The document discusses the process of breathing and gas exchange, including how oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and used by cells for energy production, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is released. It describes the organs and pathways of respiration from the nasal passages and lungs down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Different organisms use various respiratory organs like gills, lungs, or general body surface for this vital process.
The document discusses the process of breathing and gas exchange, including how oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and used by cells for energy production, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is released. It describes the organs and pathways of respiration from the nasal passages and lungs down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Different organisms use various respiratory organs like gills, lungs, or general body surface for this vital process.
The document discusses the process of breathing and gas exchange, including how oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and used by cells for energy production, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is released. It describes the organs and pathways of respiration from the nasal passages and lungs down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Different organisms use various respiratory organs like gills, lungs, or general body surface for this vital process.
The document discusses the process of breathing and gas exchange, including how oxygen is taken in from the atmosphere and used by cells for energy production, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is released. It describes the organs and pathways of respiration from the nasal passages and lungs down to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs. Different organisms use various respiratory organs like gills, lungs, or general body surface for this vital process.
Glucose CO2 Intake of food Amino Acid H2O Fatty Acid Energy
Digestion Indirect Oxidation
BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
INTRODUCTION •Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, etc., to derive energy to perform various activities.
•Carbon dioxide(CO2) which is harmful is also
released during the above catabolic reactions. BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
•It is, therefore, evident that O2 has to be
continuously provided to the cells and CO2 produced by the cells have to be released out.
•This process of exchange of O2 from the
atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells is called breathing , commonly known as respiration. BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES Steps of respiration Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2)
across alveolar membrane.
Transport of gases by blood.
Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between
blood and tissues. Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
Organs and types of respiration
ORGAN RESPIRATION
• Gills • Gill respiration(branchial)
• Skin • Cutaneous respiration • Lungs • Pulmonary respiration • Trachea • Tracheal respiration • Buccal cavity • Buccopharyngeal respiration BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES S.no. Name of Organism Respiratory organ 1 Protozoa
2 Porifera Respiratory organs are absent but 3 Coelentrata respiration takes place by general body surface 4 Ctenophora
5 Platyhelminthes
6 Aschelminthes
7 Annelida Moist cuticle
BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
8 Insects(cockroach, Trachea silkworm)
9 Prawn Gills
10 Arachnida (spider) Book lungs
11 Mollusca Gills(Ctenidia)
12 Echinodermata Body surface called dermal branchaiae in most,
Genital bursae in Brittle star and tube feet in all. BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
13 Fishes Gills
14 Tadpole Gills
15 Frog Lungs/skin/bucco-pharyngeal cavity
16 Reptiles Lungs
17 Birds Lungs
18 Mammals Lungs BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES
Respiratory organ Examples
General body surface Sponges, Coelenterates, Flatworms
Moist cuticle (skin) Earthworms, Frogs
Tracheal tubes Insects
Gills Aquatic arthropods, Molluscs ,
Fishes
Lungs Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
BREATHING EXCHANGE OF GASES Human respiratory system
Respiratory passage Respiratory organ
1. Nose and Nasal chamber 1. Lungs 2. Pharynx 3. Larynx 4. Trachea 5. Bronchial & Respiratory Tree 6. Alveoli RESPIRATORY PASSAGE 1. Vestibular zone Skin, Hair, sebaceous gland 2. Olfactory zone Schneiderian membrane, Bowman’s gland, PSCCGE
3. Respiratory zone Conchae/turbinal RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
•One pair of external nostrils (dirhynous
condition) opening out above the upper lips.
•External nostrils lead to nasal chamber
through the nasal passage.
•Both the nasal chambers are separated from
each other by hyaline cartilage. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
•The anterior part of each nasal chamber is called
nasal vestibule ,which is formed by invagination of skin during embryonic development, so this part contains hair and sebaceous glands. In this manner dust particles can not enter in.
•The posterior part of the nasal chamber is
occupied by three bones or conchae. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
•At several places in the nasal passage these
bones form outgrowths called turbinals. Due to these outgrowths the nasal passage is long and spiral.
•This helps in making the temperature of air
equal to the body temperature before it reaches the lungs and does not allow the unwanted materials like dust to reach the lungs. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
•Some part of this outgrowth consist of
olfactory epithelium (Schneiderian membrane) while some part is lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium (PSCCGE). RESPIRATORY PASSAGE 2. Pharynx • The nasal chamber opens into nasopharynx through internal nostrils (choanae).
• The nasal chamber opens into nasopharynx,
which is a portion of pharynx, the common passage for food and air.
• Nasopharynx opens through glottis of the larynx
region(oropharynx) into the trachea. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE 3) Larynx •Cartilaginous box, help in sound production hence called sound box.
•During swallowing glottis can be
covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the glottis. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE RESPIRATORY PASSAGE On the On the Basis On the Basis of shape Basis of no. of origin One THYROID (Largest cartilage of larynx / Ventrally Hyaline broad / laterally narrow/dorsally incomplete/ cartilage C shaped cartilage/In human males , ventral surface of thyroid cartilage make a process called as ADAMS APPLE CRICOID Hyaline One (Signet ring shape cartilage /dorsally broad cartilage /laterally narrow/ventrally fibre like) Two ARYTENOID (conical shaped cartilage) Hyaline Two CARTILAGE OF SANTORINI(spherical cartilage on Elastic Arytenoids cartilage/smallest cartilage of larynx) Two CUNEIFORM cartilage Elastic RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
Larynx is the sound producing
organ in which two types of vocal cords are present-
(i) False vocal cords provide
moisture to the true vocal cords. (ii) True vocal cords are helpful in phonation(sound production). RESPIRATORY PASSAGE 4) Trachea
Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Right primary bronchus Right secondary bronchus
Right tertiary bronchus
Right bronchiole
Right terminal bronchiole
Anterior view RESPIRATORY PASSAGE •A straight tube(diameter 2.5 cm) extending up to the mid thoracic cavity, which divides at the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi.
•Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to forms
the secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles.
•The trachea, primary ,secondary and tertiary, and
Alveoli Pharynx Conducting Zone Larynx Alveolar sac Exchange zone Trachea Atria (Respiratory tree) Primary Bronchus Alveolar duct Bronchial tree Secondary Bronchus Respiratory Terminal Total pulmonary Tertiary/segmental Bronchioles Bronchioles Bronchioles Bronchus RESPIRATORY PASSAGE Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Alveolar sac RESPIRATORY PASSAGE
There are two zones in respiratory system-
conducting and respiratory zone.
• The part starting with the external nostrils up to
the terminal bronchioles constitute the conducting zone /part.
• From respiratory bronchiole to alveoli form the
respiratory tree or exchange zone. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE •The conducting zone transports the atmospheric air to the alveoli, clears it from the foreign particles, humidifies and also brings the air to body temperature.
•Exchange zone is the site of actual diffusion of O2
and CO2 between blood and atmospheric air.
•C-shaped cartilaginous rings are present from
trachea to initial bronchiole. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE 6) ALVEOLI
•Structural and functional units of lungs.
•300 millions in both lungs. •Having two types of cells called pneumocytes. •On outer side yellow fibrous connective tissue is present. RESPIRATORY PASSAGE Pneumocyte
Type I Pneumocyte Type II Pneumocyte
Numerous, Few, smaller, help in larger, Type I gaseous exchange pneumocyte secrete lecithin Type II Dust cell pneumocyte Lecithin is phospholipid surfactant, reduce surface tension of alveoli and keep alveoli always remain open for efficient gaseous exchange RESPIRATORY ORGAN LUNGS RESPIRATORY ORGAN 1) LUNGS- • Main Respiratory Organ. • Endodermal in origin. • The branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli comprise the lungs. • Right lung have 3 lobes and weight 625 gm. • Left lung have 2 lobes and weight 575 gm. • Cardiac notch is present in left lung. • Both the lungs are covered by pleural membranes. • Both the lungs are situated in air tight thoracic chamber. RESPIRATORY ORGAN
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura RESPIRATORY ORGAN Double layered pleura
Parietal pleura Visceral pleura
In close contact of In contact with thoracic lining lung surface
•Pleural cavity contains pleural fluid.
•Pleural fluid reduces friction on the lung surfaces. •Pleural fluid acts as a shock absorber. RESPIRATORY ORGAN • The lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber which is anatomically an air tight chamber. THORACIC CAGE Coverings of thoracic cavity makes thoracic cage
•The anatomical setup of the lungs in the thorax is
such that any change in the volume of the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity.
•Mammalian lungs are solid and spongy without
muscles so power of self contraction and self relaxation is not present in mammalian lungs.
•Such an arrangement is essential for breathing ,as
we can not directly alter the pulmonary volume. DIAPHRAGM DIAPHRAGM •It is muscular structure (radial muscle) which separate thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
•Word related with “diaphragm” is “phrenic”.
•Principal muscle of breathing and aid in ventilation.
•Phrenic nerve is present for diaphragm contraction.
•Diaphragm also helpful in parturition, micturition
and defaecation. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
• Spaces between two pairs of ribs are called
intercostal spaces and muscles present in these spaces are called intercostal muscles(ICM).
• ICM are of two types- External intercostal muscles
(EICM) and internal intercostal muscles (IICM). INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
Ribs
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES EICM IICM • Connect dorsal surface of • Connect ventral surface of upper rib with ventral upper rib with dorsal surface of lower rib. surface of lower rib.
• Contraction in EICM, at the • Contraction in IICM, at the
time of inspiration moves time of forceful expiration sternum outwardly and ribs moves sternum inwardly moves upwardly. and ribs moves downwardly.
• Increase volume of thoracic • Decrease volume of
cavity in dorso-ventral axis. thoracic cavity in dorso- ventral axis. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION Breathing ( 12-16/Min.)
Normal Inspiration Normal Expiration
Inhale Exhale Active process Passive process 2 Sec. 3 Sec.
Diaphragm ICM BREATHING •The movement of air into and out of the lungs is carried out by creating a pressure gradient between the lungs and the atmosphere. BREATHING
• Inspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs
(intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than atmospheric pressure, i.e., there is a negative pressure in the lungs with respect to atmospheric pressure.
• Expiration takes place when the intra-pulmonary
pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure. MECHANISM OF BREATHING MECHANISM OF BREATHING
Inspiration Expiration (atmospheric air is drawn in) (alveolar air is released out) Intra-pulmonary Atmospheric Intra-pulmonary Atmospheric pressure < pressure pressure > pressure MECHANISM OF BREATHING inspiration Contraction In
Diaphragm EICM
Increase in Increase in Antero-posterior Dorso-posterior axis axis
