03 – ENERGY BASICS NOTE: The heating, cooling, and lighting of buildings are accomplished by adding or removing energy. Energy is a property or characteristic of matter that makes things happen, or, in the case of stored or potential energy, has the "potential" to make things happen.
[Dave Watson] Energy IN and Emissions OUT Useful Energy Greenhouse Gases Vs. Lost Energy Energy flow diagram:
5 http://www.wri.org/chart/world-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2000 a basic understanding of the physics of energy in the form of heat Thermal processes of a building are analogous to those of the human body.
a basic understanding of the physics of energy in the form of heat
The building skin keeps heat in or out – the building’s
various circulation systems regulate temperature. Heat Energy:
A form of energy representing the aggregated internal energy of motions
of atoms and molecules in a system.
Heat is any transfer of energy from one system to another
due to a difference in temperature Heat may be described in three forms:
1. Sensible Heat 2. 3. Latent Heat Radiant Heat 3 Forms of HEAT 1. Sensible heat
The random motion of molecules. An object with a larger motion of
molecules is said to be hotter or contain more heat.
Temperature is the measure of intensity of this random motion of molecules.
When an object is heated, its temperature rises as heat is added.
The increase in heat is called sensible heat. Similarly, when heat is removed from an object and its temperature falls, the heat removed is also called sensible heat.
Heat that causes a change in temperature in an object is called sensible
heat, it is quantifiable through the senses. 1. Sensible heat
Heat content is determined from the mass and temperature of an object.
NOTE: The heat flow mechanism within the object is called conduction. Molecules must be close to each other to collide & transfer heat energy (conduct). 2. Latent heat The heat required to break bonds between the molecules of a substance to change the state from a solid to a liquid [or from a liquid into a gas].
All pure substances in nature are able to change their state. Solids can become liquids (ice to water) and liquids can become gases (water to vapor) but changes such as these require the addition or removal of heat.
The heat that causes these changes is called latent heat.
Latent heat does not affect the temperature of a substance - for example, water remains at 100°C while boiling (becoming vapor). The heat added to keep the water boiling is latent heat. Latent heat causes a change of state with no change in temperature. 2. Latent heat
Latent heat of fusion = melt a solid into a liquid
Latent heat of vaporization = change a liquid into a gas Latent heat of condensation = change a gas into a liquid 2. Latent heat . cannot be sensed (like sensible heat) . does not raise the sensible temperature of the molecules . is being stored in the molecules to be released [i.e. during the condensation process]. 2. Latent heat British Thermal Unit (BTU) is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise 1 LB of water by 1°F
Latent heat is the large amount of energy required to break the bonds of molecules and induce a change in the state of a material (phase change).
Refrigerants, with lower boiling and melting temperatures, use this quality of latent heat to transfer heat energy efficiently. The temperatures and energy amounts shown above display why water is not typically used as a transfer medium in mechanized conditioning systems. It takes large amounts of energy to induce the phase change. 2. Latent heat
Latent heat is a compact and convenient form for storing and transferring heat. See BASF link: Micronal PCM 3. Radiant heat
The heat transferred by electromagnetic waves [in the same way as light travels]. The wavelength / frequency of the radiation emitted is a function of the temperature of the object. 3. Radiant heat
Radiation is not affected by gravity.
Solar radiation is short wave.
Thermal radiation is long wave.
Radiation is affected by the nature of the material with which it interacts. 4
Four (4) possible interactions include: radiant interactions
. Transmittance (passes through)
. Absorptance (converted to sensible heat within material) . Reflectance (reflected off of the surface) . Emittance (given from the surface, reducing sensible heat) 3. Radiant heat
The type of interaction that will occur is not only a function of the material but also the wavelength of radiation.
For example, glass interacts very differently with solar radiation (short wavelengths) than it does with thermal radiation (long wavelengths).
Glass is mostly transparent to short-wave radiation but opaque to long-
wave radiation. The greenhouse effect in buildings is mostly due to this property of glass and most plastics. 3. Radiant heat and the Greenhouse effect
The mean radiant temperature describes the weighted average, radiant environment, for a point in space.
Above - The radiant effect of one’s face by a fireplace is high – walking toward the fire would increase the MRT, while walking toward a cold window would lower the MRT. Heat flow
the second law of thermodynamics:
energy (heat) transfer takes place in one direction, from a higher grade to a lower grade state… seeking an even distribution of heat energy wherein all objects will end up at the same temperature. Remember that heat may be described in three forms:
1. Sensible Heat 2. 3. Latent Heat Radiant Heat 3 Forms of HEAT Heat flow
Now relate that understanding to the 3 primary methods of heat flow:
3 1 Methods of HEAT flow
3 Buildings, like our bodies, experience heat loss to (and gain from) the environment in three principle ways:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation Heat flow
Buildings and heat flow:
Convection: heat is exchanged between a fluid (typically air) and a solid.
