IMPACT EVALUATION OF ROAD WIDENING IN BARANGAY BIBINCAHAN

BASIS FOR REVISITING RA 10752

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department
of Sorsogon National Hugh School – General Academic Strand
Sorsogon City

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Applied Track Subject
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

By:

KRISSLE DE LEON
KRISELDA SALUDO
PRINCESS KYLA VILLEGAS
CHERRILYN NACION
RICA MANCILLA
JAY M ABOQUE

January 2023

CHARTER I
 The problem and its setting

Introduction

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10752 is a law that makes it easier to acquire right-of-way sites or

locations for national government infrastructure projects. This Act must be called as "The Right-

of-Way Act," according to section 1. The term "national government projects" shall mean all

national government infrastructure projects and its public service facilities, engineering works

and service contracts, including projects undertaken by government-owned and -controlled

corporations, all projects covered by Republic Act No. 6957, as amended by Republic Act No.
7718, also known as the "Build-Operate-and-Transfer Law," and other related projects, according

to Section 3 of this law.

A large number of studies have shown excess health risks from living in close proximity

to roads; however their attribution to single air pollutant is less clear. The adverse health effects

from road proximity might be due to tailpipe emissions of airborne particles, particles from non-

exhaust sources such as tyre and brake wear or gaseous pollutants including NO2 (WHO, World

Health Organization, 2013).

New or widened roads are often proposed to relieve congestion or to support economic

growth; however there is a little appraisal of road schemes once they are built (Matson et al.,

2006). It has been shown through case studies in the UK and the Netherlands that the benefits

from reduced congestion and shorter journey times are often short lived as new road network

capacity is taken up by induced traffic growth (Matson et al., 2006).

In addition, few studies have considered the air quality impacts of new road construction

and its subsequent operation. The available studies are limited to the construction of urban road

tunnels (Bartonova et al., 1999, Cowie et al., 2012) and are thus not directly applicable to most

urban road schemes; and a scheme in Antwerp designed to reduce road capacity rather than

increase it (Stranger et al., 2008).

matter (PM) into the atmosphere and can have a substantial temporary impact on air quality.

Construction activities represented 3.8% of total particulate emissions from open sources in the

US in 1976 (Evans and Cooper, 1980). Dust and other air pollution from demolition and

construction can impact greatly on the health and quality of life of people working on and living

close nearby with some studies reporting an increment of mortality due to chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease among construction workers (Bergdahl et al., 2004).

Furthermore, emissions of PM during the construction of a building or road are

particular facility itself. PM emissions from construction are largely in the coarse fraction but

they are also a source of airborne ultrafine particles (Kumar et al., 2012). Dust emissions often

vary substantially from day to day depending on the level of activity, the specific operations and

the prevailing meteorological conditions making it difficult to assess the total contribution of

such emissions to the air pollution levels of a city or region (Chang et al., 1999).

Fugitive emissions from construction are generally poorly quantified in global and

national emission estimates as most countries do not report fugitive emissions from construction;

and the emission factors (EF) for construction activities are uncertain (Janssens-Maenhout et al.,

2012). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States (US) and the

Coordinated European Particulate Matter Emission Inventory Program (CEPMEIP) in Europe

provide EF for construction activities to generate national primary PM emissions. These EFs

express the amount of PM10 emitted by area disturbed per month of activity and therefore the

quantity of PM produced is not dependent on the type of construction but merely on the area of

land disturbed. The EPA also lists operation-specific emission factors for use when detailed

information (material, silt content, vehicle weight, speed, etc.) is available (EPA (Environmental

Protection Agency), 1995, EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2011).

This study focuses on attempting to know the importance of Road Widening & the

possible impact on environment & economic stability of affected area and its impact on the

local residents of Barangay Bibincahan.

