DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

CIEN-01404 FLUID MECHANICS

(LAB. MANUAL)

NAME :

ROLL NO. :

SESSION :

SEMESTER :

LABORATORY NAME : FLUID MECHANICS LAB.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur-Pakistan

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

FOREWORD
Fluid Mechanics laboratory provides a “hands on” environment that is crucial for developing
students understanding of theoretical concepts. Fluid mechanics laboratory is a laboratory in
which fluid flow is being studied and observed.

Our approach is to integrate the Fluid Mechanics laboratory with industrial equipment and
tools in order to allow students to engage their classroom based theoretical knowledge in an
industry-like setting.

The laboratory exercises are designed to help students investigate fluid properties, apply flow
measurement techniques, and apply storage methods.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

CONTENTS

Introduction to fluid mechanics laboratory 4

Course learning outcomes & assessment rubrics for laboratory 5

Occupational health and safety basic training 6

Laboratory layout 8

Experiment # 1. To study the characteristics of hydraulic bench and 9

determine the volume and the mass flow rates of fluid flowing through
this unit.

Experiment # 2. Determination of Liquid densities 12

Experiment # 3. Demonstration of Archimedes‟ Principle 24

Experiment # 4. Calibrate Bourdon gauge by means of dead weight 29

pressure calibration

Experiment # 5. Determination of the center of pressure of a submerged 39

plane surface
Experiment # 6. Investigation of stability of a floating body and its
46
metacentric height
Experiment # 7. Demonstrate Bernoulli‟s theorem
52
Experiment # 8. Experimental study of Laminar, Transitional, and
56
Turbulent Flow

Experiment # 9. Determine the coefficient of discharge for rectangular 64

notch
Experiment # 10. Determine the coefficient of discharge for triangular
notch
Experiment # 11. Study of free vortex

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Experiment # 12. Study of forced vortex

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

Fluid mechanics laboratory provides a “practical” environment that is essential for students to
understand theoretical concepts. The equipment is manufactured by CUSSONS.
List of the major equipment is as follows:
No. Device name Function
To measure actual (measured) water
1 Hydraulic Bench
discharge
Dead Weight Calibrator To calibrate pressure measuring
2
instruments
Hydrostatic pressure To detect the pressure in hydrostatic
3
pressure measurement
Flow Over Weirs
4 To control flow rates
Metacentric Height apparatus To measure initial static stability of a
5
floating body
Demonstration of Bernoulli‟s Theorem To investigate the validity of
6
Bernoulli‟s equation
Demonstration of Impact of Jet To investigate the forces produced by
7
a water jet
Orifice Discharge for Basic and
To measures the theoretical or
8 Advanced Orifice Studies ideal discharge of fluid

Energy Losses in Pipes

9 Used for the transportation of fluids
Flow Meter Demonstration A flow control valve permits variation
10
of the flow rate through the circuit
Hydrostatic Bench To study of the main properties and
11
the behavior of liquids
Osborne Reynolds Experiment To display laminar and turbulent
12
flows
To study various source and sink
Hele Shaw apparatus arrangements, and look at flow
13
around an unlimited variety of
different shaped models
Advanced Multi- Purpose Teaching To demonstrate the principles of fluid
14
mechanics
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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Flume (10m)

Advanced hydrology study and Rainfall

apparatus Used For
15
comprehensive study of hydrology

Harnesses the kinetic energy of some

16 Apparatus for Turbine Experiments fluid and turns this into the rotational
motion of the device itself
Experimental Setup for Series and
Used to overcome larger volume flows
17 Parallel Pumps than one pump can handle alone

Multi-Pump Test Rig Determine the characteristic curves of

18
different pumps at different speed
Refers to the layer of fluid in the
Boundary layer Plate immediate vicinity of a
19
bounding surface where the effects of
viscosity are significant
Permeability apparatus with drainage Control
of seepage through permeable soils by
20 and seepage tank sub-soil drainage and distribution of
uplift pressure on hydraulic structures
Used to demonstrate secondary flow at
21 Demonstration of Free and Forced Vortices
the base of the free vortex
Pressure Surge in a Pipe To relieve the high-pressure fluid to a
22
holding tank or other safe outlet
Sediment Transport Demonstration Able to vary the slope & water flow
23 Channel rate enabling the flume to yield a full
array of alluvial bed forms

