POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10

INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

RELIABILITY

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
10a. Power System Reliability: Overview.
10b. Power System Reliability Indices.
10c. Numerical Examples on Reliability Indices.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10a

POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY:

OVERVIEW

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

• What do we mean by “power system reliability” ?
- The reliability definition based on IEEE 90 standard is:

The ability of a system or component to perform its

required functions:
• under stated conditions.

• for a specified period of time.

- In the case of electric power distribution, reliability concerns

have come from customers who want uninterrupted
continuous power supplied to their facilities at minimum cost.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
• Momentary and sustained interruptions:

- The momentary interruption is any interruption of duration of

less than five minutes.
- In accordance with IEEE Standard 1366–2003, when
calculating the reliability indices, momentary interruption
events are not included.
- Therefore, customer interruption durations less than five
minutes are excluded when calculating the reliability indices.
- The sustained interruption is any interruption of duration
equal or more than five minutes.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
• Planned and unplanned interruptions:
- Planned power interruptions occur to allow essential
maintenance to be undertaken on the network. Customers will
always be informed when a planned power interruption is due
to occur.
- Unplanned power interruptions can occur for a number of
reasons such as storms, fires or car accidents.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10

INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

RELIABILITY

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
10a. Power System Reliability: Overview.
10b. Power System Reliability Indices.
10c. Numerical Examples on Reliability Indices.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10b

POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY

INDICES

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- There are some indices called as “reliability indices”.
- They are international standards.
- It is common that companies measure the length and number
of interruptions in electricity distribution.
- These indices measure how is the system reliable.
- They serve as valuable tools for comparing electrical utilities
performance reliability.
- System reliability is more concerned with the continuity of the
service.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- Many electric utilities routinely prepare distribution outage
reports monthly, quarterly, and annually by town
(municipality) or by district.
- The purposes of the reports are to monitor and evaluate
distribution reliability, uncover weaknesses and potential
problems, and make recommendations for improving
reliability.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

In summary, power utilities usually have the following data:
- Number of customers.
- Connected load.
- Duration of the interruption measured in seconds, minutes,
hours, or days.
- Amount of power interrupted.
- Frequency of interruptions.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
- IEEE Standard 1366–2003 entitled, IEEE Guide for Electric
Power Distribution Reliability Indices, defines the following
distribution reliability indices:
• SAIDI = System Average Interruption Duration Index.
(average time of interruptions per customer per year)
• SAIFI = System Average Interruption Frequency Index.
(number of interruptions per customer per year)

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- Also:
• ENS = Energy Not Supplied.
(summation of MWh or kWh not supplied to customers
….during a period of time )
• AENS = Average Energy Not Supplied.
(average of ENS over the total number of customers)

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- Where these indices are calculated as:

- SAIDI can vary from a few minutes to several hours. (How

long)
- SAIFI can vary from 1 to 10 and more. (How often)
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
• Other Indices:
- Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI).
- Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI).
- Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI).
- Customers Interrupted per Interruption Index (CIII).
- Customer Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMIX).
- Average Service Availability Index (ASAI).
- Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI).
- Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI).
- Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI).

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10

INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

RELIABILITY

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
10a. Power System Reliability: Overview.
10b. Power System Reliability Indices.
10c. Numerical Examples on Reliability Indices.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 10c

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ON
RELIABILITY INDICES

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Example 1:
In a certain distribution system, five outages were recorded in a
single day. The table shown below shows each outage, the
duration of the outage and the number of customers interrupted
in each outage event. The total number of customers in this
system is 50,000.
For that given day, calculate:
a) SAIDI
b) SAIFI

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Solution:

10×90+1000×20+2×175+1×120+1×38 = 21,408 minutes

50,000 customers

==> SAIDI = 21,408 minutes / 50,000 customers

= 0.42816 minutes / customer
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
 10+1000+2+1+1 = 1014 interruptions

50,000 customers

==> SAIFI = 1014 interruptions / 50,000 customers

= 0.02028 interruptions / customer
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
Example 2:
Obtain SAIDI, SAIFI, ENS and AENS indices for a system
whose details are as given in the tables below for one year.

Table 1: system data

Table 2: outage data

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Solution:

800×3+600×3+300×2+600×1+500×1.5+300×1.5 = 6600 hours

1000+800+600+800+500+300 = 4000 customers

==> SAIDI = 6600 hours / 4000 customers

= 1.65 hours / customer
= 99 minutes / customer
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
800+600+300+600+500+300 = 3100 interruptions

1000+800+600+800+500+300 = 4000 customers

==> SAIFI = 3100 interruptions / 4000 customers

= 0.775 interruptions / customer
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
=3600×3+2800×3+1800×2+2800×1+2400×1.5+1800×1.5
= 31,900 kWh

= 31,900 kWh / 4000 customers

= 7.975 kWh / customer

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- Methods for improving distribution reliability include:
• Replacement of older distribution equipment.
• Crew staffing and training for fast responses to outages and
rapid restoration of service.
• Formal maintenance programs.
• Public awareness programs to reduce hazards in the vicinity
of distribution equipment such as contractor dig-ins.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

• Also, great strides in distribution reliability have come
through distribution automation.
• This includes adoption of reclosers and sectionalizers in the
network.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Recloser:
- Recloser is usually adopted in power distribution network for
the purpose of enhancing power system reliability indices.
- It can replace the conventional circuit breaker.
- It can be implemented with or without a downstream
sectionalizer.

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Sectionalizer:
- Sectionalizer is usually incorporated with an upstream
recloser in order to achieve more improvement of power
system reliability indices.
- A sectionalizer works according to the “instructions” of a
recloser.
- It may replace the fuse in
…..distribution system for better
… reliability enhancement.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC