Industrial Ventilation
General Principles of Industrial Ventilation
What Is Industrial Ventilation?
Environmental engineers view:
The design and application of equipment for providing the necessary conditions for maintaining the efficiency, health and safety of the workers Industrial hygienists view: The control of emissions and the control of exposures Mechanical engineers view: The control of the environment with air flow. This can be achieved by replacement of contaminated air with clean air General Principles 2
Industrial Ventilation
Objectives To introduce the basic terms To discuss heat control To design ventilation systems
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Why Industrial Ventilation?
To maintain an adequate oxygen supply in the work
area. To control hazardous concentrations of toxic materials in the air. To remove any undesirable odors from a given area. To control temperature and humidity. To remove undesirable contaminants at their source before they enter the work place air.
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Application Of Industrial Ventilation Systems
Optimization of energy costs. Reduction of occupational health disease claims. Control of contaminants to acceptable levels. Control of heat and humidity for comfort. Prevention of fires and explosions.
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Solutions To Industrial Ventilation Problems
Process modifications Local exhaust ventilation Substitution Isolation Administrative control Personal protection devices Natural ventilation
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Ventilation Design Parameters
Manufacturing process Exhaust air system & local extraction Climatic requirements in building design (tightness,
plant aerodynamics, etc) Cleanliness requirements Ambient air conditions Heat emissions Terrain around the plant Contaminant emissions Regulations
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Source Characterization
Location Relative contribution of each source to the exposure Characterization of each contributor Characterization of ambient air Worker interaction with emission source Work practices
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Types Of Industrial Ventilation Systems
Supply systems
Purpose: To create a comfortable environment in the plant i.E. The HVAC system To replace air exhausted from the plant i.E. The replacement system
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Supply Systems
Components Air inlet section Filters Heating and/or cooling equipment Fan Ducts Register/grills for distributing the air within the work space
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Exhaust Systems
Purpose
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and
airborne contaminants from the work place air The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may be placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source itself
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Exhaust Systems
Types of exhaust systems:
General exhaust system Local exhaust system
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General Exhaust Systems
Used for heat control in an area by introducing large Used for removal of contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor air with the contaminant so that the average concentration is quantities of air in the area. The air may be tempered and recycled.
reduced to a safe level.
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Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove
the contaminant as it is generated at the source itself. Advantages: More effective as compared to a general exhaust system. The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating costs compared to the high flow rate required for a general exhaust system. The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning equipment. General Principles 14
Local Exhaust Systems(LES)
Components: Hood The duct system including the exhaust stack and/or re-circulation duct Air cleaning device Fan, which serves as an air moving device
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What is the difference between Exhaust and Supply systems?
An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant concentrations.
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Pressure In A Ventilation System
Air movement in the ventilation system is a result of
differences in pressure. In a supply system, the pressure created by the system is in addition to the atmospheric pressure in the work place. In an exhaust system, the objective is to lower the pressure in the system below the atmospheric pressure.
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Types Of Pressures In A Ventilation Systems
Three types of pressures are of importance in ventilation work. They are: Static pressure Velocity pressure Total pressure
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Why is air considered incompressible in Industrial Ventilation design problems?
The differences in pressure that exist within the ventilation system itself are small when compared to the atmospheric pressure in the room. Because of the small differences in pressure, air can be assumed to be incompressible. Since 1 lb/in2 = 27 inches of water, 1 inch = 0.036 lbs pressure or 0.24% of standard atmospheric pressure. Thus the potential error introduced due to this assumption is also negligible.
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Velocity Pressure
It is defined as that pressure required to accelerate
air from rest to some velocity (V) and is proportional to the kinetic energy of the air stream. VP acts in the direction of flow and is measured in the direction of flow. VP represents kinetic energy within a system. VP is always positive.
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Static Pressure
It is defined as the pressure in the duct that
tends to burst or collapse the duct and is expressed in inches of water gauge (wg). SP acts equally in all directions SP can be negative or positive
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Static pressure can be positive or negative.Explain.
Positive static pressure results in the tendency of the air to expand. Negative static pressure results in the tendency of the air to contract. For example, take a common soda straw, and put it in your mouth. Close one end with your finger and blow very hard. You have created a positive static pressure. However, as soon as you remove your finger from the end of the straw, the air begins to move outward away from the straw. The static pressure has been transformed into velocity pressure, which is positive.
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Velocity Pressure
VELOCITY PRESSURE (VP) VP = (V/4005)2 or V = 4005VP
Where
VP = velocity pressure, inches of water gauge (wg) V = flow velocity, fpm
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Total Pressure
TP = SP + VP It can be defined as the algebraic sum of the static as well as the velocity pressures SP represents the potential energy of a system and VP the kinetic energy of the system, the sum of which gives the total energy of the system TP is measured in the direction of flow and can be positive or negative
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How do you measure the Pressures in a ventilation system?
The manometer, which is a simple graduated U-shaped tube open, at both ends, an inclined manometer or a Pitot tube can be used to measure Static pressure.
The impact tube can be used to measure Total pressure.
The measurement of Static and Total pressures using manometer and impact tube, will also indirectly result in measurement of the Velocity pressure of the system.
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Basic Definitions
Pressure
It is defined as the force per unit area.
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 29.92
inches of mercury or 760 mm of mercury or 14.7 lb/sq.inch.
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Basic Definitions
Air density
It can be defined as the mass per unit volume of air,
(lbm/ft3 ). at standard atmosphere (p=14.7 psfa), room temperature (70 F) and zero water content. The value of =0.075 lbm/ft3
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Basic Definitions
Perfect Gas Equation: P = RT Where P = absolute pressure in pounds per square foot absolute (psfa). = gas density in lbm/ft3. R = gas constant for air. T = absolute temperature in degree Rankin. For any dry air situation T = (T)std = std(Tstd/T) = 0.075 (460+70)/T = 0.075 (530/T)
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Basic Definitions
Volumetric Flow Rate The volume or quantity of air that flows through a given location per unit time Q=V*A or V = Q /A or A = Q/V Where Q = volume of flow rate in cfm V = average velocity in fpm A = cross-sectional area in sq.ft
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Example
The cross-sectional area of a duct is 2.75 sq.ft.The velocity of air flowing in the duct is 3600 fpm. What is the volume? From the given problem A = 2.75 sq. ft. V = 3600 fpm We know that Q=V*A Hence, Q = 3600 * 2.75 = 9900 cfm
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Basic Definitions
Reynolds number R = DV/ Where = density in lbm/ft3 D = diameter in ft V = velocity in fpm = air viscosity, lbm/s-ft
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Darcy Weisbach Friction Coefficient Equation
hf = f (L/d)VP Where hf = friction losses in a duct, wg f = friction coefficient (dimensionless) L = duct length, ft d = duct diameter, ft VP = velocity pressure,wg
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Duct Losses
Types of losses in ducts
Friction losses Dynamic or turbulence losses
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Duct Losses
Friction losses Factors effecting friction losses:
Duct velocity Duct diameter Air density Air viscosity Duct surface roughness
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Duct Losses
Dynamic losses or turbulent losses Caused by elbows, openings, bends etc. In the flow way. The turbulence losses at the entry depends on the shape of the openings Coefficient of entry (Ce)
For a perfect hood with no turbulence losses Ce = 1.0
I.E V = 4005ceVP = 4005 VP
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Duct Losses
Turbulence losses are given by the following expression Hl= FN*VP Where FN = decimal fraction
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Terminal Or Settling Velocity
V = 0.0052(S.G)D2 Where D = particle diameter in microns S.G = specific gravity V = settling velocity in fpm
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