This document discusses various mass transfer theories including:
1. Two film theory which represents counter diffusion between two fluid streams separated by an interface.
2. Penetration theory which models absorption as a result of unsteady state molecular diffusion as fluid elements are exposed to the absorbing phase.
3. Film-penetration theory which incorporates aspects of both two-film theory and penetration theory.
It also discusses calculating mass transfer coefficients from empirical correlations like the Gilliland-Sherwood correlation, and defines relevant terms like the Sherwood number, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number.
This document discusses various mass transfer theories including:
1. Two film theory which represents counter diffusion between two fluid streams separated by an interface.
2. Penetration theory which models absorption as a result of unsteady state molecular diffusion as fluid elements are exposed to the absorbing phase.
3. Film-penetration theory which incorporates aspects of both two-film theory and penetration theory.
It also discusses calculating mass transfer coefficients from empirical correlations like the Gilliland-Sherwood correlation, and defines relevant terms like the Sherwood number, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number.
This document discusses various mass transfer theories including:
1. Two film theory which represents counter diffusion between two fluid streams separated by an interface.
2. Penetration theory which models absorption as a result of unsteady state molecular diffusion as fluid elements are exposed to the absorbing phase.
3. Film-penetration theory which incorporates aspects of both two-film theory and penetration theory.
It also discusses calculating mass transfer coefficients from empirical correlations like the Gilliland-Sherwood correlation, and defines relevant terms like the Sherwood number, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number.
This document discusses various mass transfer theories including:
1. Two film theory which represents counter diffusion between two fluid streams separated by an interface.
2. Penetration theory which models absorption as a result of unsteady state molecular diffusion as fluid elements are exposed to the absorbing phase.
3. Film-penetration theory which incorporates aspects of both two-film theory and penetration theory.
It also discusses calculating mass transfer coefficients from empirical correlations like the Gilliland-Sherwood correlation, and defines relevant terms like the Sherwood number, Reynolds number, and Schmidt number.
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan Mass transfer theories
1. Two film theory
2. The Penetration theory 3. The Film - Penetration Theory Two film theory Whitman (1923) Represent conditions occurring when material is transferred in a steady state process from one fluid stream to another Assumptions • Laminar flow • Steady state equimolar counter diffusion Total flux Equation for phase 1
Total flux Equation for phase 2
Material does not accumulate at the interface:
Conclusion: • If the relative value of the coefficients changes, the interface concentrations will change too. • If the degree of turbulence of the fluid is increased, the effective film thicknesses will be reduced and the mass transfer coefficients will be correspondingly increased Two film theory Henry’s Law
One of the gas laws states that: at a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. Mass transfer coefficients
𝐤𝐋 is the individual liquid film mass transfer coefficient. (hD2)
𝐤𝐠 is the individual gas film mass transfer coefficient. 𝐊𝐎𝐋 is the overall mass transfer coefficient based on liquid phase. 𝐊𝐎𝐆 is the overall mass transfer coefficient based on gas phase. 𝐏𝐀𝐢 is the partial pressure of the gas (A) at the interface. 𝐂𝐀𝐢 is the concentration of the liquid (A) at the interface. 𝐏𝐀∗ is the partial pressure of the gas phase which is in equilibrium with the liquid phase 𝐂𝐀. 𝐂𝐀∗ is the concentration of the liquid phase which is in equilibrium with the gas phase 𝐏𝐀 Two film theory The rate of mass transfer per unit area in terms of the two- film theory for equimolecular counter diffusion is given for the first phase as:
The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the gas film:
The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the liquid film: Two film theory No accumulation:
Since the film thickness 𝐙𝐠 and 𝐙𝐋 are difficult to define or estimate, then we rewrite the above egyations as follow:
But: 𝐏𝐀𝐢 and 𝐂𝐀𝐢 are difficult to measure, therefore we define the overall mass transfer coefficient: Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients
Can you relate KOG with KOL??? =
Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients
transfer rate is linearly related to the driving force and that the equilibrium relationship is a straight line Example: For a system in which component (A) is transferring from the liquid to the gas phase, the equilibrium is given by 𝐲𝐀∗=0.75 𝐱𝐀 . At one point in the apparturs the liquid contain 90 mol% of (A) and gas contain 45 mol% of (A). The individual gas film mass transfer coefficient at this point in the appartus of 0.02716 kmol/m2.s , and 70% of the overall resistance to mass transfer is known to be encountered in the gas film: determine: 1. The molar flux of (A). 2. The interfacial concentration of (A). 3. The overall mass transfer coefficient for liquid and gas phases.
