iw.

kk±d 1

vè;k; 1
iw.kk±d
1.1 iw.kk±dksa osQ ;ksx ,oa O;odyu osQ xq.k
geus d{kk 6 esa iw.kZ la[;kvksa vkSj iw.kk±dksa osQ fo"k; esa i<+k gSA lkFk gh] iw.kk±dksa dks tksM+us vkSj
?kVkus osQ fu;eksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;k gSA

1.1.1 ;ksx osQ varxZr laor

`
ge lh[k pqosQ gSa fd nks iw.kZ la[;kvksa dk ;ksx iqu% ,d iw.kZ la[;k gh gksrh gS A mnkgj.kr%
17 + 24 = 41 gS] tks fd iqu% ,d iw.kZ la[;k gS A ge tkurs gSa fd ;g xq.k iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ
;ksx dk lao`r xq.k dgykrk gS A
vkb, ns[ksa fd D;k ;g xq.k iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh lR; gS vFkok ughaA iw.kk±dksa osQ oqQN ;qXe
uhps fn, tk jgs gSa A uhps nh gqbZ lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft, %
dFku izs{k.k
(i) 17 + 23 = 40 ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d gS A
(ii) (–10) + 3 = _____ ______________
(iii) (–75) + 18 = _____ ______________
(iv) 19 + (–25) = – 6 ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d gS A
(v) 27 + (–27) = _____ ______________
(vi) (–20) + 0 = _____ ______________
(vii) (–35) + (– 10) = _____ ______________

vki D;k ns[krs gSa \ D;k nks iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx ges'kk ,d iw.kk±d izkIr djrk gS \
D;k vkidks iw.kk±dksa dk dksbZ ,slk ;qXe feyk ftldk ;ksx iw.kk±d ugha gS \

Rationalised 2023-24
2 xf.kr

D;ksafd iw.kk±d dk ;ksx ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS] blfy, ge dgrs gSa fd iw.kk±d ;ksx osQ varxZr
lao`r (closed) gksrs gSa \
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a + b ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS A

1.1.2 O;odyu osQ varxZr laor

`
tc ge ,d iw.kk±d dks nwljs iw.kk±d esa ls ?kVkrs gSa] rks D;k gksrk gS \ D;k ge dg ldrs gSa
fd mudk varj Hkh ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS \
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft,%

dFku izs{k.k
(i) 7 – 9 = – 2 ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d gS A
(ii) 17 – (– 21) = _______ ______________
(iii) (– 8) – (–14) = 6 ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d gS A
(iv) (– 21) – (– 10) = _______ ______________
(v) 32 – (–17) = _______ ______________
(vi) (– 18) – (– 18) = _______ ______________
(vii) (– 29) – 0 = _______ ______________

vki D;k ns[krs gSa\ D;k iw.kk±dksa dk dksbZ ,slk ;qXe gS ftldk varj iw.kk±d ugha gS \ D;k
ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±d O;odyu osQ varxZr lao`r gSa \ gk¡] ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±d
O;odyu osQ varxZr lao`r gksrs gSa A
vr%] ;fn a vkSj b nks iw.kk±d gSa] rks a – b Hkh ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS A D;k iw.kZ la[;k,¡ Hkh
bl xq.k dks larq"V djrh gSa \

1.1.3 Øefofues; xq.k

ge tkurs gSa fd 3 + 5 = 5 + 3 = 8 gS, vFkkZr~ nks iw.kZ la[;kvksa dks fdlh Hkh Øe esa tksM+k tk
ldrk gS A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, ;ksx Øefofues; gksrk gS A
D;k blh dFku dks ge iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh dg ldrs gSa \
ge ikrs gSa fd 5 + (– 6) = –1 vkSj (– 6) + 5 = –1 gSA
blfy, 5 + (– 6) = (– 6) + 5 gSA
D;k fuEufyf[kr leku gSa \
(i) (– 8) + (– 9) vkSj (– 9) + (– 8)
(ii) (– 23) + 32 vkSj 32 + (– 23)
(iii) (– 45) + 0 vkSj 0 + (– 45)

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 3

ik¡p vU; iw.kk±dksa osQ ;qXeksa osQ fy, ,slk iz;kl dhft, A D;k vkidks iw.kk±dksa dk dksbZ ,slk
;qXe feyrk gS ftlosQ fy, iw.kk±dksa dk Øe cny nsus ls mudk ;ksx Hkh cny tkrk gS A fu%lUnsg
ugha A ;ksx iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Øefofues; gksrk gS A
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks iw.kk±dksa a vkSj b, osQ fy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd
a+b=b+a
l ge tkurs gSa fd O;odyu iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, Øefofues; ugha gS A D;k ;g iw.kk±dksa
osQ fy, Øefofues; gS \
iw.kk±d 5 ,oa (–3) yhft,A D;k 5 – (–3) ,oa (–3) –5 leku gSa \ ugha] D;ksafd
5 – ( –3) = 5 + 3 = 8 gS ,oa (–3) – 5 = – 3 – 5 = – 8 gSA
iw.kk±dksa osQ de ls de ik¡p fofHkUu ;qXe yhft, vkSj bl dFku dh tk¡p dhft, A
ge ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd O;odyu iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Øefofues; ugha gS A

1.1.4 lkgp;Z xq.k

fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa dks nsf[k, %
iw.kk±dksa –3, –2 ,oa –5 dks yhft, A
(–5) + [(–3) + (–2)] vkSj [(–5) + (–3)] + (–2) ij è;ku nhft,A
izFke ;ksx esa (–3) vkSj (–2) dks feykdj ,d lewg cuk;k x;k gS vkSj nwljs ;ksx eas
(–5) ,oa (–3) dks feykdj ,d lewg cuk;k x;k gS A ge bldh tk¡p djsaxs fd D;k gedks
fofHkUu ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSa A

(–5) + [(–3) + (–2)] [(–5) + (–3)] + (–2)

bu nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa gesa –10 izkIr gksrk gS A

vFkkZr]~ (–5) + [(–3) + (–2)] = [(–5) + (–2)] + (–3)
blh izdkj] –3 , 1 vkSj –7 dks yhft, A
( –3) + [1 + (–7)] = –3 + __________ = __________
[(–3) + 1] + (–7) = –2 + __________ = __________
D;k (–3) + [1 + (–7)] ,oa [(–3) + 1] + (–7) leku gSa \

