Animal transport

Topic 8
O level IGCSE 2022-2023
7/1/2023
Part 1
Circulation ( heart structure )
Paper 6 basics
 Semilunar valves Artery
4 chambers Artery
&
2 upper 2 lower
12/8 Vein
Atria Ventricles /

Left
0

Vein Right

1)
LO
->
atrium
4 blood vessels atrium

2 veins
Vena cava
2 arteries
Pulmonary artery
RD Right
Left
ventricle
Pulmonary vein ventricle Atrioventricular valve
Aorta
Atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid
Tricuspid

IN …..VEIN ……..ATRIUM
AWAY ….ARETRY …..VENTRICLE

4 valves LORD
Left oxygenated , right deoxygenated
2 found between atria and 2 in arteries of hear
ventricles Semilunar valves
ATRIO VENTRICULAR
VALVES
 Artery
Artery
Aorta
P. Artery

Vein

iji
P. Vein
Vein
Right
Vena cava Left

LO
🫁
atrium
atrium
RD
Left
Right
ventricle
ventricle
2 veins 2 arteries
Vena cava Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein Aorta

Pulmonary

Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery vein
5..3
Lungs
Pulmonary
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary
Pulmonary vein
artery Aorta

X
Right

*
Left
Vena cava atrium
atrium
RD
Left
Right
ventricle Systemic
ventricle
. circulation

Hepatic
Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein Liver
Hepatic
portal vein
Small intestine

Renal
Renal vein Kidney Renal artery
N
Blood flow inside the heart Vena cava Right Left Pulmonar

Explain how blood coming from the body reaches the lungs :
y vein.
atrium atrium
Pulmonary artery Right Left Aorta
1 2
ventricle ventricle
R. Atrium
RD
Vena cava
LO
#
Pulmonary artery
1. Blood coming from the body enter the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium
R. Ventricle 2. Right atrium contract , pressure of blood in R.A increase .
76 5
3. Atrioventricular valve ( tricuspid ) open

RD 4. Blood is Forced from Right atrium to the right ventricle

5. Right ventricle contract , right atrium relax , and pressure in R. Ventricle increase
6. Atrioventricular valve close and semilunar valve open
7. Blood is forced out of the heart through pulmonary artery to lungs

1, blood entering from lungs , enter through pulmonary vein into the left atrium . LO 2 ①
Pulmonary
2. Left atrium contract , so blood pressure inn left atrium increase . Left atrium <
vein.
3
3, atrioventricular ( bicuspid ) valve open . #
4. Blood is forced from left atrium into the left ventricle Aorta
Left
V
7
5
5. Left ventricle contract , left atrium relax , an pressure of blood increase, atrioventricular ventricle
valve close to prevent back flow of blood. .
6. Semilunar valve open , to allow the blood to be forced out of heart through aorta to body .
Double circulatory system

Means the blood enters the heart twice in one complete CIRCUIT

Systemic circulation
Oxygenated Deoxygenated
Heart >>>>>>>>>>>>>BODY
AORTA
>>>>>>>>>>>HEART
Vena cava
Pulmonary circulation

Deoxygenated Oxygenated
Heart >>>>>>>>>>>LUNGS>>>>>>>>>>>>HEART
Pulnomary atery Pulmonary vein .

Advantages of having a double circulatory system

1. To pump blood under two different pressures ,

low pressure to the lungs to avoid damage of lungs
High pressure ……to the body … longer distance…( left side )

2. Prevent of mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood …

To maintain steep concentration gradient for faster gas exchange . . .
Fish
Single circulation

Disadvantages :
1. 1. Rapid fall in blood velocity and pressure
·
In sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to respiring tissue
2. Pressure too low for efficient kidney function r

,why left ventricle has thicker walls than right ventricle

To pump blood under higher pressure

For longer distance
To over come greater resistance to blood flow in aorta
11/1/2023
Part 2
Cardiac cycle
Heart activity

Dr. Nihal Gabr

 Cardiac cycle
Diastole ……….relaxation
One heart beat Systole ………..contraction
0.8 S

Diastole 0.4s Atrial systole 0.1s Ventricular systole 0.3 S

Filling
of Emptying of
the
heart Ensure
heart ..blood
emptying of
is forced out
atria into
Atrium Relaxed of the heart
ventricles Contract Relaxed

Ventricle Relaxed
Relaxed Contracted

Atrioventricular valve Open Open Close

Semilunar valve Closed

Closed Open
Thickness of walls heart chambers:

Left ventricle more muscular walls as it pumps blood under higher pressure .
To pump blood for longer distance / to the whole body part
To over come resistance to blood flow in arteries .