• What are the type of scope of Road Widening implemented in Barangay Bibincahan as

perceived by:

• Barangay Officials
• Residents
• Project proponents
• What is the impact of Road Widening in Bibincahan as perceived of the respondents
along:

• Economic condition
• Psycho-social condition
• Right-of-way of RA 10752
• What Policy guidelines of RA 10752 should be improved based on the impact of Road
Widening to the residents?

scope and delimitation

This study aims to define a signifcant measurement of the degree of essentiality in

establishing traffic rerouting and track management within the local roads of Barangay

Bibincahan Sorsogon City Proper. This focuses only on the study of modes of traffic relevant

to the existing local roads and physical transportation facilities of the city that

contributes traffic build-ups. With this study we will develop a design traffic management

by establishing a one-way and two-way traffic systems applicable only to the city local roads

which the local government has only its jurisdictions over the said.
significance of study

This road widening study aims to identify the impacts of road construction at the local

level on inhabitants who were affected by road widening. The study's primary assumption

was that road development had both positive and negative effects and consequences on the

local people. This study attempts to remove the conceptual baggage that the road has both

positive and bad effects on both households and the population living in that area.

NOTES

• WHO (World Health Organization) Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution

— REVIHAAP Project3 (2013)

• Countryside Agency (2006) L. Matson, Ian Taylor, L. Sloman, J.Elliott

• J Environ Monitor, 1 (4) (1999) A. Bartonova, J. Clench-Aas, F. Gram, K.E. Grønskei, C.

Guerreiro, S. Larssen

• Microchem J, 90 (2) (2008) M. Stranger, A. Krata, V. Kontozova-Deutsch, L. Bencs, F.

Deutsch, A. Worobiec10.1016/j.microc.2008.04.001

• J Air Pollut Control Assoc, 30 (12) (1980) J.S. Evans, D.W.

Cooper10.1080/00022470.1980.10465188

• Eur Respir J, 23 (2004), pp. 402-406Close

• I.A. Bergdahl, K. Torén, K. Eriksson, U. Hedlund, T. Nilssonz, R. Flodin

0771-2

• Environ Eng Sci, 16 (5) (1999) Y.-M. Chang, T.-C. Chang, W.-K.

Chen10.1089/ees.1999.16.375

• European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and

Sustainability (2012G. Janssens-Maenhout, F. Dentener, J. van Aardenne, S. Monni, V.

Pagliari, L. Orlandini10.2788/14102

• Research Triangle Park, NC (1995) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

• (Fifth ed.) (2011)[(with revisions till January 2011) EPA (Environmental Protection

Agency) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/

CHAPTER II

Review of related literature and studies

This chapter presents a collection of literature and study compiled together for directions,

guides, and references for the conduct of the research. Information gathered from books,

journals, and electronic resources were used to search for the accepted views, principles, and

theories that can support the present study.

Related literature

According to the National Statistics Office (NSO) (2010) census, Cainta is a first-class

municipality and one of the most urbanized and wealthy municipalities in Rizal, with a land area

of 26.81 km[2] (1,019 hectares). Cainta is the second most populated municipality in the

Philippines, according to the same census, with a population of 311,845 people. Due to its
proximity to Manila, the municipality acts as a secondary gateway to the remainder of Rizal

province from Metro Manila and is one of the most urbanized towns. Cainta's position is

favorable for investment, thus road development and repair are required to ensure the safety of

the population (Cainta, 2016).

Erosion control blankets reduce runoff and soil erosion by improving soil quality

(Bhattarai et al., 2011) and enhancing vegetation (Faucette et al., 2006) that would offer a

permanent erosion control. Likewise, geotextiles control rain splash and runoff (Bhattacharyya et

al., 2010) and promote a micro-climate for subsequent vegetation growth (Sutherland and
Ziegler, 2006). Geotextiles are applied on bare slopes after spreading seed mixture for long-term

erosion protection (Sutherland and Ziegler, 2007).

Synthetic geotextiles such as silt fences are used for highway and other construction

projects to provide a temporary enhancing sedimentation (Barrett et al., 1998). Silt fences are

preferred because they are cheap and easy to install (Robichaud et al., 2001; Wachal et al., 2009).