Rationalised 2023-24
 4 xf.kr

bl izdkj osQ ik¡p vkSj mnkgj.k yhft, A vki ,slk dksbZ mnkgj.k ugha ik,¡xs ftlosQ fy,
bl rjg osQ ;ksx fofHkUu gSa A ;g n'kkZrk gS fd iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, ;ksx lgpkjh (associative) gksrk
gSA O;kid :i esa] iw.kk±dksa a, b vkSj c osQ fy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c

1.1.5 ;ksT; rRled

tc ge fdlh iw.kZ la[;k esa 'kwU; dks tksM+rs gSa] rks gesa ogh iw.kZ la[;k izkIr gksrh gS A iw.kZ
la[;kvksa osQ fy, 'kwU; ,d ;ksT; rRled (additive identity) gS A D;k ;g iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh
,d ;ksT; rRled gS \
fuEufyf[kr dks nsf[k, vkSj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r dhft,%
(i) (– 8) + 0 = – 8 (ii) 0 + (– 8) = – 8
(iii) (–23) + 0 = _____ (iv) 0 + (–37) = –37
(v) 0 + (–59) = _____ (vi) 0 + _____ = – 43
(vii) – 61 + _____ = – 61 (viii) _____ + 0 = _____
mi;qZDr mnkgj.k n'kkZrs gSa fd 'kwU;] iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh ,d ;ksT; rRled gS A vki fdUgha
ik¡p vU; iw.kk±dksa esa 'kwU; tksM+dj bls lR;kfir dj ldrs gSa A
O;kid :i esa] fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,]
a+0=a=0+a

iz;kl dhft,
1. ,d ,slk iw.kk±d ;qXe fyf[k, ftlds ;ksx ls gesa fuEufyf[kr izkIr gksrk gS %
(a) ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d (b) 'kwU;
(c) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa ls NksVk ,d iw.kk±d (d) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa esa ls dsoy fdlh
,d ls NksVk iw.kk±d
(e) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa ls cM+k ,d iw.kk±d
2. ,d ,slk iw.kk±d ;qXe fyf[k, ftlds varj ls gesa fuEufyf[kr izkIr gksrk gS %
(a) ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d (b) 'kwU;
(c) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa ls NksVk ,d iw.kk±d (d) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa esa ls dsoy fdlh
(e) nksuksa iw.kk±dksa ls cM+k ,d iw.kk±d ,d ls cM+k iw.kk±d

mnkgj.k 1 ,sls iw.kk±d ;qXe fyf[k, ftudk

(a) ;ksx –3 gS (b) varj –5 gS
(c) varj 2 gS (d) ;ksx 0 gS

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 5

gy (a) – 1, – 2, ∵ (–1) + (–2) = –3 ;k – 5, 2, ∵ (–5) + 2 = –3

(b) – 9, – 4, ∵ (–9) – (– 4) = –5 ;k – 2, 3, ∵ (–2) – 3 = –5
(c) – 7, – 9, ∵ (–7) – (–9) = 2 ;k 1, – 1, ∵ 1 – (–1) = 2
(d) – 10, 10, ∵ (–10) + 10 = 0 ;k 5, – 5, ∵ 5 + (–5) = 0
D;k vki bu mnkgj.kksa esa vkSj vf/d ;qXe fy[k ldrs gSa \
iz'ukoyh 1.1
1. ,slk iw.kk±d ;qXe fyf[k, ftldk
(a) ;ksx –7 gS (b) varj –10 gS (c) ;ksx 0 gS
2. (a) ,d ,slk Í.kkRed iw.kk±d ;qXe fyf[k, ftldk varj 8 gS A
(b) ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d vkSj ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d fyf[k, ftudk ;ksx –5 gS A
(c) ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d vkSj ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d fyf[k, ftudk varj –3 gS A
3. fdlh iz'uksÙkjh osQ rhu mÙkjksrj pDdjksa (rounds) esa Vhe A }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad – 40,
10, 0 Fks vkSj Vhe B }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad 10, 0, – 40 Fks A fdl Vhe us vfèkd vad
izkIr fd, \ D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±dksa dks fdlh Hkh Øe esa tksM+k tk ldrk gS \
4. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa dks lR; cukus osQ fy, fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,%
(i) (–5) + (– 8) = (– 8) + (............)
(ii) –53 + ............ = –53
(iii) 17 + ............ = 0
(iv) [13 + (– 12)] + (............) = 13 + [(–12) + (–7)]
(v) (– 4) + [15 + (–3)] = [– 4 + 15] + ............

1.2 iw.kk±dksa dk xq.ku

ge iw.kk±dksa dk ;ksx ,oa O;odyu dj ldrs gSa A vkbZ, vc lh[ksa fd iw.kk±dksa dks oSQls xq.kk
fd;k tkrk gSA

1.2.1 ,d /ukRed vkSj ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dk xq.ku

ge tkurs gSa fd iw.kZ la[;kvksa dk xq.ku ckj&ckj ;ksx gS A
mnkgj.kr%] 5+5+5= 3 × 5 = 15
D;k vki iw.kk±dksa osQ ;ksx dks Hkh blh izdkj fu:fir dj ldrs gSa \
fuEufyf[kr la[;k js[kk ls ge ikrs gSa fd (–5) + (–5) + (–5) = –15 gSA

–20 –15 –10 –5 0

Rationalised 2023-24
 6 xf.kr

iz;kl dhft, ijarq bls ge fuEufyf[kr :i esa Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa%
la[;k js[kk dk mi;ksx djrs (–5) + (–5) + (–5) = 3 × (–5)
gq,] Kkr dhft,% blfy,] 3 × (–5) = –15
4 × (– 8), blh izdkj] (– 4) + (– 4) + (– 4) + (– 4) + (– 4) = 5 × (– 4) = –20
8 × (–2),
3 × (–7),
10 × (–1)