3. In veins low
pressure as it receives
blood from capillaries

1. Under high pressure which has already lost

Arteries carry blood away its pressure .

from heart …pumped by + wide lumen

muscular walls of ventricle

+ narrow lumen

2.blood in capillaries starts to loose pressure …..due to large

branching netwrok of capillaries so pressure falls…+ presence of
pores through which blood is filtered out
Heart muscle
Involuntary muscle
With no need to receive electrical / nerve impulses from brain to keep contracting

Pace maker : is a bundle of nerves found in the right atrium

1. Regulate the rate of heart beats according to the body demand .
2. Ensure atria contract before ventricles for emptying atria into ventricles

What if pace maker stops

1. Use artificial pace maker replaced in person’s heart
Old : regular heart beats
New : can sense changes in breathing, movement. And body temperature
to adjust heart beats

How to monitor the heart activity inside hospitals

By using Electrocardiograph.
At which little electrodes are stuck onto the person’s body and the electrical activity of
heart is recorded as a mind graph
Hear the heart sound Measuring heart rate by measuring
your pulse rate
Stethoscope ….to hear lub dub sound
Press with two fingers over an artery
found near the skin surface .
Wrist / neck
And count number of pulses per minute
Or use pulse meter . .

Heart rate = pulse rate

13/1/2023
Part 3
Blood vessels
Blood cells
Blood vessels Thick outer wall
With collagen : to withstand high blood pressure ( strengthen walls of blood vessels ) and prevent it
from bursting .
1. Artery
ser Middle layer ( thick layer ) Imme
Vasodilation
A) smooth muscles : contract

1
men
Arteries have no valves Blood vessels
except for pulmonary ( vasoconstriction and relax ( vasodilation) supplying muscles

artery and aorta to adjust volume of blood transported to gets wider to

Vasoconstrict
m

different parts of the body .

inimu increase blood
supply near
Blood vessels supplying
Narrow gut gets narrower to
muscles

Function: carry blood away

lumen B) elastic fibres : stretch ( expand ) and reduce blood supply to
from the heart under high digestive system
Maintain blood recoil ( narrower ) maintain high blood
pressure , all arteries carry flow under high - Stretch Recoil
pressure . not
oxygenated blood except for the pressure *
Ventricle
Ventricle
pulmonary artery
contract relax

Thin wall : as blood is flowing under low pressure

2. Vein
Wide lumen : offer no resistance to blood flow

⑪
Veins have valves ( semilunar
under low pressure
valves )
Prevent back flow of blood
Semilunar valve , to prevent back flow of blood
Function : transport / carry
Why blood is flowing in veins under low pressure ?
blood back into the heart under
low pressure. All veins carry
deoxygenated blood except for As they receive blood coming from capillaries ..so blood has already
pulmonary vein . lost its pressure , in addition it has wide lumen
 How blood flow in veins

Veins are embedded between muscles …when In addition, semilunar valves close, to
muscles contract …squeeze on blood ….push prevent the back of blood
blood up in veins

3. Capillary Tissue
Function : allow exchange of substances between blood and cells / alveoli
By diffusion of gases ( gas exchange ) and reabsorption of useful substances into blood example glucose
1. Wall is one cell thick/ thin wall ……for shorter diffusion distance

8.
2. Pores :
Pores in their walls to allow filtration of small molecules from blood

