HVAC - Class 01

Architectural Science II- ARCH 3262
Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Systems in Buildings
EiABC_ Chair of Architecture and Building Science_ Eyob Wedesu _2016

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Introducing climatic elements, their effect upon human comfort, and their
consideration as factors in Architectural design;
 Introducing “BIO-CLIMATIC APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURE”. Exercising design
principles with a focus on passive design approach
INTRODUCTION
EARTH, CLIMATE AND HUMAN RESPONSE
EARTH
 Earth is unique among the planets of our solar
system in offering all the basic necessities of life.
 The sun is the single most important factor in the
lives of people and their buildings.
 The earth loops around the sun in a slightly elliptical
orbit
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE
 Weather is the set of atmospheric conditions
prevailing at a given place and time.
 Climate can be defined as the integration in time of
weather conditions, characteristic of a certain
geographical location.
 The climate of earth is driven by the energy input
from the sun.
 For designers there are two essential aspects to
understand:
the apparent movement of the sun (the solar geometry)
the energy flows from the sun and how to handle it (exclude it or
make use of it).
INTRODUCTION
HUMAN RESPONSE
 Shade from trees and caves
 Shelter
 Buildings
BUILDINGS
 Entities mediating between the external and the
internal environment, assisting man’s effort to
modify his micro-climate:
1st Generation buildings

( Pre-industrial, massive architecture)
2nd Generation buildings
( Industrial, light architecture)
3rd Generation buildings
(“Combination, Intelligent / green bldgs.”)
BUILDING SCIENCE
Building Science
(Environmental
Science)
Comfort Safety Hazard

COMFORT
Physiological and Psychological
 Thermal (Bio-climatic comfort)

 Visual (Light and Glare)
 Acoustics (Noise)
SAFETY HAZARD
 Fire risk Earth Quake

 Stability
Pollution
 Security
Flood
BIO-CLIMATIC COMFORT
 Understanding Man's Interaction with the natural
environment
 Creating of controlled indoor environment
SCIENTIFIC APPOACHES
 Natural / Passive Systems
The natural system of cooling, ventilating and
heating building interior
 Mechanical systems /Artificial
Cooling, ventilating and heating building interior
using energy (powered)
 Combination of passive and Active
Natural and mechanical
ADVANTAGE OF PASSIVE SYSTEMS
Satisfy bio-climatic comfort
Encourage energy saving
Encourage efficient and cost effective use of local
resources
PRINCIPLES OF HEAT
THERMAL LOAD ON BUILDINGS
HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
Heat is a form of energy,
contained in substances as molecular motion or appearing as
electromagnetic radiation in space.
Major climatic element
Unit = Joules, Calorie, 1cal = 4.187J
Temperature (T) is the symptom of the presence of heat in a

substance.
Units = Celsius, 0◦C = 273.15◦K.
Thermometer
SOURCES OF HEAT
Natural and Artificial:
The Sun
Center of the earth
Change of state
Human being
Burning of fuel
Electrical energy
SPECIFIC HEAT is the quantity of heat required to elevate the temperature of unit mass
of a substance by one degree,
it is measured in units of J/kg.K.
different for different materials.
 it varies between 100 and 800 J/kg.K for metals, 800 and 1200 J/kg.K for masonry
materials (brick, concrete) to water, which has the highest value of all common
substances: 4176 J/kg.K
SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT
 Latent heat of a substance is the
amount of heat energy absorbed by
unit mass of the substance at change
of state (from solid to liquid or liquid to
gaseous) without any change in
temperature.
 Sensible heat is the heat energy