vkSj (–3) + (–3) + (–3) + (–3) = __________ = __________

lkFk gh] (–7) + (–7) + (–7) = __________ = __________
vkb, ns[ksa fd la[;k js[kk dk mi;ksx fd, fcuk ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d ,oa ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d
dk xq.kuiQy oSQls Kkr fd;k tk,A
vkb, ,d vU; izdkj ls 3 × (–5) Kkr djsa A loZizFke 3 × 5 Kkr dhft, vkSj izkIr
xq.kuiQy ls igys Í.k (–) jf[k, A vki –15 izkIr djrs gSa A vFkkZr~ –15 izkIr djus osQ fy,
ge – (3 × 5) izkIr djrs gSa A
blh izdkj] 5 × (– 4) = – (5×4) = – 20 gSA
blh izdkj] fuEufyf[kr dks Kkr dhft, %
4 × (– 8) = _____ = _____ , 3 × (– 7) = _____ = _____
6 × (– 5) = _____ = _____ , 2 × (– 9) = _____ = _____
bl fof/ dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ge ikrs gSa fd
10 × (– 43) = _____ – (10 × 43) = – 430
vHkh rd geus iw.kk±dksa dks (/ukRed iw.kk±d) × (Í.kkRed iw.kk±d) osQ :i esa
iz;kl dhft, xq.kk fd;k gS A
Kkr dhft,% vkb, vc budks (Í.kkRed iw.kk±d) × (/ukRed iw.kk±d) osQ :i esa xq.kk djsa A
(i) 6 × (–19)
loZizFke ge –3 × 5 Kkr djrs gSa A
(ii) 12 × (–32)
(iii) 7 × (–22)
;g Kkr djus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr iSVuZ dks nsf[k,%
ge ikrs gSa % 3 × 5 = 15
2 × 5 = 10 = 15 – 5
1 × 5 = 5 = 10 – 5
0×5=0=5–5
blfy,] –1 × 5 = 0 – 5 = –5
–2 × 5 = –5 – 5 = –10
–3 × 5 = –10 – 5 = –15

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 7

ge igys gh izkIr dj pqosQ gSa fd 3 × (–5) = –15

vr%] ge ikrs gSa fd (–3) × 5 = –15 = 3 × (–5)
bl izdkj osQ iSVuks± dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ge (–5) × 4 = –20 = 5 × (– 4) Hkh izkIr djrs gSa A
iSVuks± dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] (– 4) × 8, (–3) × 7, (– 6) × 5 vkSj (– 2) × 9 Kkr dhft, vkSj tk¡p
dhft, fd D;k
(– 4) × 8 = 4 × (– 8), (– 3) × 7 = 3 × (–7), (– 6) × 5 = 6 × (– 5)
vkSj (– 2) × 9 = 2 × (– 9) gS\
bldk mi;ksx djrs gq,] ge (–33) × 5 = 33 × (–5) = –165 izkIr djrs gSaA
bl izdkj] ge ikrs gSa fd ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d vkSj ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks xq.kk djrs
le; ge mudks iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ :i esa xq.kk djrs gSa vkSj xq.kuiQy ls igys Í.k fpÉ (–) j[k
nsrs gaS A bl izdkj gesa ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d izkIr gksrk gS A

iz;kl dhft,
1. Kkr dhft,%
(a) 15 × (–16) (b) 21 × (–32)
(c) (– 42) × 12 (d) –55 × 15
2. tk¡p dhft, fd D;k
(a) 25 × (–21) = (–25) × 21 gSA
(b) (–23) × 20 = 23 × (–20) gSA
bl izdkj osQ ik¡p vkSj mnkgj.k fyf[k, A
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa osQ fy,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd%
a × (– b) = (– a) × b = – (a × b)

1.2.2 nks Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dk xq.ku

D;k vki xq.kuiQy (–3) × (–2) Kkr dj ldrs gSa \
fuEufyf[kr dks nsf[k, %
–3 × 4 = – 12
–3 × 3 = –9 = –12 – (–3)
–3 × 2 = – 6 = –9 – (–3)
–3 × 1 = –3 = – 6 – (–3)
–3 × 0 = 0 = –3 – (–3)

Rationalised 2023-24
8 xf.kr

–3 × (–1) = 0 – (–3) = 0 + 3 = 3
–3 × (–2) = 3 – (–3) = 3 + 3 = 6
D;k vkidks dksbZ iSVuZ fn[kkbZ nsrk gS \ è;ku nhft, fd xq.kuiQy oSQls ifjo£rr gq, gSa A
bu izs{k.kksa osQ vk/kj ij] fuEufyf[kr dks iwjk dhft, %
–3 × –3 = _____, –3 × – 4 = _____
vc bu xq.kuiQyksa dks nsf[k, vkSj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r dhft,%
– 4 × 4 = –16
– 4 × 3 = –12 = –16 + 4
iz;kl dhft,
– 4 × 2 = _____ = –12 + 4 (i) (–5) × 4, ls 'kq: djrs gq,] (–5) × (– 6) Kkr
– 4 × 1 = _____ dhft, A
– 4 × 0 = _____
(ii) (– 6) × 3 ls 'kq: djrs gq,] (– 6) × (–7) Kkr
– 4 × (–1) = _____
– 4 × (–2) = _____
dhft, A
– 4 × (–3) = _____
bu iSVuks± ls ge ns[krs gSa fd
(–3) × (–1) = 3 = 3 × 1
(–3) × (–2) = 6 = 3 × 2
(–3) × (–3) = 9 = 3 × 3
vkSj (– 4) × (–1) = 4 = 4 × 1
blfy,] (– 4) × (–2) = 4 × 2 = _____
(– 4) × (–3) = _____ = _____
vr% bu xq.kuiQyksa dks ns[krs gq, ge dg ldrs gSa fd nks Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dk xq.kuiQy ,d
/ukRed iw.kk±d gksrk gSA ge nks Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dks iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ :i esa xq.kk djrs gSa
vkSj xq.kuiQy ls igys /ukRed fpÉ (+) j[k nsrs gSa A
bl izdkj] ge ikrs gSa fd (–10) × (–12) = +120 = 120 gSA
blh izdkj] (–15) × (– 6) = +90 = 90 gSA
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a ,oa b osQ fy,]
(– a) × (– b) = a × b
iz;kl dhft, Kkr dhft,: (–31) × (–100), (–25) × (–72), (–83) × (–28)
[ksy 1
(i) ,d ,slk cksMZ yhft, ftl ij –104 ls 104 rd osQ iw.kk±d vafdr gksa] tSlk fd vkÑfr
esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS A
(ii) ,d FkSys esa nks uhys ikls vkSj nks yky ikls yhft, A uhys iklksa ij vafdr ¯cnqvksa dh
la[;k /ukRed iw.kk±dksa dks n'kkZrh gaS vkSj yky iklksa ij vafdr ¯cnqvksa dh la[;k
Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dks n'kkZrh gSa A

