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54 views8 pagesNational Building Code of India Group2
Uploaded by
Vanessa AlbanoCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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4341.16 Shielding effect
Shielding effect or shielding refers to the condition
where wind has to pass along some structre(s) or
structural element(s) located onthe upstream wind sie,
before meatng the strucare or structural element under
consideration. A factor called ‘shielding factor is used
1 account for such effects in estimating the force on
the shielded structures.
43.117 Suction
Suctions means pressure less than the atmospheric
(static) pressure'und is taken fo act away from the
surface
43.118 Solidity ratio
Solidity ratio is equal to the effective area (projected
area of all the individual elements) ofa frame nocmal
to the wind direction divided by the area enclosed by
‘the boundary ofthe frame normal tothe wind direction.
‘NOTE — Solty aio is tobe acted forinividu fame.
434.19 Terrain category
Terrain category means the characteristics of the
surface iregularities of an area which arse from natural
cor constructed features. The categories are numbered
{n increasing order of roughness.
4341.20 Velocity profile
‘The variation of the horizontal component of the
‘atmospheric wind speed at different heights above the
‘mean ground level is termed 2s velocity profile.
4.3.1.2 Topography
‘The nature ofthe earth's surface influenced by the
‘ill and valley configurations
4.4 Wind Speed and Pressure
44.1 Nature of Wind in Atmosphere
In general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary
layer increases with height from zero at ground level
toa maximum at a height called the gradient height.
‘There is usually a slight change in direction (Ekman
effect) but this is ignored inthe Section. The variation
‘with height depends primarily onthe terrain conditions.
However, the wind speed at any height never remains
constant and it has been found convenient to resolve
its instantaneous magnitude into an average or mean
value and a fluctuating component around this average
value. The average value depends on the averaging
time employed in analyzing the meteorological data
and this averaging time varies from a few seconds to
several minutes. The magnitude of the fluctuating
component of the wind speed, which is called as gust,
depends on the averaging time. In general, smaller the
16
averaging interval, greater isthe magnitude ofthe gust
speed,
442 Basic Wind Speed
Figure’ gives basic wind speed map of India, as
applicable to 10 m height above mean ground level
for 10 mheight above mean ground level for different
zones of the country. Basic wind speed is based on
peak gust velocity averaged over a short time interval
of about 3 8 and corresponds to mean heights above
‘ground level in an open terrain (Category 2), Basic
‘wind speeds presented in Fig. 1 have been worked out
for 250 year return period, Basic wind speed for some
important cities/towns is also given in Annex C.
443 Design Wind Speed (V,)
‘The basic wind speed (V,) forany site shall be obtained
from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the
following effects to get V,, design wind speed at any
height for the chosen structre.
a) tiskclevel;
)_ terrain roughness, height and size of structure;
and
©) local topography.
Itcan be mathematically expressed as follows:
ebb
where
YV, = design of wind speed at any height zin m/s;
[NOTE — Design wind speed up to 10 m height fom mean
trond level shall be considered constn:.
4ABA Risk eveffcient (ky)
igure 1 gives basic wind speeds for terrain Category 2
as applicable at 10 m above ground level besed on
‘50 year mean return period. The suggested life period
to be assumed in design and the corresponding ,
factors for different classes of structure forthe purpose
of design is given in Table 4, In the design of all
buildings and structures, a regional basic wind speed
having a mean return period of 50 years shall be used
except as specified in the note of Table 4,
443.2 Terrain, height and strucsure size factor (K;)
a) Terrain— Selection of terrain categories shall
be made with due regard to the effect of the
obstruction which constitute the ground surface
roughness. The terrain category used in the
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA Table 4 Risk Coefficients for Different Classes of Structures in Different Wind Speed Zones
(Clause 4.43.1)
Cass of Structure ‘Mean Probable 1 Factor for Basle Wind Speed
Design Life of (ous) of|
Structarein Years
eee
=B 8 4 0 SS
o @ o © 9 6 » ®
“Aljenerl buildings and races 30 1 10 40)
‘Temporary sheds, strates such at those s os 076 O73 omar
used. during construction operations (for
example, formwork and fahework),
Structures during constriction tages ead
boundary walls
Buuldings and stoctues presenting & low oo a ec }
epee of hazard to lite end property inthe
‘event of faze, such es isolited towers in
wooded areas, farm buildings, other than
residents builinge
Signe cmmsiatne Saleen
madenpecclenhmotores:
uh
Kase
4
where
sean probable design ite of sacar ia years;
= siak evel
yea), coming! vale
Ng Py, = extteme wind speed for given value of W and Pend
Xraaus = eXtreme Wind speed for N= 50 yes and P, = 063
»,
105107107 hh
2 consecutive years (probability that he design wind sped is excended atleast nce in N sucestve
‘A and Bare coefficients heving the following values for diferent basic wind speed zones:
Zone A
Bos 332
Binks 842
dé 880
41m 880
50m as
55mh 908
Bs
92
40
180
205
ns
73
[NOTE —"The factor is based on statistical concepts which tke account ofthe degre of rlabilty required ang ptiog of time
in years daring which tere wil be exposare to wind, thai, life ofthe structure. Whaler wid eed i adopted for Jesign
Dotpores, her is alway a probability (however mall) that it may be exceded ina scm of exceptional vileice, he pret
the period of years ove wach there wil be exposure to wind, the greater is the probability. Higher retum pevicds ranging rom
10 to 1 000 years (implying lower rs level) in association with greater peiods of exposire may have tobe selected for
‘exceptionally inporant structures, suchas mele power reactors an etellite communication towers. Equation piven above
‘may be wed in rach eases to estimate, factors for different periods of expanire and chosen probebilty of exceslenss (sk
level). The probability level of 0.53 is nual considered sufficient for design of buildings and stroctaresagsinst wind eects
and the values of f,coresponding to this ra level are given in Table 4
design of a structure may vary depending on
the direction of wind under consideration.