The limitations of synthetic geotextiles, however, are that they are non-degradable and may

cause soil pollution, and their production may cause air and water pollution (Bhattacharyya et al.,

2010).

According to Jankauskas et al. (2008), however, natural geotextiles constructed from

organic materials are more efficient in controlling soil erosion since they adhere to the surface's

microtopography and can follow slope contours and stay in close contact with the soil

(Bhattacharyya et al., 2010). Additionally, natural geotextiles are easily available in many parts

of the world, less costly to produce, apply and are environmentally friendly as they are made of

biodegradable material (Bhattacharyya et al., 2008).

Some previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of erosion control blankets and

geotextiles in reducing erosion on roadside slopes and found that they reduce soil loss as a result

of improvement in vegetation growth (Bakr et al., 2012; De Oña and Osorio, 2006; Jankauskas et
al., 2008; Pengcheng et al., 2008).

Bakr et al. (2012) examined the influence of compost/mulch on stormwater runoff rates

on highway embankments in Louisiana. They found out that compost/mulch was effective for

soil erosion control since it increased crop cover and reduced soil loss.

Others such as Pengcheng et al. (2008) evaluated the application of sewage sludge

compost on highway embankments in China and observed an improvement of soil quality

parameters, increased growth of ryegrass and a reduction in volume of runoff and soil loss.

Similarly, Osorio and De Ona (2006) observed that compost application on road

embankments in southern Spain increases vegetation cover and reduces soil loss. Additionally, it

was found that soil loss decreased with the addition of greater quantities of compost.

Jankauskas et al. (2008) investigated the use of palm-leaf geotextiles to control erosion

on roadside slopes in Lithuania. They found that soil erosion from bare fallow soil was reduced

by 91.15 - 94.8%, and this was attributed to the multiple benefits such as soil conservation and

improved soil moisture that encouraged better plant growth.

On the other hand, engineering soil erosion control techniques (e.g. diversion drains and

Lattice structures) like non-engineering methods, also reduce erosion on roadside slopes by

diverting runoff away from the surface of the roadside slope (Claridge and Mirza, 1981) and

intercepting runoff (Xu et al., 2006), respectively. These techniques, however, do not provide a

protective layer on the surface of the roadside slope; hence soil detachment from direct rainfall

impact could still occur. The combination of engineering and vegetation measures could,

therefore, provide an effective method for reducing runoff and direct rainfall impact thereby

reducing soil loss on roadside slopes (Xu et al., 2006).

On the basis of the above discussion, the most efficient and economic soil erosion control

strategy is re-vegetation. This is because vegetation cover provides a cheap long-term erosion

control (Benik et al., 2003), requires less maintenance than complex engineering structures
(Montoro et al., 2000) and improves the landscape aesthetic value (Albaladejo Montoro et al.,

2000). Hence, soil erosion control through the establishment of a dense vegetation cover is a

priority for restoration of roadside slopes (García-Palacios et al., 2010). For instance, Figure 2a

illustrates roadside slopes that have successfully stabilized due to the use of vegetation cover as a

control mechanism.

Related studies

Now many expressways are confronted with embankment linking and widening, which

cause uneven settlement and pavement cracking along the joint between the old and new roads,
especially on soft ground. It is important to systematically analyze the performance of different

ground and embankment treatment techniques used in road widening. A numerical model based

on plane strain finite element method (FEM) is carried out to analyze the behaviors of

embankment and foundation at widening. Four ground and embankment treatment techniques

including embankment reinforcement, light weight embankment, cement deep mixing pile and

separating wall are compared in their effectiveness through uneven settlement, horizontal

displacement, and stress condition. It has been approved that light-weight embankment has the

most effectiveness among four treatments.