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of qualifying this course, the students will be able to
Learning
CLOs CIEN-01404 FLUID MECHANICS (LAB.) PLOs
domain
Practice various experiments on basic fluid mechanics
CLO-1 P-3 PLO-2
equipment
CLO-2 Estimate the fluid parameters using experimental data. C-3 PLO-2

CLO-3 Interactively participate during lab work A-2 PLO-9

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT BASICS:

1. Make sure that you know the location of Fire Extinguishers, First Aid Kit and Emergency
Exits before you start your experiments.

2. Get First Aid immediately for any injury, no matter how small it is.

3. Do not wear loose dress

4. Always use safety shoes or boots.

5. Do not play with valves, screws and nuts.

6. Do not try to run and operate any machine without permission and knowledge of the
laboratory personnel.

7. In case of any mishap; please do not be panic and report immediately to the laboratory
personnel

ATTENTION!
Please make sure all case hands, hand gloves, equipment or tools should be washed and
cleaned outside the Exit door because washing cementations items in the laboratory sinks
may lead to chocking of the entire drainage system. Also make sure all the items used are
returned to its original place and in order.

STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES

In the very beginning of the laboratory work, the students will be organized into groups. For
this reason, regular attendance is strictly required.

Every laboratory session is divided into two parts. In the first part, the instructor will be
lecturing on the test objective, procedure and data collection. In the second part, the students,
organized in groups required to conduct the experiment.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

To perform the experiment within the assigned period, and to gain the maximum benefit from
the experiment, the students must familiarize themselves with the purpose, objective, and
procedure of the experiment before coming to the laboratory.

Relevant lecture notes and laboratory manual should be studied carefully and thoroughly. At
the end of the test, every group should report to the instructor for assessment. It should be
understood that laboratory facilities and equipment are provided to enhance the learning
process and to give first-hand experience of materials. The equipment and tools must be
properly cared, handled and cleaned during and after every laboratory session. Also, students
should always take precautions to avoid any possible hazards. Students must follow health
and safety basics.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

LABORATORY LAYOUT:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC BENCH AND

DETERMINE THE VOLUME AND THE MASS FLOW RATES OF
FLUID FLOWING THROUGH THIS UNIT.

1.1 Learning Objective:

At the end of this study, the student will be able to:

1.2 Apparatus

In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment.

1. The FME-00 Hydraulic Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection.

2. Stop watch.

1.3 Main Parts of Hydraulic Bench

1. Pump/motor drive (centrifugal discharge)

2. Sump Tank

3. Transparent pipe

4. Flow control valve

5. Drain valve

6. Side channel

7. Open channel

8. Volumetric measuring tank

9. Stilling baffle

10. Sight tube (Manometer)

11. Measuring cylinder

12. Dump valve

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

1.4 Related theory

The bench is constructed from lightweight corrosion resistant plastic and is

mounted on wheels for mobility. The bench top incorporates an open channel with side channels
to support the accessory on test. Volumetric measurement is integral and has been chosen in
preference to other methods of flow measurement for its ease of use, accuracy and safety in use
(no heavy weights for students to handle). The volumetric measuring tank is stepped to
accommodate low or high flow rates. A stilling baffle reduces turbulence and a remote sight tube
with scale gives an instantaneous indication of water level. A measuring cylinder is included in
the supply for measurement of very small flow rates. A dump valve in the base of the volumetric
tank is operated by a remote actuator. Opening the dump valve returns the measured volume of
water to the sump in the base of the bench for recycling. An overflow in the volumetric tank
avoids flooding.

Hydraulic Bench

Water is drawn from the sump tank by a centrifugal pump and a panel mounted control valve
regulates the flow. An easy-to-use quick release pipe connector situated in the bench top allows
for the rapid exchange of accessories without the need for hand tools .Each accessory is supplied

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

as a complete piece of equipment needing no additional service items other than the Hydraulics
Bench. When coupled to the bench they are immediately ready for use.

1.5 Experimental procedure:

1) Set up the equipment and identify its components.