absorbed or released from a substance
during a change in temperature
HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS
Heat flows from a higher temperature zone (or
body) to a lower temperature one. Such heat
flow can take place in three forms:
 conduction within a body or bodies in contact,
by the ‘spread’ of molecular movement
 convection from a solid body to a fluid (liquid or
gas) or vice-versa the transport of heat from
one surface to another by a moving fluid
 radiation from a body with a warmer surface to
another which is cooler.
HEAT CAPACITY
Thermal Storage Property
Same mass of different materials can hold different quantities of heat
Specific heat capacity of a material is the quantity of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1kg of that material by one degree Kelvin (1 degree Celsius)
Unit = j/kgk or J/kg°c
HEAT CAPACITY:
Of Different Materials
 Water……………………4190 J/Kgk
 Concrete and brick….3300
 Wood…………………….1700
 Aluminum………………910
 Steel……………………..450
 Composite materials ?
Thermal Insulator
material which opposes/resists the transfer of
heat b/n areas at different temperatures
Their atoms are spaced well apart, porous and

low density
Thermal Insulation
Achieved through:
Nature of materials (molecular property)
Thickness
Surface characteristics
Air space
Detail of construction
Thermal Transmittance, (U-Value)
measure of the overall heat transfer by all mechanisms under particular section of
material (structure) (w/m2k)
Example
If the outside temperature is To = 10◦C and the inside is Ti =22◦C, thus
T = 10 − 22 = −12K (the negative indicating a heat loss) over a 10m2 brick wall (U =
1.5W/m2K) the heat flow rate will be
Q=A×U×T
Q = 10 × 1.5 × (−12) = −180W
HUMUDITY
Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.
Measured by sling psychrometer
If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity, sweat will not
evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much hotter than the
actual temperature when the relative humidity is high.
If the relative humidity is low, we can feel much cooler than the
actual temperature because our sweat evaporates easily, cooling us
off.
For example,
if the air temperature is 24 degrees Celsius and the relative
humidity is zero percent, the air temperature feels like 21 C to
our bodies.
If the air temperature is 24 C and the relative humidity is 100
percent, we feel like it's 27 C out.
People tend to feel most comfortable at a relative humidity of
about 45 percent
THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT
Bio-Climatic Comfort
A condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with the thermal surroundings
THERMAL COMFORT
ENVIRONMENTAL HEAT
 Physical variables: air temperature, air movement, humidity
METABOLIC HEAT
 Chemical Energy
 Personal Variables: activity, age, sex , size..
COMFORT ZONE
Range of conditions in which thermal comfort is experienced
Favorable conditions defined by Temperature, Humidity & Air movement
 High T/ high H……oppressive
 Low T/ High H…….Cold
 High T/ Low H…….dryness

Olgyay’s bioclimatic chart
Proposed by Victor Olgyay, based on T(°c), humidity(%) & Wind velocity
Factors of comfort
Environmental Contributing factors
Air temperature Food and drink
Air movement Body shape
Humidity Subcutaneous fat
Radiation Age and gender
Personal
Metabolic rate (activity)
Clothing
State of health
Acclimatization
Adjustment mechanisms
Vasoconstriction (in a cold environment) will reduce the blood flow to the skin,
reduce skin temperature, reduce heat dissipation
Vasodilation (in a warm situation) will increase blood flow to the skin, thus the heat
transport, elevate the skin temperature and increase heat dissipation.
If the above is insufficient to control, hyperthermia will set in, which is a circulatory
failure. The body temperature may reach 40◦C and heat stroke may occur.
Comfort indices, comfort zone
Comfort zone is the he range of acceptable comfort conditions
The temperature limits of such a comfort zone (for 90% acceptability) can be taken
relative to the above Tn (neutrality temperature) as from (Tn − 2.5) ◦C to (Tn + 2.5)◦C.

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Architectural Science II- ARCH 3262

Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Systems in Buildings

EiABC_ Chair of Architecture and Building Science_ Eyob Wedesu _2016

1st Generation buildings

Comfort Safety Hazard

 Thermal (Bio-climatic comfort)

 Fire risk Earth Quake

Unit = Joules, Calorie, 1cal = 4.187J

Temperature (T) is the symptom of the presence of heat in a

Units = Celsius, 0◦C = 273.15◦K.

 Sensible heat is the heat energy

 Concrete and brick….3300

Their atoms are spaced well apart, porous and

Favorable conditions defined by Temperature, Humidity & Air movement

 High T/ high H……oppressive

 Low T/ High H…….Cold

 High T/ Low H…….dryness

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