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Topic 8
O level IGCSE 2022-2023
7/1/2023
Part 1
Circulation ( heart structure )
Paper 6 basics
Semilunar valves Artery
4 chambers Artery
&
2 upper 2 lower
12/8 Vein
Atria Ventricles /
Left
0
Vein Right
1)
LO
->
atrium
4 blood vessels atrium
2 veins
Vena cava
2 arteries
Pulmonary artery
RD Right
Left
ventricle
Pulmonary vein ventricle Atrioventricular valve
Aorta
Atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid
Tricuspid
IN …..VEIN ……..ATRIUM
AWAY ….ARETRY …..VENTRICLE
4 valves LORD
Left oxygenated , right deoxygenated
2 found between atria and 2 in arteries of hear
ventricles Semilunar valves
ATRIO VENTRICULAR
VALVES
Artery
Artery
Aorta
P. Artery
Vein
iji
P. Vein
Vein
Right
Vena cava Left
LO
🫁
atrium
atrium
RD
Left
Right
ventricle
ventricle
2 veins 2 arteries
Vena cava Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein Aorta
Pulmonary
Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery vein
5..3
Lungs
Pulmonary
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary
Pulmonary vein
artery Aorta
X
Right
*
Left
Vena cava atrium
atrium
RD
Left
Right
ventricle Systemic
ventricle
. circulation
Hepatic
Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein Liver
Hepatic
portal vein
Small intestine
Renal
Renal vein Kidney Renal artery
N
Blood flow inside the heart Vena cava Right Left Pulmonar
Explain how blood coming from the body reaches the lungs :
y vein.
atrium atrium
Pulmonary artery Right Left Aorta
1 2
ventricle ventricle
R. Atrium
RD
Vena cava
LO
#
Pulmonary artery
1. Blood coming from the body enter the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium
R. Ventricle 2. Right atrium contract , pressure of blood in R.A increase .
76 5
3. Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid ) open
1, blood entering from lungs , enter through pulmonary vein into the left atrium . LO 2 ①
Pulmonary
2. Left atrium contract , so blood pressure inn left atrium increase . Left atrium <
vein.
3
3, atrioventricular ( bicuspid ) valve open . #
4. Blood is forced from left atrium into the left ventricle Aorta
Left
V
7
5
5. Left ventricle contract , left atrium relax , an pressure of blood increase, atrioventricular ventricle
valve close to prevent back flow of blood. .
6. Semilunar valve open , to allow the blood to be forced out of heart through aorta to body .
Double circulatory system
Means the blood enters the heart twice in one complete CIRCUIT
Systemic circulation
Oxygenated Deoxygenated
Heart >>>>>>>>>>>>>BODY
AORTA
>>>>>>>>>>>HEART
Vena cava
Pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated Oxygenated
Heart >>>>>>>>>>>LUNGS>>>>>>>>>>>>HEART
Pulnomary atery Pulmonary vein .
Disadvantages :
1. 1. Rapid fall in blood velocity and pressure
·
In sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to respiring tissue
2. Pressure too low for efficient kidney function r
Filling
of Emptying of
the
heart Ensure
heart ..blood
emptying of
is forced out
atria into
Atrium Relaxed of the heart
ventricles Contract Relaxed
Ventricle Relaxed
Relaxed Contracted
Left ventricle more muscular walls as it pumps blood under higher pressure .
To pump blood for longer distance / to the whole body part
To over come resistance to blood flow in arteries .
3. In veins low
pressure as it receives
blood from capillaries
+ narrow lumen
1
men
Arteries have no valves Blood vessels
except for pulmonary ( vasoconstriction and relax ( vasodilation) supplying muscles
⑪
Veins have valves ( semilunar
under low pressure
valves )
Prevent back flow of blood
Semilunar valve , to prevent back flow of blood
Function : transport / carry
Why blood is flowing in veins under low pressure ?
blood back into the heart under
low pressure. All veins carry
deoxygenated blood except for As they receive blood coming from capillaries ..so blood has already
pulmonary vein . lost its pressure , in addition it has wide lumen
How blood flow in veins
Veins are embedded between muscles …when In addition, semilunar valves close, to
muscles contract …squeeze on blood ….push prevent the back of blood
blood up in veins
3. Capillary Tissue
Function : allow exchange of substances between blood and cells / alveoli
By diffusion of gases ( gas exchange ) and reabsorption of useful substances into blood example glucose
1. Wall is one cell thick/ thin wall ……for shorter diffusion distance
8.
2. Pores :
Pores in their walls to allow filtration of small molecules from blood
4. Lumen almost of same size as RBC : so RBCs can move slowly to allow efficient
gas exchange
Blood
3) pacemaker
A) regulate the rate of heart beats
B) ensure that atria contract before ventricle
Nerve cells
br
l Ga
iha
.N
Dr
Open Close
Close Open
Open Close
Dr.Nihal Gabr
327
Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS
1
77bpm
br
4 beats……..5 seconds
X beats……….60 seconds
l Ga
iha
48 bpm
.N
Data evidence
Where the heart rate increased from 48 bpm to 77 bpm
Waves gets closer to each other during exercise
The amplitude / height of the QRS curve / wave remains almost the
same
Dr.Nihal Gabr
328
Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS
br
8 Page 6 October/November2009 Syllabus-0610 Paper 31
l Ga
ha
. Ni
Dr
Dr.Nihal Gabr
329
Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
r
ab
Semilunar valve Atrioventricular
valve (bicuspid )
G
al
Left side
Vena cava
ih
N
Aorta
Pulmonary vein
r.
Vena cava
D
Pulmonary artery
AORTA
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
r
Semilunar valves
ab
Right atrium Left atrium
G Atrioventricular
valve ( bicuspid )
al
Vena cava
ih
Left ventricle
N
Right ventricle
r.
D
Aorta
r
Pulmonary artery
b
Vena cava
a
Pulmonary artery
G
Semilunar valve
r
la
R.A
ab
L.A
↓
h
G
i
R.V L.V
N
Vena cava Pulmonary vein
al
.r
Atrioventricular valve Septum
ih
D
N
Bicuspid
r.
D
C
Aorta
Ventricle relax
Allow blood to flow in one direction and prevent its back flow
19
Page 6 March 2017 Syllabus-0610 Paper 42
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
r
Pulmonary vein
b
r
ab
Semilunar valve
a
Atrioventricular
G
valve ( bicuspid )
G
la
Septum
al
Vena cava
h
Atrioventricular valve
i
ih
N
N
.r
r.
D
D