2) Connect one end of the hose to the hydraulic bench supply and place the other end in the

volumetric tank; in order to facilitate the timed volume collections.

3) Start the pump of the hydraulic bench and initiate the flow by gradually opening the flow

control valve.

4) After the steady state is achieved, direct the water outlet hose into the bench volumetric tank.

Collect water with a particular capacity (3 𝑙,5 𝑙, or 10 𝑙 for example) and record the time taken for

the water to fill it up. Take at least 3 measurements and record the timings in order to calculate

(average) volume flow rate.

5) Divide the volume collected in the volumetric tank by the time taken to collect that capacity in

order to calculate average volume flow rate.

6) Compute the average mass flow rate.

7) Repeat the experiment by varying the flow of water through the hydraulic bench by adjusting

the flow control valve.

8) Compute the average values of volume and mass flow rates.

1.6 Observations & Calculations

𝑄𝑖=V𝑜𝑙/𝑡

𝑚 =𝜌𝑄

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Table 1.1: Calculation of volume flow rate and mass flow rate

Conclusion:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

DETERMINATION OF LIQUID DENSITIES

Objective:
To observe the relative densities of some common liquids.
Apparatus:
 Hydrometer

 pipette

 glass cylinder

 container

 Balance

Density

Theory:
Density is the physical property of liquids and solids. Density is a measure of mass
per volume. The average density of an object equals its total mass divided by its total
volume. The formula for density is d = M/V, where d is density, M is mass, and V is
volume. Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic centimeter. The
density of a liquid is a measure of how heavy it is for the amount measured.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Liquid Densities

Procedure:
To determine the density of liquids experimentally, we must measure the mass of
liquids. To determine the mass of liquid, we use an indirect technique.
 Weigh the container empty by using balance.
 Add a given volume of liquid in to the container and reweigh it.
 The mass of liquid is found by subtracting the first and second weighing.
 After collecting the experimental data, calculate the density by dividing the mass by
the volume.
 Do same procedure for all liquids.
 Put the values in the table given below to find the relative densities of liquids.

It is important, however, that attach the proper units to the calculated values.

Weight of empty container (a) =

S.no: Name of Weight of container filled with Weight of Relative

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Liquid liquid (b) gm. (Wt) liquid (a-b) gm. density

(Wt)

After calculating the densities of given liquids, add all the liquids in a glass tube to examine
the densities of liquids. Liquid having lower density will be on the top, while denser one will
be in bottom
Comments:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

DEMONSTRATION OF ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Apparatus and materials:
 electronic weighting scale
 electronic scale
 light spreader beam
 1000ml container
 pipette and pipette bulb
Theory:
The apparent loss in weight of a body totally or partially immersed in a liquid is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced.
Description. A small plastic cylinder is provided with a suitable hook to be suspended
under the electronic weighing scale provided. The plastic cylinder or any other object
weighing less than 200g can be weighed and then lowered into a full container of water.
When the object is reweighed its apparent loss of weight can be determined, and when
removed the volume of water displaced measured by topping up the container with the
graduated pipette.

Electronic Weighting Scale

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Procedure:
 An electronic weighting scale is provided with a stand (used on the Pascal‟s apparatus)
comprising of the black metal base and vertical pillar over which a horizontal tray can be
raised or lowered as shown in above figure.

 The electronic scale should be placed on the tray, with the read out face away from the
vertical pillar. The scale is supplied with a protective, orange insert, which should be
removed before use.

 The light spreader beam carrying the suspended paper grip should be placed over the
weighing pan. The plastic mass should be hung from the paper grip.

 The 1000ml container should be filled to the point of overflowing, using clean water,
allowing any bubbles to disperse. This should be done with care, dripping water in from
the pipette.

 Practice a few times until you are confident that you have stopped just before the point of
overflow.

 Adjust the height of the scale pan so that the mass will be just submerged when the scale
is standing on the surface.

 Lift the scale stand and carefully lower the mass into the water in the container without
splashing or shaking. With the mass totally immersed switch on the scale (press the on off
button) the scale will zero itself at the immersed mass.

 Carefully raise the weighing scale, until the weight is completely clear of the water. Now
the scale will read the difference in mass between the mass in water and the mass in air.