3. Large numbers of branching capillaries

To provide large surface are to allow blood to reach every cell

4. Lumen almost of same size as RBC : so RBCs can move slowly to allow efficient
gas exchange
 Blood

Plasma 55% 45% blood cells

90% water 10%

A) dissolved substances WBCs
RBCs Platelets
Glucose , amino acids , Needed for blood clotting
minerals , vitamins , urea ,
Platelets when they touch the damaged tissue , they
lactic acid , co2
become activated ..becoming more sticky and break to
release THROMBIN ENZYME
B) plasma proteins
Antibodies , enzymes , some Cataylse the

hormones such as insulin , conversion

fibrinogen Soluble fibrinogen Insoluble fibrin

Plasma protein
#
Form a mesh that
traps the blood
Prevent entry of cells to form a
pathogens and lose clot …dry and
of blood form a scab
1. Cardiac cycle (one heart beat )
• diastole ( relaxed ) Atria relax/ ventricle relax / A.V valve open / semilunar valve close
• Atrial systole Atria contract / ventricle relax / A.V valve open / semilunar valve closed
• Ventricular systole. Atria relax/ ventricles contract / A.V valve close / semilunar open
•
2 explain the differences in blood pressure in
A) arteries …………..high as the arteries carry blood away from the heart pumped by muscular walls of
ventricles + narrow lumen
B) capillaries …. Starts to loose pressure …due to large branching network of capillaries so pressure falls +
presence of pores through which blood id filtered out
C) veins : as it received blood from capillaries which has already lost its pressure + wide lumen

3) pacemaker
A) regulate the rate of heart beats
B) ensure that atria contract before ventricle

4) monitor the heart activity at hospital ..ECG

To hear the heart sound use a stethoscope
Measure heart rate ..count pulse rate .
 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

7 Page 2 May/ June 2017 Syllabus-0610 Paper 42

Nerve cells

br
l Ga
iha
.N
Dr

Open Close
Close Open
Open Close

To allow the blood to flow in one direction and prevent its

back flow

Dr.Nihal Gabr
327
Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

9 beats ……7 seconds

X beats ……60 seconds

1
77bpm

br
4 beats……..5 seconds
X beats……….60 seconds
l Ga
iha
48 bpm
.N

There is an increase in electrical activity of the heart during exercise

Dr

Data evidence
Where the heart rate increased from 48 bpm to 77 bpm
Waves gets closer to each other during exercise
The amplitude / height of the QRS curve / wave remains almost the
same

Dr.Nihal Gabr
328
 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

br
8 Page 6 October/November2009 Syllabus-0610 Paper 31

l Ga
ha
. Ni
Dr

Dr.Nihal Gabr
329
 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

4 Page 6 May/ June 2012 Syllabus-0610 Paper 32

Aorta

Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

r
ab
Semilunar valve Atrioventricular
valve (bicuspid )

G
al
Left side
Vena cava
ih
N

Aorta
Pulmonary vein
r.

Vena cava
D

Pulmonary artery

Dr.Nihal Gabr 292

 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

AORTA
Vena cava

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

r
Semilunar valves

ab
Right atrium Left atrium

G Atrioventricular
valve ( bicuspid )
al
Vena cava
ih

Left ventricle
N

Right ventricle
r.
D

Dr.Nihal Gabr 296

 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

10 Page 2 May/ June 2017 Syllabus-0610 Paper 43

Aorta

r
Pulmonary artery

b
Vena cava

a
Pulmonary artery

G
Semilunar valve

r
la
R.A

ab
L.A
↓

h
G
i
R.V L.V

N
Vena cava Pulmonary vein
al

.r
Atrioventricular valve Septum
ih

Tricuspid Atrioventricular valve

D
N

Bicuspid
r.
D

C
Aorta

Ventricle relax

Allow blood to flow in one direction and prevent its back flow

Dr.Nihal Gabr 304

 Biology IGCSE 0610 Paper 4 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS

19 

Page 6 March 2017 Syllabus-0610 Paper 42

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

r
Pulmonary vein

b
r
ab
Semilunar valve

a
Atrioventricular

G
valve ( bicuspid )

G
la
Septum
al
Vena cava

h
Atrioventricular valve

i
ih

N
N

.r
r.

D
D

Dr.Nihal Gabr 318