Wherever sufficient meteorological
{information is available about the nature of
Wind ditcctvu, he urientation of any building
or structure may be suitably planned.
Terrian, in which a specific structure stands,
shall be assessed as being one of the following
terrain categories:
Category 1 —Exposed open terrain with few
or no obstructions and in which the average
height of any objects surrounding the structure
is less than 1.5 m.
[NOTE — This ctegory includes open se-coss and
tt trees plan.
‘Category? — Open terrain with wel seatered
obstructions having heights generally between
1.5 and 10m.
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN —SECTION 1 LOADS, FORCES AND EFFECTS 19 &) Changes in Terrain Categories —The velocity
profile for a given terrain category does not
develop to full height immediately with the
‘commencement of that terrain category, but
develops gradually to height (2,), which
‘increases with the fetch or upwind distance (x)
1) Fetch and Developed Height
Relationship — The relation beween the
developed height (h,) andthe fetch (x)
for wind-flow over each of the four
terrain categories may be taken as given
in Table 6.
2). Forbuildings of heights greater than the
developed height (h,) in Teble 6, the
velocity profile may be determined in
accordance with the following:
4) The lessor least terrain; or
ii) The method described in Aunex D.
‘Table 6 Fetch and Developed Height
Relationship
[Clause 4.4.3.2 (b)}
Developed Height, in m
Feich ‘Terrain “Terrain Terrain Terrain
(a)km Category 1 Category 2. Category 3. Category 4
o ® ® a
2 2 20 35 ©
0s 30 3 95
25 45 w 130
35 6 no 190
© 100 170 300
0 40 250 40
2» 1m 200 350 500
0180 300 0 500
443.3 Topography (ky, factor)
‘The basic wind speed V, given in Fig. 1 takes account
of the general level ofthe site above sea level. This
does not allow for loeal topographic features, such as
hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments or ridges, which can
significantly affect wind speed in their vicinity. The
effect of topography is to accelerate wind near the
summits of hills or crests of cliffs, escarpments or
ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the
foot of cliffs, steep escarpment or ridges.
‘The effect of topography will be significant ata site
‘when the upwind slope is greater than about 3°, and
below that the value of k, may be taken to be equal
1011.0. The value of & is confined inthe range of 1.0
1 1.36 for slopes greater than 3°. A method of
evaluating the value of &, for slope greater than 3° is.
siven in Annex B, It may be noted that the value of k,
‘varies with height above ground level with a maximum
‘near the ground, and reducing to 1.0 at higher levels.
AAA Design Wind Pressure
The design wind pressure at any height above mean
ground level shall be obtained by the following
relationship between wind pressure and wind
velocity:
| P.3 06 V2
where
, = design wind pressure in Nim? at height Z,
and
V, = design wind velocity in m/s at height Z
NOTE — The coeticent 0.6 Gn SI units) inthe hove
formule depends ona nub of feo, and mainly on the
stmogpheric presse and si temperatu The value chosen
creponds tothe average appropriate Indian stmospeie
ceniitons.
4AS Offshore Wind Velocity
CCyelonie storms form far way from the sea coast and
sradually reduce in speed as they approach the sea
«coast. Cyclonic storms generally extend up to about
60 km inland after striking the coast. Their effect on
land is already reflected in basic wind spoods specified
in Fig. 1. The influence of wind speed off the coast up
to a distance of about 200 km may be taken as
1.15 times the value on the nearest coastin the absence
of any definite wind data
4.5 Wind Pressure and Forces on Buildinys/
Structure
451 General
‘The wind load on a building shall be calculated for:
4) the building as a whole;
individual stroctural elements as roofs and
walls; and
©) individual cladding units including glazing
and their fixings.
45.2 Pressure Coefficients
‘The pressure coefficients are always given for a
particular surface or part ofthe surface of a building.