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 9

104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94

83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–6 –7 –8 –9 –10 –11 –12 –13 –14 –15 –16
–27 –26 –25 –24 –23 –22 –21 –20 –19 –18 –17
–28 –29 –30 –31 –32 –33 –34 –35 –36 –37 –38
– 49 – 48 – 47 – 46 – 45 – 44 – 43 – 42 – 41 – 40 –39
– 50 –51 –52 –53 –54 –55 –56 –57 –58 –59 – 60
– 71 – 70 – 69 – 68 – 67 – 66 – 65 – 64 – 63 – 62 – 61
–72 –73 –74 –75 –76 –77 –78 –79 –80 –81 –82
– 93 – 92 – 91 – 90 – 89 – 88 – 87 – 86 – 85 – 84 – 83
– 94 – 95 – 96 – 97 – 98 – 99 – 100 –101 –102 –103 –104
(iii) izR;sd f[kykM+h vius dkmaVj dks 'kwU; ij j[ksxk A
(iv) izR;sd f[kykM+h FkSys esa ls ,d lkFk nks ikls fudkysxk vkSj mudks isaQosQxk A
(v) iklksa dks isaQdus osQ ckn f[kykM+h dks izR;sd ckj izkIr iklksa ij vafdr la[;kvksa dks xq.kk
djuk gSA
(vi) ;fn xq.kuiQy ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d gS] rks f[kykM+h vius dkmaVj
dks 104 dh vksj f[kldk,xk vkSj ;fn xq.kuiQy ,d Í.kkRed
iw.kk±d gS] rks og vius dkmaVj dks –104 dh vksj f[kldk,xk A
(vii) tks f[kykM+h igys –104 ;k 104 ij igq¡prk gS] fotsrk
dgyk,xkA

Rationalised 2023-24
10 xf.kr

1.3 iw.kk±dksa osQ xq.ku osQ xq.k

1.3.1 xq.ku osQ varxZr laor

`
1. fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft,%

dFku fu"d"kZ
(–20) × (–5) = 100 xq.kuiQy ,d iw.kk±d gS
(–15) × 17 = – 255 xq.kuiQy ,d iw.kk±d gS
(–30) × 12 = _____
(–15) × (–23) = _____
(–14) × (–13) = _____
12 × (–30) = _____

vki D;k ns[krs gSa \ D;k vki ,d ,slk iw.kk±d ;qXe Kkr dj ldrs gSa ftldk xq.kuiQy ,d
iw.kk±d ugha gS \ ugha] blls gesa ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd nks iw.kk±dksa dk xq.kuiQy iqu% ,d iw.kk±d
gh gksrk gS A vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±d xq.ku osQ varxZr lao`r gksrs gSa A
O;kid :i esa]
lHkh iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy, a × b ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS A
ik¡p vkSj iw.kk±d ;qXeksa osQ xq.kuiQy Kkr dhft, vkSj mi;qDZ r dFku dks lR;kfir dhft, A

1.3.2 xq.ku dh Øefofues;rk

ge tkurs gSa fd iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, xq.ku Øefofues; gksrk gS A D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd
iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh xq.ku Øefofues; gS \
fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft,%

dFku 1 dFku 2 fu"d"kZ

3 × (– 4) = –12 (– 4) × 3 = –12 3 × (– 4) = (– 4) × 3
(–30) × 12 = _____ 12 × (–30) = _____
(–15) × (–10) = 150 (–10) × (–15) = 150
(–35) × (–12) = _____ (–12) × (–35) =
(–17) × 0 = _____
__________ = _____ (–1) × (–15) =

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 11

vki D;k ns[krs gSa \ mi;qZDr mnkgj.k laosQr djrs gSa fd iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, xq.ku Øefofues; gS A
bl izdkj osQ ik¡p vkSj mnkgj.k fyf[k, ,oa lR;kiu dhft, A
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy,]
a×b=b×a

1.3.3 'kwU; ls xq.ku

ge tkurs gS fd tc fdlh iw.kZ la[;k dks 'kwU; ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks xq.kuiQy osQ :i
esa 'kwU; izkIr gksrk gS A Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa ,oa 'kwU; osQ fuEufyf[kr xq.kuiQyksa dks nsf[k, A igys
fd, x, iSVuks± osQ vk/kj ij ge bUgsa izkIr djrs gSa A
(–3) × 0 = 0
0 × (– 4) = 0
– 5 × 0 = _____
0 × (– 6) = _____
;g lkj.kh n'kkZrh gS fd ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d vkSj 'kwU; dk xq.kuiQy 'kwU; gksrk gS A O;kid
:i esa] fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,]
a×0=0×a=0
1.3.4 xq.kukRed rRled
ge tkurs gS fd iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, 1 xq.kukRed rRled (multiplicative identity) gS A
tk¡p dhft, fd 1 iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh xq.kukRed rRled gS A 1 osQ lkFk iw.kk±dksa osQ
fuEufyf[kr xq.kuiQyksa dks nsf[k, %
(–3) × 1 = –3 1×5=5
(– 4) × 1 = _____ 1 × 8 = _____
1 × (–5) = _____ 3 × 1 = _____
1 × (– 6) = _____ 7 × 1 = _____
;g n'kkZrk gS fd 1 iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh xq.kukRed rRled gS A
O;kid :i esa] fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,] ge ikrs gSa fd
a×1=1×a=a
;fn fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d dks –1ls xq.kk fd;k tk,] rks D;k gksrk gS \ fuEufyf[kr dks iwjk dhft,%
(–3) × (–1) = 3
3 × (–1) = –3 iw.kk±dksa ds fy, 'kwU; ;ksT; rRled gS] tcfd 1
(– 6) × (–1) = _____ xq.kukRed rRled gS A tc fdlh iw.kk±d a dks (–1)
(–1) × 13 = _____ ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks gesa ml iw.kk±d dk ;ksT;
(–1) × (–25) = _____ izfrykse izkIr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~
18 × (–1) = _____
a × (–1) = (–1) × a = – a gksrk gSA
vki D;k ns[krs gSa \
D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd –1 iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, xq.kukRed rRled gSs \ ughaA