Conduction: heat is transferred directly from molecule to molecule.
Radiation: heat flows via electromagnetic waves from hotter surfaces to detached colder ones – across an empty space. Heat flow
Buildings can also
leak air if not sealed. Heat flow
1. Heat Flow by Conduction
results from the transfer of energy from one molecule to the next.
Conduction Heat flow
Thermal Resistance: A function of the number, and size, of air spaces in a material.Typically given as an R-value. The Thermal resistance of wood is twelve times as great as that of concrete. Heat flow
results from the transfer of energy because of differences in temperature [occurs when denser / cooler gases or liquids fall and warmer / less dense gases or liquids rise ]
Convection
Sea breeze and land breeze wind circulation patterns
One cubic foot of water can store or transfer the same amount of heat as over 3000 ft3 of air. A major design choice is the medium of energy transfer. The implications on design and energy use are evident. Heat flow
Forced convection and the differential of temperature in systems.
Conveying water and air, pipes and ducting sizes are expressive of the volumes necessary to use these materials as heat-transfer mediums. Heat flow
3. Heat Flow by Radiation
all objects that contain heat emit some level of radiant energy.
Radiation
The rate of radiant heat exchange between two surfaces depends on: • the relative temperature of the surfaces, • their releasing and absorptive qualities. Heat flow
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/ClimateMap_World.png Heat Capacity ~ density ~ volume Heat capacity
Heat capacity is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of an object by a certain temperature 1 degree F interval. Heat capacity
Higher density means more storage capacity.
A materials ability to store energy (heat) depends on its density.
Very low capacity Very high capacity
air wood concrete water
NOTE: See figure 3.15 Water is a “middleweight” material with highest heat capacity. It takes only 1/3 as much water to hold the same amount of heat as concrete. Heat capacity
Insulating effect / storage and release
Time lag results in the delay in heat conduction/flow
higher heat capacity [concrete] yields a higher time lag (water vessel analogy) Note that the system seeks equilibrium with the transfer of heat energy to cooler spaces. The Thermal resistance of wood is twelve times as great as that of concrete, but the heat capacity of concrete is much greater. Therefore conductivity through the concrete wall will be longer (time lag). Heat capacity
hot climate > High density, light color, and high volume envelop Heat capacity
Scripps Biological Station, La Jolla (1905)
Historic Adobe Construction, Iran
Tilt Slab Construction @ La Jolla Woman’s Club, La Jolla (1912) Eco-Dome, Nader Khalili (Iran)
SOURCES: [Scripps] http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061203/news_mz1h03gill.html [Tilt Slab] http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/98winter/gill2.htm [Adobe – Iran] http://www.dwell.com/articles/castles-made-of-sand.html [EcoDome] http://calearth.org/building-designs/eco-dome.html basic units of heat measurement Measuring Heat
British Thermal Units (Btu)
or Joules (J)
BTU is the amount of heat energy it takes to raise
the temperature of 01 pound of water by 01 degree Fahrenheit.
This is measured when the water is near 39.2
degrees Fahrenheit.
1,000 joules = 1 Btu
R and U Basic units of heat measurement
F the overall coefficient of heat transfer (conductivity) for all the elements of construction, as well as the environmental factors.
U Conductivity U ~ C1+C2+C3 (Conductivity of assembly) Lower U = lower conduction/transition …the better the insulation value of the composite structure U Lower is better "R" value of a material is its resistance to heat flow through the material. R Resistance
R Higher R = higher resistance …the better the insulation value of the composite structure R Higher is better U ??? R U~1/R conduction and resistance
U-factor measures the rate of heat loss,
or how well a material or assembly prevents heat from escaping.
R-factor measures the effective insulating
value of that material or assembly EXAMPLES CASE STUDY: qanats
Lines of qanats leading to Firuzabad in Iran
National Geographical Society book the Builders - marvels of engineering pub (1992)
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: qanats
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: qanats
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: qanats
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: qanats
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: Roman heating system
(Courtesy of Wirsbo Company.)
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
CASE STUDY: Warming pans
transport of heat transfer of heat by moving material
TWO ANTIQUE WARMING PANS. WELSH KITCHEN FIREPLACE.
(In the Victoria and Albert Museum.) (In the National Museum of Wales.)
-From Zamani, 2010 ARCH 3313
REVIEW: •How heat is transferred
•Sensible and latent heat definitions
•The heat capacity characteristics of basic materials
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
“Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence: Cipher 4”: “Foundations to Flight: Mastering Physics from Curiosity to Confidence, #4
