valve/
tricuspid and bicuspid/ mitral valves
 ‘Dup’ because of the vibration of closing of semilunar valves

d) The impulse which coordinates the heartbeats is delayed slightly at X. It then passes along Y to the heart
apex. Explain the importance of the following events:
i. The slight delay at X (2 marks)
To allow the atria to empty completely// to allow atria completenits contraction/ systole
Before the ventricles contract/ systole

ii. The conduction of impulse to the heart apex (2 marks)

Ventricles contracts from apex upwards
Blood will be pumped (out) through the pulmonary artery/ aorta

PART B: ESSAY QUESTIONS

13) Explain the cardiac cycle that leads to heartbeat. [10marks]

i) Sinoatrial /SA node / pacemaker generate electrical impulse

ii) Spread to both atria causing both atria to contract / atrial systole
iii) Blood flows from atria to ventricles
iv) Impulse arrives at AV node and delayed for 0.1 second
v)Impulse travels to bundle of His and bundle branches
vi) To the heart apex and spread to both ventricles via Purkinje fiber / tissue
vii) Both ventricles contract / ventricle systole
viii) Pressure in ventricles is higher than pressure in atria
ix) Causing AV valves to close (to prevent backflow of blood into atria).
x) ‘Lub’ sound is produced
xi) Semilunar valve open, blood pumps / flows out of heart through aorta and
pulmonary artery
x) Both atria and ventricles relax / diastole
xi) Pressure in aorta / pulmonary artery is higher than ventricles
xii) Semilunar valve close (to prevent backflow of blood into ventricle)
xiii) ‘Dub’ / ‘dup’ sound is produced.

14) Discuss the mechanism of water transport through the xylem. [12 marks]

i) The water in mesophyll cells of the leaves evaporates through stomata during
transpiration ii) Increased surface tension that pulls water from surrounding cell and air
spaces iii) Low water potential creates negative pressure in mesophyll cells / leaf //
Causes an area with low (hydrostatic) pressure within the plant
iv) Transpiration puts the xylem under tension from the leaves to the root tips
v) Exert the pulling force on the water in the xylem and draws the water
upward//caused transpiration pull
vi) Water molecules adhere to one another by cohesive forces
vii) The cohesion force allows water to move against gravity// Water tension develop to
overcome gravitational forces
viii) This pulls along the entire length of the xylem from shoots to root
ix) Water molecules adhere to the wall of xylem by adhesive forces
x) This allows water to move by capillary action
xi) Water moves from soil into the root through osmosis
xii) The accumulation of water in root tissue generates a root pressure that forces fluid up
the xylem xiii) The water loss from the cell surfaces is replaced by the water from
transpirational pull and root pressure