Rationalised 2023-24
12 xf.kr

1.3.5 xq.ku lkgp;Z xq.k

–3, –2 vkSj 5 dks yhft, A
[(–3) × (–2)] × 5 vkSj (–3) × [(–2) × 5] ij fopkj dhft, A
izFke fLFkfr esa] (–3) ,oa (–2) dks feykdj ,d lewg cuk;k x;k gS vkSj
nwljh fLFkfr esa] (–2) ,oa 5 dks feykdj ,d lewg cuk;k x;k gS A
ge ikrs gSa fd [(–3) × (–2)] × 5 = 6 × 5 = 30
vkSj (–3) × [(–2) × 5] = (–3) × (–10) = 30
bl izdkj] nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa ge ,d gh mÙkj izkIr djrs gSa A
vr%] [(–3) × (–2)] × 5 = (–3) × [(–2) × 5]
fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft, vkSj xq.kuiQyksa dks iwjk dhft,%
[7 × (– 6)] × 4 = __________ × 4 = __________
7 × [(– 6) × 4] = 7 × __________ = __________
D;k [7 × (– 6)] × 4 = 7 × [(– 6) × (4)] gS\
D;k iw.kk±dksa osQ fofHkUu izdkj osQ lewgksa ls xq.kuiQy izHkkfor gksrk gS \
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha rhu iw.kk±dksa a, b rFkk c osQ fy,]
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
a, b vkSj c es ls izR;sd osQ fy, ik¡p eku yhft, vkSj bl xq.k dk lR;kiu dhft, A
vr% iw.kZ la[;kvksa dh rjg rhu iw.kk±dksa dk xq.kuiQy muosQ lewg cukus ij fuHkZj ugha djrk
gS vkSj ;g iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, xq.ku dk lkgp;Z xq.k dgykrk gS A

1.3.6 forj.k xq.k

ge tkurs gSa fd
16 × (10 + 2) = (16 × 10) + (16 × 2) [;ksx ij xq.ku dk forj.k fu;e]
vkb, tk¡p djrs gSa D;k ;g iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh lR; gS \ fuEufyf[kr dks nsf[k,%
(a) (–2) × (3 + 5) = –2 × 8 = –16
vkSj [(–2) × 3] + [(–2) × 5] = (– 6) + (–10) = –16
vr %] (–2) × (3 + 5) = [(–2) × 3] + [(–2) × 5]
(b) (– 4) × [(–2) + 7] = (– 4) × 5 = –20
vkSj [(– 4) × (–2)] + [(– 4) × 7] = 8 + (–28) = –20
vr %] (– 4) × [(–2) + 7] = [(– 4) × (–2)] + [(– 4) × 7]
(c) (– 8) × [(–2) + (–1)] = (– 8) × (–3) = 24
vkSj [(– 8) × (–2)] + [(– 8) × (–1)] = 16 + 8 = 24
blfy,] (– 8) × [(–2) + (–1)] = [(– 8) × (–2)] + [(– 8) × (–1)]
D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh ;ksx ij xq.ku dk forj.k fu;e lR; gS \ gk¡

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 13

O;kid :i esa] fdUgha rhu iw.kk±dksa a, b vkSj c osQ fy,]

a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c

a, b vkSj c esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, de ls de ik¡p fofHkUu eku yhft, vkSj mi;qZDr forj.k
xq.k dks lR;kfir dhft, A

iz;kl dhft,
(i) D;k 10 × [(6 + (–2)] = 10 × 6 + 10 × (–2)?
(ii) D;k (–15) × [(–7) + (–1)] = (–15) × (–7) + (–15) × (–1)?

vc fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft, %

D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd 4 × (3 – 8) = 4 × 3 – 4 × 8 gS\
vkb, bldh tk¡p djsa %
4 × (3 – 8) = 4 × (–5) = –20
4 × 3 – 4 × 8 = 12 – 32 = –20
blfy,, 4 × (3 – 8) = 4 × 3 – 4 × 8 gSA
fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj dhft, %
( –5) × [( – 4) – ( – 6)] = ( –5) × 2 = –10
[( –5) × ( – 4)] – [ ( –5) × ( – 6)] = 20 – 30 = –10
vr %] ( –5) × [( – 4) – ( – 6)] = [( –5) × ( – 4)] – [ ( –5) × ( – 6)]
( –9) × [ 10 – ( –3)] vkSj [( –9) × 10 ] – [ ( –9) × ( –3)]
osQ fy, bl dFku dh tk¡p dhft, A
vki ik,¡xs fd ;s Hkh leku gSa A
O;kid :i esa fdUgha Hkh rhu iw.kk±dksa a, b vkSj c osQ fy,,

a × (b – c) = a × b – a × c

a, b vkSj c esa ls izR;sd osQ fy, de ls de ik¡p eku yhft, vkSj bl xq.k dks lR;kfir
dhft, A

iz;kl dhft,
(i) D;k 10 × (6 – (–2)] = 10 × 6 – 10 × (–2) gS\
(ii) D;k (–15) × [(–7) – (–1)] = (–15) × (–7) – (–15) × (–1) gS\

Rationalised 2023-24
14 xf.kr

iz'ukoyh 1.2
1. fuEufyf[kr xq.kuiQyksa dks Kkr dhft, %
(a) 3 × (–1) (b) (–1) × 225
(c) (–21) × (–30) (d) (–316) × (–1)
(e) (–15) × 0 × (–18) (f) (–12) × (–11) × (10)
(g) 9 × (–3) × (– 6) (h) (–18) × (–5) × (– 4)
(i) (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × 4 (j) (–3) × (–6) × (–2) × (–1)
2. fuEufyf[kr dks lR;kfir dhft, %
(a) 18 × [7 + (–3)] = [18 × 7] + [18 × (–3)]
(b) (–21) × [(– 4) + (– 6)] = [(–21) × (– 4)] + [(–21) × (– 6)]
3. (i) fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,] (–1) × a fdlosQ leku gS ?
(ii) og iw.kk±d Kkr dhft,] ftldk (–1) osQ lkFk xq.kuiQy gS %
(a) –22 (b) 37 (c) 0
4. (–1) × 5 ls vkjaHk djosQ fofHk xq.kuiQyksa }kjk dksbZ iSVuZ n'kkZrs gq, (–1) × (–1) = 1
dks fu:fir dhft, A
1.4 iw.kk±dksa dk foHkktu
ge tkurs gSa fd foHkktu] xq.kk dh foijhr lafØ;k gS A vkb, iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, ,d mnkgj.k
ns[ks%a
D;ksfa d 3 × 5 = 15 gS] blfy, 15 ÷ 5 = 3 vkSj 15 ÷ 3 = 5 gSA
blh izdkj, 4 × 3 = 12 ls 12 ÷ 4 = 3 ,oa 12 ÷ 3 = 4 izkIr gksrk gS A
bl izdkj] ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ izR;sd xq.ku dFku osQ fy, nks foHkktu
;k Hkkx] dFku gSa A
D;k vki iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, xq.ku dFku ,oa laxr Hkkx dFkuksa dks fy[k ldrs gSa \
l fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft, A