The molar flux of (A)
= The interfacial concentration of (A).
The overall mass transfer coefficient for liquid and gas phases The Penetration theory • The penetration theory was suggested in 1935 by Higbie • Eddies move from the bulk to the interface and then leave the interface to mix with the bulk stream. They stay at the interface for a short, fixed period of time during which they remain static so that molecular diffusion takes place . • Assumptions: • Each element of surface in this liquid was exposed to the gas for the time taken for the gas bubble to pass it • Absorption took place as the result of unsteady state molecular diffusion • Infinite depth of the liquid
Gas phase Liquid phase
The Penetration theory The diffusion of solute A away from the interface (y-direction) is thus given by:
Most useful when mass transfer involves bubbles or droplets or
flow over random packing The Film-Penetration Theory • Toor and Marchello (1958) • Incorporates some of the principles of both the two-film theory and the penetration theory • The whole of the resistance to transfer is regarded as lying within a laminar film at the interface, as in the two- film theory, but the mass transfer is regarded as an unsteady state process The Penetration theory The concentration profiles near an interface on the basis of: (a) the film theory (steady-state) (b) the penetration-theory (unsteady-state) (c) the film-penetration theory (unsteady-state) Mass transfer theories
Example In a gas-liquid contactor, a pure gas is absorbed in a solvent and the Penetration Theory provides a reasonable model by which to describe the transfer mechanism. As fresh solvent is exposed to the gas, the transfer rate is initially limited by the rate at which the gas molecules can reach the surface. If at 293 K and a pressure of 1 bar the maximum possible rate of transfer of gas is 50 𝑚3 /𝑚2 s, express this as an equivalent resistance, when the gas solubility is 0.04 kmol/m3. If the diffusivity in the liquid phase is 1.8 x 10~9 𝑚 2/s, at what time after the initial exposure will the resistance attributable to access of gas be equal to about 10 per cent of the total resistance to transfer? PV=nRT Mass Transfer Coefficient-Wetted Wall Column The wetted wall column is a small experimental device used to determine the average mass transfer coefficient (𝐊𝐎𝐆). Usually it is (1 - 1.5 inch) in diameter and one meter long Let the mass transfer being from gas phase to liquid phase: W A=G (yA1−yA2)=L (xA1−xA2)
W A : is the total mole rate diffusion along the
column. Mass Transfer Coefficient-Wetted Wall Column Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation Gilliland-Sherwood Correlation (1934)
A dimensionless equation used to determine the mass transfer in gas absorption
and relates the Sherwood number, Reynolds number and Schmidt number
Based upon the experimental data from wetted wall columns
2000< Re < 35000
0.6 < Sc < 2.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation
Sherwood number (mass transfer Nusselt number)
The ratio of the convective mass transfer to the rate of diffusive mass transport
L represents the characteristic length
D is the diffusivity h signifies mass transfer coefficient (kg, m/s) Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation
Characteristic length is an important dimension that defines the scale of a
physical system • To predict some characteristics of the system • Usually, the volume of a system divided by its surface For cylinder: L is usually diameter of the column For sphere: L is either diameter or radius Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation Schmidt number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity and mass diffusivity Used to characterize fluid flows in which there are simultaneous momentum and mass transfer processes Reynold’s number • A criterion of whether fluid (liquid or gas) flow is absolutely steady (streamlined, or laminar) or on the average steady with small unsteady fluctuations (turbulent) • Ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation Mass Transfer Coefficient From Empirical Correlation
