Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Department
Production Engineering
Production Engineering
Tutorial (2)
Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 2
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Method (1) Vs. Method (2)
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Method (1) Method (2)
𝑷𝒔
IPR
VLP
Drawdown (DD)
𝑷𝒘𝒇𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
Operating point
𝑸𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑶𝑭 QL (STB/D)
Effect of some parameter on operating point
Effect of Tubing Size on operating point
Effect of THP on operating point
Effect of Water Cut on operating point
Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point
Mohamed Marie Effect of Skin Factor on operating point
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 4
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Effect of Tubing Size on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
VLP @ TS = 1.9 inch
IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ TS = 2.375 inch
VLP @ TS = 3.5 inch
As T.S. increase → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 5
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Effect of Tubing Head Pressure on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
VLP @ THP = 300 Psi
IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ THP = 200 Psi
VLP @ THP = 100 Psi
Pwf = pressure loss @ tubing + THP
As THP decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 6
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Effect of Water Cut on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
VLP @ WC = 50 % Water more denser than oil
IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ WC = 30%
VLP @ WC = 10%
Water Cut Water influx
As WC decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 7
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Effect of Water influx on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR for active water drive
IPR for partial water drive
IPR for limited water drive
Water Cut Water influx
As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 8
84
Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Ps = 3000 Psi
IPR @ Ps = 2000 Psi
IPR @ Ps = 1000 Psi
As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 9
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Effect of Skin factor on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)
𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Skin = -2
IPR @ Skin = 0
IPR @ Skin = +2
Pr
Pwf
QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟏 𝑨𝑶𝑭2 𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟑
Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
Mohamed Marie
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 11
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 12
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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THP
Tank separator
Pr Pr
Pwf
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 13
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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Mist flow
Annular flow
Slug flow
Bubble flow
Liquid flow
Pr
Pwf
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 14
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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1 Liquid Flow
2 Bubble Flow
3 Slug Flow
4 Annular Flow
5 Mist Flow
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 15
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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1 Liquid Flow
When Pwf > Pb, so only oil is present and all the gas is dissolved
2 Bubble Flow
As we go upwards, pressure decrease till Pb , so some gas come out of solution causing the bubble flow
3 Slug Flow
As pressure decreases further, the gas bubbles coalesce and form plugs or slugs that almost fill the pipe
cross-section (gas pockets).
4 Annular Flow
As pressure decreases more and more, a continuous gas phase occurs surrounding by a thin film oil.
5 Mist Flow
Finally at low pressures, a continuous gas phase is present, carrying small droplets of oil.
Optimum Q and Optimum GLR
Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 17
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Pressure Losses Inside A Vertical Tubing
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As Flow Rate (q) increase:
Slippage Pressure loss decrease
Friction Pressure loss increase
ΔP = ΔP
Total slippage + ΔP Friction
ΔP slippage
ΔP Friction
ΔP
For a given tubing size, well depth, and constant
GLR,
Optimum q is the q @ which there is minimum
pressure losses. Optimum q q (SCF/STB)
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 18
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Pressure Losses Inside A Vertical Tubing
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When moving from (liquid and bubble flow
regimes) to (slug, annular, and mist flow ΔP = ΔP
Total slippage + ΔP Friction
regimes)….
Slippage Pressure loss decrease
Friction Pressure loss increase
ΔP slippage
ΔP Friction
ΔP
For a given tubing size, well depth, and constant q,
Optimum GLR is the GLR @ which there is minimum
pressure losses.
Optimum GLR GLR (SCF/STB)
Liquid
Mist Flow
Flow
Ideal IPR Vs. Actual IPR
Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 20
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Ideal IPR Vs. Actual IPR
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Importance of IPR
Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 22
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Importance of IPR
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1. Get Productivity index (J)
2. Get Q at any Pwf
3. Get Pwf at any Q
4. Get Q(maximum) = AOF
5. Determine if the well could flow at a given flow rate or
not (Compare Q(required) with Q(maximum)
6. Determine if the stimulation job successful or not.
7. Determine Pb by comparing actual IPR with ideal IPR
8. Determine if the well is producing from single zone or
multiple zones.
Mohamed Marie
Petroleum Engineer ǁ TA _CUFE
Mohamed Mousa Marie
01158818982
maraey44@gmail.com