xq.ku dFku laxr Hkkx dFku

2 × (– 6) = (–12) (–12) ÷ (– 6) = 2 , (–12) ÷ 2 = (– 6)
(– 4) × 5 = (–20) (–20) ÷ (5) = (– 4) , (–20) ÷ (– 4) = 5
(– 8) × (–9) = 72 72 ÷ _____ = _____ , 72 ÷ _____ = _____
(–3) × (–7) = _____ _____ ÷ (–3) = ____ , _____________
(– 8) × 4 = ____ _____________ , _____________
_____________ , _____________
5 × (– 9) = _____
_____________ , _____________
(–10) × (–5) =

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 15

mi;qZDr ls ge ns[krs gSa fd

(–12) ÷ 2 = (– 6) (–20) ÷ (5) = (– 4)
(–32) ÷ 4 = – 8 (– 45) ÷ 5 = – 9
ge ns[krs gSa fd tc ge ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks èkukRed
iw.kk±d ls Hkkx nsrs gSa] rks ge mUgsa iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ :i esa Hkkx
iz;kl dhft,
nsrs gSa vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ HkkxiQy ls igys Í.k fpÉ (–) j[k Kkr dhft, :
nsrs gSaA (a) (–100) ÷ 5 (b) (–81) ÷ 9
l ge ;g Hkh ns[krs gSa fd
(c) (–75) ÷ 5 (d) (–32) ÷ 2
72 ÷ (–8) = –9 vkSj 50 ÷ (–10) = –5
72 ÷ (–9) = – 8 50 ÷ (–5) = –10
bl izdkj] ge dg ldrs gSa fd tc ge ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d dks ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d ls
Hkkx nsrs gS]a rks loZiFz ke ge mUgsa iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ :i esa Hkkx nsrs gSa vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ HkkxiQy
osQ lkeus Í.k fpÉ (&) j[k nsrs gSAa

D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd (– 48) ÷ 8 = 48 ÷ (– 8)? vkb, tk¡p djrs gSa A ge tkurs gSa fd
(– 48) ÷ 8 = – 6 vkSj 48 ÷ (– 8) = – 6A blfy, (– 48) ÷ 8 = 48 ÷ (– 8)A
fuEufyf[kr ds fy, bldh tk¡p dhft,
(i) 90 ÷ (– 45) vkSj (–90) ÷ 45 (ii) (–136) ÷ 4 vkSj 136 ÷ (– 4)

O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks /ukRed iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy,]

a ÷ (– b) = (– a) ÷ b, tgk¡ b ≠ 0

iz;kl dhft,
Kkr dhft, : (a) 125 ÷ (–25) (b) 80 ÷ (–5) (c) 64 ÷ (–16)

l var esa] ge ns[krs gSa fd

(–12) ÷ (– 6) = 2; (–20) ÷ (– 4) = 5; (–32) ÷ (– 8) = 4; (– 45) ÷ (–9) = 5
bl izdkj] ge dg ldrs gSa fd tc ge ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d
ls Hkkx nsrs gSa] rks loZizFke ge mUgsa iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ :i esa Hkkx nsrs gSa vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~
HkkxiQy ls igys /ukRed fpÉ (+) j[k nsrs gSaA
O;kid :i esa] fdUgha nks Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy,]
(– a) ÷ (– b) = a ÷ b, tgk¡ b ≠ 0 gSA

iz;kl dhft,
Kkr dhft, : (a) (–36) ÷ (– 4) (b) (–201) ÷ (–3) (c) (–325) ÷ (–13)

Rationalised 2023-24
 16 xf.kr

1.5 iw.kk±dksa osQ Hkkx osQ xq.k

fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks nsf[k, vkSj bls iwjk dhft, %

dFku fu"d"kZ dFku fu"d"kZ

−8
(– 8) ÷ (– 4) = 2 ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d gS (– 8) ÷ 3 = ________________
3
3
(– 4) ÷ (– 8) = ifj.kke ,d iw.kk±d ugha gS 3 ÷ (– 8) = ________________
−8

vki D;k ns[krs gSa \ ge ns[krs gSa fd iw.kk±d Hkkx osQ varxZr lao`r ugha gSa A viuh vksj
ls ik¡p vkSj mnkgj.k ysrs gq,] bl dFku dh lR;rk osQ fy, mfpr dkj.k crkb, A
l ge tkurs gSa fd iw.kZ la[;kvksa osQ fy, Hkkx Øefofues; ugha gS A vkb, iw.kk±dksa osQ fy,
Hkh bldh tk¡p djsaA
vki lkj.kh ls ns[k ldrs gSa fd (– 8) ÷ (– 4) ≠ (– 4) ÷ (– 8) gSA
D;k (– 9) ÷ 3 vkSj 3 ÷ (– 9) ,d leku gSa \
D;k (– 30) ÷ (– 6) vkSj (– 6) ÷ (– 30) ,d leku gSa \
D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkkx Øefofues; gS \
ugha A vki ik¡p vkSj iw.kk±d ;qXe ysdj bls lR;kfir dj ldrs gSa A
l iw.kZ la[;kvksa dh rjg] fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d dks 'kwU; ls Hkkx djuk vFkZghu gS vkSj 'kwU;srj
iw.kk±d ls 'kwU; dks Hkkx nsus ij 'kwU; izkIr gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,
a ÷ 0 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS A ijarq 0 ÷ a = 0, a ≠ 0 osQ fy, gSA
l tc ge fdlh iw.kZ la[;k dks 1 ls Hkkx nsrs gSa] rks gesa ogh iw.kZ la[;k izkIr gksrh gS A vkb,
bldh tk¡p djrs gSa fd D;k ;g Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkh lR; gS A
fuEufyf[kr dks nsf[k, %
(– 8) ÷ 1 = (– 8) (–11) ÷ 1 = –11 (–13) ÷ 1 = –13
(–25) ÷ 1 = ____ (–37) ÷ 1 = ____ (– 48) ÷ 1 = ____
;g n'kkZrk gS fd Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks 1 ls Hkkx nsus ij ogh Í.kkRed iw.kkZd izkIr gksrk
gS A vr% fdlh Hkh iw.kkZd dks 1 ls Hkkx nsus ij ogh iw.kk±d izkIr gksrk gS A O;kid :i
esa] fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy, a÷1=a
l fdlh iw.kk±d dks (&1) ls Hkkx nsus ij D;k gksrk gS \ fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh dks iwjk dhft, %
(– 8) ÷ (–1) = 8 11 ÷ (–1) = –11 13 ÷ (–1) = ____
(–25) ÷ (–1) = ____ (–37) ÷ (–1) = ____ – 48 ÷ (–1) = ____
vki D;k ns[krss gSa \
ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d dks (&1) ls Hkkx nsus ij ogh iw.kk±d izkIr ugha
gksrk gS A