The high growth number of vehicles will increase the movement and the use of transport

infrastructure. Road widening is one of the actions that can be used as the solution. However, this

solution also increases the traffic performance. This is because people will switch to use the nee

road widened because they believe this road can accommodate the existing traffic volume. For

finding out the effects of road widening towards the increasing of traffic performance and road

capacity, it is necessary to conduct a research and an analysis. The Road network of any city is

its lifeline, and the evaluation of their performance is very necessary for future traffic planning,

design, operation, and maintenance etc. Traffic flow is most cities of India is mixed traffic

characteristics and the traffic congestion id the common problem in most major cities in India. In

this project on "widening and strengthening of the road" and aims to widen the roads in Ranga
Reddy district of Telangana.

With the rapid development of urban economy and the rapid growth of traffic volume, the

traffic pressure on roads is becoming more and more severe. It is necessary to rebuild or expand

the existing roads to meet the increasing demand of traffic and transportation. However, there are

some problems in the widening of the existing retaining wall section, such as high probability of

damage and difficult reuse of retaining wall. In order to solve these problems, this paper starts

from the aspects of reducing the earth pressure of retaining wall, reducing the probability of road

damage and imp roving the integrity of structure. A road widening structure is designed.

Generally, the maximum differential settlement appears at the overlapping area of

existing and new road pavement after highway widening project. However, lots of longitudinal

cracks and other kinds of distresses were found on the existing pavement after the widening

project of Guangsan Highway. The field investigation was carried out to find out the reason that

the large settlement appeared on existing lanes induced by the weak foundation under the

existing lanes, which leaded the cracks observed on the existing pavement. In addition,

numerical method was adopted to verify this explanation. The parameter sensitivities were

studied to discuss the characteristics of subgrade settlement after the highway widening project.

Synthesis of the State - of - the - art

How a Transit Project Might Increase Economic Activity is a subject that may be
answered using a wealth of theoretical literature. Although less comprehensive, the empirical
literature is nonetheless helpful. Our research focuses on "additional economic benefits,"
which are advantages of transportation expenditures beyond travel time and/or cost
reductions, the capitalization of those savings in land prices, or the potential increase in
development density. It is easier to estimate travel time and cost reductions and their
immediate consequences; these estimations are already required by FTA grant requirements
applications.
It is predicted that transit developments will have a variety of additional,
interconnected economic effects. The UK Department for Transport refers to these effects as
"wider economic repercussions." They are associated with the "induced" effects of
transportation investments—the population and economic growth that has been demonstrated
to accompany some transportation investments—but they are totally unrelated to such
alterations. When estimating agglomeration economies in the UK, only the interactions
between businesses made possible by shorter travel times are taken into account. These
contacts are crucial for boosting productivity.

Gap bridged by the study

It is common to increase road capacity by constructing ring roads to reduce traffic

congestion in city areas, although this is often found to be ineffective in the long run.

Accordingly, this study investigates various traffic congestion management approaches and their

effectiveness in major cities, and explores an identical transport problem in Almaty, Kazakhstan:

The Big Almaty Ring Road (BAKAD). Several case examples from the existing literature are

examined in which various approaches were taken for managing traffic congestion problems, and

these approaches are classified into three concepts. The first concept comprises heavy

engineering measures such as ring road development, new road construction, expansion of

existing roads, etc. Such measures can initially reduce traffic congestion, but often become

ineffective with time due to the generation of induced traffic. Many cities have taken Push and

Pull measures that ensure more efficient use of existing capacity and have initiated

environmentally friendly alternative transportation modes such as decreased car usage;

promotion of public transport, biking and walking; minimization of the necessity of people’s

movement by changing urban land use patterns; and so on.

One of the major problems of road safety research is that most of it does not have a

strong theoretical basis. The lack of such a basis makes it difficult to design suitable studies and

interpret findings (Elvik, 2004). Current road safety models are focused mainly on risk. Traffic

and transport literature offers models for travel behaviour that help to explain exposure to risk.