‘The wind load acting normal toa surface is obtained
‘by multiplying the area ofthat surface orits appropriate
portion by the pressure coefficient (C,); andthe design
‘wind pressure at the beight of the Surface from the
ground. The average values of these pressure
coefficients for some building shapes are given
in 452.2 and 45.23,
Average values of pressure coefficients are given for
critical wind directions in one or more quadrants, In
corder to determine the maximum wind load on the
building, the total load should be calculated for each
of the critical directions shown from all quadrants
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN — SECTION 1 LOADS, FORCES AND EFFECTS a 20 percent of the wall area shall be examined
‘once with an intemal pressure coefficient of
+0.7 and again with an internal pressure
coefficient of -0.7, and the analysis which
produces greater distress on the members shall
bbe adopted.
Buildings with one open side or openings
exceeding 20 percent of wall area may be
assumed to be subjected to internal positive
pressure or suction similar to those for
buildings with large openings. A few
examples of buildings with one sided
‘openings are shown in Fig 3 indicating values
and outside, and the recommendations shall
be as given in 4.8.2.2.
453 Force Coefficients
‘and when multiplied by the
effective frontal area, A, of the building or structure
and by design wind pressure, p, give the total wind
Toad on that particular building or structure,
PaCApy
Where Fis the force acting in direction specified in
the respective tables and C; isthe force coefficient for
of internal pressure coefficients with respect the building.
i to direction of wind. Noves
j €) Inbuildings with roofs but no walls the roofs 1 The valuc othe fore coeficen die forthe wind acting
willbe subjected to pressure from both inside on diferent aces ofa building or secure, Tn order to
Wino
= 4; @4 C4
|
B
(@)FOR F
=e}
(b) FOR
(c) FOR
reqre
, USE AVERAGE VALUES
(ARROWS INDICATE DIRECTION OF WIND FLOW)
Fio. 3 Laro Orewa 1s Burtpnvas (Vatuss oF Coerricinr oF IvrexnaL PRESSURE)
(ovit# Tor Crose)
ART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN — SECTION 1 LOADS, FORCES AND LEFECTS 43 30
25
wino | @
——|b LL -
20
PUN
a
Ler
f
= h
4
os 2
ELEVATION
° o 19 «15 20 25 30 FecgPyth
ah -—————
2) Values of C, vorsus a/b forh/b 24
14
| ta
Cy
10
os
o 05 400615208
ab —————
“b)Values of C; vorsus.ab forh/b<4
iG. 4 Force Cosrmcisyr ror Rectancutar CLAD
Bumping 1N Unison FLow
PART 6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN —SECTION 1 LOADS, FORCES AND EFFECIS 5.34 Design Spectrum
5.3.4.1 Forthe purpose of determining seismic forces,
the country is classified into four seismic zones as
shown in Fig. 11.
5.3.4.2 The design horizontal seismic cocfficient A,
for a structure shall.be determined by the following
expression:
- Value of A, will. got be less than Z/2 whatever be the!
value of I/R
where
Z = Zone factor given in Table 31, is for the
maximum considered earthquake (MCE)
and service life of structure in & zone. The
factor 2in the denominator of > is used so
as to reduce the maximum considered
earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor
for design basis earthquake (DBE).
‘Zone factor for some iniportant towns are
given at Annex J,
Importance factor, depending upoa the
functional use of the strucutes, characterised
by hazardous consequences of its failure,
postearthquake functional needs, historical
‘value, or economie impertance (Table 35).
R = Response reduction factor, depending on
the perceived seismic damage performance
of the structure, characterized by ductile
or brittle deformations. However, the
ratio (1/R) shall not be greater than 1.0,
(Fable 36). The values of R for buildings
are given in Table 36.
Si/e= Average response acceleration coefficient
forrock or sil sites as given by Fig. 12 and
Table 32 based on appropriate natural
petiods and damping ofthe structure, These
curves represent free field ground motion,
[NOTE — For varios types of srcttes, the values
ffimporane actor Respoase Redocia Factor
nd damping vales ae given nthe respective pats
of hs standard, The method (empbeal ox otherwise)
to call the saturl periods ofthe structure to be
fdopted for evalatig S/s is aloo given in the
respective pars ofthis Cod.
Table 31 Zone Factor, Z
(Clause $3.42)
‘Seiemie Zone oo om W v
Seismic Intensity Low Moderne Severs Very Severe
Zz 01 016 006
5.34.3 Where anumber of modes are to be considered
a
for dynamic analysis, the value of A, as defined
in 5.3.4.2 for each mode shall be determined using the
natural petiod of vibration ofthat mode.
5.344 For underground structures and foundations
at depths of 30 m or below, the design horizontal
acceleration spectrum value shall be taken as hal the
value obtained from §.3.4.2. For structores and
foundations placed between the ground level and 30 m
depth, the design horizontal acceleration spectrum
value sball be linearly interpolated between 4, and
05 4,, where A, is as specified in $3.42.
53.45 The design acceleration spectrum for vertical
motions, when required, may be taken as two-thirds
of the design horizontal acceleration spectrum
specified in 5.3.4.2
Figure 12 shows the proposed 5 percent spectra for
rocky and sols sites and Table 32 gives the multiplying
factors tor obtaining spectral values for various other
dampings.
For Rocky, or hard soil sites
sg, [l4187; 000