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 17

l D;k ge dg ldrs gS a fd [(–16) ÷ 4] ÷ (–2) ,oa (–16) ÷ [4 ÷ (–2)] leku gSa \

ge tkurs gSa fd [(–16) ÷ 4] ÷ (–2) = (– 4) ÷ (–2) = 2
vkSj (–16) ÷ [4 ÷ (–2)] = (–16) ÷ (–2) = 8
vr%] [(–16) ÷ 4] ÷ (–2) ≠ (–16) ÷ [4 ÷ (–2)]
D;k vki dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, Hkkx lkgp;Z gS ugha! viuh vksj ls ik¡p vU;
mnkgj.k ysdj bls lR;kfir dhft, A
mnkgj.k 2 fdlh VsLV esa izR;sd lgh mÙkj osQ fy, (+5) vad fn, iz;kl dhft,
tkrs gSa vksj izR;sd xyr mÙkj osQ fy, (–2) vad fn,
D;k fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,
tkrs gSa A (i) jkf/dk us lHkh iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fn, vkSj
(i) 1 ÷ a = 1 gS ?
30 vad izkIr fd,] tcfd mlosQ 10 mÙkj lgh ik,
x, A (ii) t; us Hkh lHkh iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fn, vkSj mlus (ii) a ÷ (–1) = – a gS ?
(–12) vad izkIr fd,] tcfd mlosQ pkj mÙkj lgh a osQ fofHkUu ekuksa osQ fy, budh
ik x, A muesa ls izR;sd us fdrus iz'uksa osQ mÙkj tk¡p dhft,A
xyr fn, \
gy
(i) ,d lgh mÙkj osQ fy, fn, x, vad = 5
vr%] 10 lgh mÙkjksa osQ fy, fn, x, vad = 5 × 10 = 50
jkf/dk osQ }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad = 30
xyr mÙkjksa osQ fy, izkIrkad = 30 – 50 = – 20
,d xyr mÙkj osQ fy, fn, x, vad = (–2)
blfy,] xyr mÙkjksa dh la[;k = (–20) ÷ (–2) = 10
(ii) pkj lgh mÙkjksa osQ fy, fn, x, vad = 5 × 4 = 20
t; }kjk izkIr fd, x, vad = –12
xyr mÙkjksa osQ fy, izkIrkad = –12 – 20 = – 32
blfy,] xyr mÙkjksa dh la[;k = (–32) ÷ (–2) = 16
mnkgj.k 3 dksbZ nqdkunkj ,d isu cspus ij ` 1 dk ykHk v£tr djrh gS
vkSj vius iqjkus LVkWd dh isaflyksa dks csprs gq, 40 iSls izfr
isafly dh gkfu mBkrh gS A
(i) fdlh fof'k"V eghus esa mlus ` 5 dh gkfu mBkbZ A
bl vof/ esa mlus 45 isu csps A crkb, bl vof/ esa mlus fdruh isaflysa
cspha A
(ii) vxys eghus esa mls u rks ykHk gqvk vkSj u gh gkfu gqbZA ;fn bl eghus esa
mlus 70 isu csps] rks mlus fdruh isaflysa cspha \

Rationalised 2023-24
18 xf.kr

gy
(i) ,d isu dks cspus ij v£tr ykHk = ` 1
45 isuksa dks cspus ij v£tr ykHk = ` 45
ftls ge + ` 45 ls fu£n"V djrs gSa A
nh gqbZ oqQy gkfu = ` 5 ftls – ` 5 ls fu£n"V djrs gSa A
v£tr ykHk + mBkbZ xbZ gkfu = oqQy gkfu
blfy, mBkbZ xbZ gkfu = oqQy gkfu – v£tr ykHk
= ` (– 5 – 45) = ` (–50) = –5000 iSls
,d isafly dks cspus ls mBkbZ xbZ gkfu = 40 iSls ftls ge – 40 iSls osQ :i esa fy[krs
gSa A
blfy, csph xbZ isaflyksa dh la[;k = (–5000) ÷ (– 40) = 125
(ii) vxys eghus esa u rks ykHk gqvk vkSj u gh gkfu gqbZ A
blfy, v£tr ykHk + mBkbZ xbZ gkfu = 0
vFkkZr~ v£tr ykHk = – mBkbZ xbZ gkfu
vc] 70 isuksa dh cspus ls v£tr YkkHk = ` 70
blfy, isaflyksa dks cspus ls mBkbZ xbZ gkfu = ` 70] ftls ge – ` 70 vFkkZr~ – 7000 iSls
ls n'kkZrs gSaA
csph xbZ isaflyksa dh oqQy la[;k = (–7000) ÷ (– 40) = 175 isaflysa