To the best of our knowledge, there is no framework that combines exposure to risk (resulting

from travel behaviour) and risk in current scientific literature. Such a framework would be useful

for both road safety researchers and policy makers for identifying the potential effects of

measures and policies. Because road crashes result from both exposure to risk (hereafter referred

to as exposure) and risk, a model comprising both factors as well as the interactions between

them would help researchers acquire a broader insight into potentially relevant safety effects.

Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of terms

• Impact – to have a significant effect on someone or something

• Road Widening – it refers to acquiring more right-of-way for road development.

• RA 10752 - is a law that makes it easier to acquire right-of-way sites or locations for

national government infrastructure projects.

• https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i5/UIJRTV2I50004.pdf

• Effects of the road widening projects on the residence of the respondents

https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i5/UIJRTV2I50004.pdf

• Effects of the road widening projects on the livelihood of the respondents

https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i5/UIJRTV2I50004.pdf

• Level of satisfaction of the respondents on the road widening projects in terms of local

employment https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i5/UIJRTV2I50004.pdf
 CHAPTER III
Research design and methodology

This chapter describes the method of research design, the respondents of the study, the

instrument used, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment of data.

Research method/research design

This study will utilize a descriptive research approach, with questionnaires and fact-

finding inquiries established (Kothari, 2004). It is based on observation and the collection of

accurate facts in order to build a better knowledge of the situation (Walliman, 2011). The
researchers have no influence over the variables and can only report what is going on. Due to its

nature, objectives, and scope, the study design is regarded appropriate for the present. The survey

research approach was used in this study, which was separated into two parts: a closed-ended

questionnaire distributed to residents and a face-to-face interview with the relevant government

official. It is a popular market research tool that allows us to collect and describe the

demographic segment’s nature.

Respondents and key informants

This research will focus on Barangay Bibincahan because the researchers chose this place

based on the community's project history. Respondents were primarily Barangay Bibincahan

locals and the government official assigned to the project. In the study, one hundred (100)

residents are recommended as responders.

Sampling method

The researchers will utilize the simple random sampling to collect data from 100

construction workers in a chosen construction firm. The simple random sampling is a randomly

selected subset of a population. In this sampling method, each member of the population has an

exactly equal chance of being selected.

Research instrument

The researchers utilized the face-to-face interview and mail survey method. For the

survey method, participants answered likert-scale and open- ended questionnaire.

Survey-questionnaire. In reaching all the possible respondents in the area, a google form

was made reflecting the survey questionnaire. For those who do not have internet connectivity,

paper survey-questionnaire was given to them.

The researchers, aside from collecting data from the respondents, will also collect

relevant information through the literature review. This includes analysis and synthesis of the

related studies, methodology, and research findings, which are all anchored on the field of

construction and its impact on the research locale.

Data gathering procedure

A letter requesting permission to perform the study was written and sent to the

researchers' adviser. Following approval, the researchers began collecting data. The researchers

used a survey and a semi-structured interview to collect data. Residents of Barangay Bibincahan

will be requested to complete a survey questionnaire and take part in an interview. The first

section of the survey focused on the respondents' demographic profile, such as gender, age

group, and monthly household income. There were also questions about the respondents'

awareness of the purpose and facts about the road construction project.

The following section of the survey focused on the environmental risks that respondents

encountered during and after road improvement projects. The questions were answered on a five-

point Likert scale and were based on Trethanya and Perera's research (2009). In addition,

respondents were asked open-ended questions on their experiences during and after the road

improvement. They were also asked to identify the environmental threats that affect them the

most and least. In addition, respondents were asked to select the social risk they encountered

during and after the road construction. The final section of the survey focused on respondents'

satisfaction with the road improvement project.

This study will use Frequency count, weighted mean and Percentage as the primary

statistical tool of the study. The usage of percentages, which are used to calculate the number of

respondents who submitted a particular response, is one of the most common ways to convey

statistics. The researchers also used the Likert scale to interpret the respondents' response

frequency.