 Note the reading. (Remember to switch off the scale by holding the on/off button to
conserve the batteries).

 Use the pipette and pipette bulb to suck spare water into the pipette.

 Note the volume of water in the pipette and then drip water into the container until it is
again full to point that it is ready to overflow.

 Again note the volume of water remaining in the pipette so that the volume added to the
container is recorded. (It will be necessary to use more than one filling of the pipette to
refill the container). It should be found that the recorded volume of water added V is
equal to the measured difference in mass, i.e. buoyancy effect of the liquid on the mass is
equal to the weight of water displaced.

 Note that this assumes 1 cm³ of water weighs 1 gram, so that although V is in cm³ this can
be related to weight.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

The experiment can be repeated with different objects, particularly of different densities, to
confirm the principle is consistent.

Comments:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

CALIBRATE BOURDON GAUGE BY MEANS OF DEAD WEIGHT

PRESSURE CALIBRATION
Apparatus:
 Dead Weight tester

 Weight

Theory:
The mechanism of the gauge is shown in the figure below. A tube, having a thin wall of
oval cross section, is bent to a circular arc encompassing about 270 degrees. It is rigidly held at
one end, where the pressure is admitted to the tube, and is free to move at the other end, which is
sealed. When pressure is admitted, the tube tends to straighten, and the movement at the free end
operates a mechanical system which moves a pointer round the graduated scale – the movement
of the pointer being proportional to the pressure applied. The sensitivity of the gauge depends on
the material and dimensions of the Bourdon tube; gauges with a very wide selection of pressure
ranges are commercially available.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Formula:
The formula on which the design of a DWT is based basically is expressed as follows:
P = F / A [Pa]
Where:
P = reference pressure [Pa]
F= force applied on piston [N]
A= effective area [m2]

Components:

Diameter of piston = 21mm

Mass of piston = 0.5kg

Bourdon Gauge:
It is an instrument used to measure pressure. The pressure, above or below the
atmospheric pressure, may be easily measured with the help of a bourdon‟s tube pressure gauge.
It consists on an elliptical tube: bent into an arc of a circle. This bent up tube is called Bourdon‟s
tube. Tube changes its curvature with change in pressure inside the tube. Higher pressure tends to

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

“straighten” it. The moving end of tube rotates needle on a dial through a linkage system as
shown in fig 3.1.
For higher pressure, helical or spiral type bourdon tube are used depending upon the geometry
(material and material thickness).
Fluid exerts a pressure on all bodies immersed in it. For a fluid at rest the difference in pressure
between two points in it depends only upon the density of the fluid and the difference in depth
between the two points.

Pressure measuring devices:

Piezometer tube
Manometers
Simple U-tube
Differential single column
Inverted U-tube
Micro-manometer
Bourdon Pressure Gauge

1. Press the piston out of the cylinder.

2. Remove the piston and weight support.
3. Adjust the oil level in the open cylinder until the cylinder is filled up.
4. The manometer being tested should now indicate zero, as it is only subject to ambient pressure.
5. Assemble Bourdon‟s pressure gauge with dead weight tester.
6. Apply pressure in terms of weights on table and measure the value of it on pressure gauge.
7. Repeat the procedure for ascending and descending weights on table and corresponding.

Observation & Calculations:

Experimental Results
Sr. No Loadings (dead Gauge Readings Mean value
weight)
Loading unloading

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Calculated Results:

Note: The graph should be linear if not it means the apparatus is not working properly and
need calibration.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

DETERMINATION OF THE CENTER OF PRESSURE OF A

SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACE
Apparatus & Materials:

Hydrostatic Pressure apparatus

Steel Ruler
Water tank
Weights sample
Hangers

Unit Assembly:

Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus

Hydrostatic Pressure:-
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure that is exerted by a fluid at
equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic pressure
increases in proportion to depth measured from the surface because of the increasing weight of
fluid exerting downward force from above.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Centre of Pressure:-

 The point in a at plane surface on which total force of fluid act.