iz'ukoyh 1.3
1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls izR;sd dk eku Kkr dhft, %
(a) (–30) ÷ 10 (b) 50 ÷ (–5) (c) (–36) ÷ (–9)
(d) (– 49) ÷ (49) (e) 13 ÷ [(–2) + 1] (f) 0 ÷ (–12)
(g) (–31) ÷ [(–30) + (–1)]
(h) [(–36) ÷ 12] ÷ 3 (i) [(– 6) + 5)] ÷ [(–2) + 1]
2. a, b vkSj c osQ fuEufyf[kr ekuksa esa ls izR;sd osQ fy,] a ÷ (b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c)
dks lR;kfir dhft,
(a) a = 12, b = – 4, c = 2 (b) a = (–10), b = 1, c = 1
3. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iw£r dhft, %
(a) 369 ÷ _____ = 369 (b) (–75) ÷ _____ = –1
(c) (–206) ÷ _____ = 1 (d) – 87 ÷ _____ = 87
(e) _____ ÷ 1 = – 87 (f) _____ ÷ 48 = –1
(g) 20 ÷ _____ = –2 (h) _____ ÷ (4) = –3
4. ik¡p ,sls iw.kk±d ;qXe (a, b) fyf[k,] rkfd a ÷ b = –3 gks A ,slk ,d ;qXe (6, –2) gS]
D;ksafd 6 ÷ (–2) = (–3) gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
 iw.kk±d 19

5. nksigj 12 cts rkieku 'kwU; ls 10°C mQij Fkk A ;fn ;g vk/h jkr rd 2°C izfr ?kaVs
dh nj ls de gksrk gS] rks fdl le; rkieku 'kwU; ls 8°C uhps gksxk \ vk/h jkr dks
rkieku D;k gksxk \
6. ,d d{kk VsLV esa izR;sd lgh mÙkj osQ fy, (+ 3) vad fn, tkrs gSa vkSj izR;sd xyr mÙkj osQ
fy, (–2) vad fn, tkrs gSa vkSj fdlh iz'u dks gy djus dk iz;Ru ugha djus ij dksbZ vad
ugha fn;k tkrk gS A (i) jkf/dk us 20 vad izkIr fd, A ;fn mlosQ 12 mÙkj lgh ik, tkrs
gS]a rks mlus fdrus iz'uksa dk mÙkj xyr fn;k gS \ (ii) eksfguh VsLV esa (–5) vad izkIr djrh gS]
tcfd mlosQ 7 mÙkj lgh ik, tkrs gSa A mlus fdrus iz'uksa dk mÙkj xyr fn;k gS\
7. ,d mRFkkid fdlh [kku dwid esa 6 m izfr feuV dh nj ls uhps tkrk gSA ;fn uhps tkuk
Hkwfe ry ls 10 m mQij ls 'kq: gksrk gS] rks – 350 m igqp ¡ us esa fdruk le; yxsxk \

geus D;k ppkZ dh ?

1. vc geus ;ksx ,oa O;odyu }kjk larq"V gksus okys xq.kksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS A
(a) iw.kk±d ;ksx ,oa O;odyu nksuksa osQ fy, lao`Ùk gS A vFkkZr~, a + b vkSj a – b nksuksa iqu%
iw.kkZd gksrs gSa] tgk¡ a vkSj b dksbZ Hkh iw.kk±d gSa A
(b) iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, ;ksx Øefofues; gS] vFkkZr~ lHkh iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy,]
a+b=b+a
(c) iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, ;ksx lkgp;Z gS] vFkkZr~ lHkh iw.kk±dksa a, b rFkk c osQ fy, (a + b) +
c = a + (b + c) gksrk gSA
(d) ;ksx osQ varxZr iw.kk±d 'kwU; rRled gS] vFkkZr fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,, a + 0
= 0 + a = a gksrk gSA
2. geus ;g Hkh vè;;u fd;k gS fd iw.kk±dksa dks oSQls xq.kk fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj geus
ik;k fd ,d /ukRed ,oa ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dk xq.kuiQy ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d gS]
tcfd nks Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dk xq.kuiQy ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d gS A mnkgj.kr%]
– 2 × 7 = – 14 vkSj – 3 × (– 8) = 24 gSA
3. Í.kkRed iw.kk±dksa dh la[;k le gksus ij mudk xq.kuiQy /ukRed gksrk gS tcfd ;g
la[;k fo"ke gksus ij mudk xq.kuiQy Í.kkRed gksrk gS A
4. iw.kk±d xq.ku osQ varxZr oqQN xq.kksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA
(a) xq.ku osQ varxZr iw.kk±d lao`r gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ fdUgha nks iw.kk±dksa a rFkk b osQ fy,
a × b ,d iw.kk±d gksrk gS A
(b) iw.kk±dksa osQ fy, xq.ku Øefofues; gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ fdUgha nks iw.kk±dks a rFkk b osQ fy,
a × b = b × a gksrk gSA
(c) xq . ku os Q va r xZ r iw . kk± d 1] rRled gS ] vFkkZ r ~ fdlh Hkh iw . kk± d a os Q fy,
1 × a = a × 1 = a gksrk gSA
(d) iw.kkZdksa osQ fy, xq.ku lkgp;Z gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ fdUgha rhu iw.kk±dksa a, b, rFkk c osQ
fy,] (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) gksrk gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
20 xf.kr

5. ;ksx ,oa xq.ku osQ varxZr iw.kk±d ,d xq.k dks n'kkZrs gSa] ftls forj.k xq.k dgk tkrk gS]
vFkkZr~ fdUgha rhu iw.kk±dksa a, b rFkk c osQ fy,] a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c gksrk gSA
6. ;ksx ,oa xq.ku osQ varxZr Øefofues;rk] lgpkfjrk vkSj forj.krk osQ xq.k gekjs ifjdyu
dks vklku cukrs gSa A
7. geus ;g Hkh lh[kk gS fd iw.kk±dksa dks oSQls Hkkx fn;k tkrk gS A geus ik;k fd
(a) tc ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d dks ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d ls Hkkx fn;k tkrk gS ;k tc ,d
Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks ,d /ukRed iw.kk±d ls Hkkx fn;k tkrk gS] rks izkIr HkkxiQy
,d Í.kkRed gksrk gSA
(b) ,d Í.kkRed iw.kk±d dks nwljs Í.kkRed iw.kk±d ls Hkkx nsus ij izkIr HkkxiQy ,d
/ukRed gksrk gS A
8. fdlh Hkh iw.kk±d a osQ fy,] ge ikrs gSa fd
(a) a ÷ 0 ifjHkkf"kr ugha gS A
(b) a ÷ 1 = a gSA

Rationalised 2023-24