 Fp is the force of fluid acting on a submerged plane surface at a point D at yp distance
from Center of force in figure shown below

1.1. Procedure:-

1. Level the base plate of apparatus.

2. Attach the weight hanger.
3. Level the apparatus by putting weights in back scale until vertical plan surface is aligned with
zero line of front angular scale.
4. Now pour water in apparatus tank.
5. Balance the apparatus by putting weights on weight hanger.
6. Now measure the height of water in fluid tank „S‟.
7. Take 200 scale value as 0 and move upward with one small scale is equal to 2mm.
8. Repeat the experiment with different heights of fluid „S‟.
9. Use calculations to find out moment equilibrium.

1.2. Observations and Calculations:-

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
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For S < 94mm

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

by using formula of force action and moment arm.

Mp = Fp . ID
Moment produced dua to force of acting on hanger in opposite direction but equal to Moment of
fluid force mathematically.
M = FG. I
To counter check center of force of fluid acting on submerged body, both moments should be
almost equal on both sides
Mp ≈ M

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY OF A FLOATING BODY AND ITS

METACENTRIC HEIGHT
Apparatus & Materials:

Pontoon (Model of a ship)

Jockey Weights (Adjustable weights)
Angular Scale
Water Tank
Steel Ruler

Unit Assembly:

Arrangements of floating Pontoon

Related Theory:
Metacenter:-
The point of intersection between an imaginary line drawn vertically through the
center of buoyancy of a floating vessel and a corresponding line through the new center of
buoyancy when the vessel is tilted.
Metacentric Height:-
The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial static stability
of a floating body. It is calculated as the distance between the center of gravity of a ship and its
metacenter. A larger metacentric height implies greater initial stability against overturning.
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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Stability of Floating body:-

There are three conditions of floating body stability

1. Stable Condition
2. Unstable Condition
3. Over-turning Condition

If metacenter is about center of gravity of the ship than ship will be in stable condition.
If metacenter is between center of gravity and metacenter than ship will become unstable.

Buoyancy:-
Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an
immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of
the overlying fluid.
Procedure:-
 Measure the height, length, width and thickness of base plate of Panton.

 Jockey weight is set in center using plumb bob.

 Set the jockey weight at any height and measure the depth of center of jockey weight as
value of „y‟.

 At that specific value of „y‟ note that reading of angle.

 Now change position of Jockey weight to position with other values of „y‟.
 Repeat the same procedure for different values of „y‟ and note angular values against „x-
distance‟.
Observations and Calculations:-

 Formula for vertical center of gravity (Zs) = 5.924+0.169*Z

 Formula for horizental center of gravity (Xs) = 0.057
 Formula for stability gradient =(Xs/a)

 Now by using following formulas calculate metacentric height (G.M).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
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G.M = (w*x)/W *(L/d)

w= Moveable weight
x= displacement of small unit
W= total weight of ship model
d= displacement of plumb line

Trial Vertical Horizontal Vertical position Horizontal Heeling Slope

distance (cm) distance (cm) of CG position of angle (o) gradient
CG (cm/o)

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 07

DEMONSTRATE BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

Apparatus:

 Stop watch

 Hydraulic Bench

 Bernoulli‟s Theorem Demonstration apparatus

Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus:

This apparatus consists of a classical Venture made of clear
acrylic. A series of wall tapings allow measurement of the static pressure distribution along the
converging duct, while a total head tube is provided to traverse along the center line of the test
section. These tapings are connected to a manometer bank incorporating a manifold with air bleed
valve. Pressurization of the manometers is facilitated by a hand pump.
This unit has been designed to be used with a Hydraulics Bench for students to study the
characteristics of flow through both converging and diverging sections. During the experiment,
water is fed through a hose connector and students may control the flow rate of the water by
adjusting a flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section.
The venture can be demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient
can be determined. This test section can be used to demonstrate those circumstances to which
Bernoulli‟s Theorem may be applied as well as in other circumstances where the theorem is not
sufficient to describe the fluid behavior.
General Description
The unit is mounted on a base board which is to be placed on top of the
Hydraulic Bench .The main test section is an accurately machined acrylic venture of varying
circular cross section. It is provided with a number of side hole pressure tapings, which are
connected to the manometer tubes on the rig. These tapings allow the measurement of static
pressure head simultaneously at each of 7 sections.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Figure 1: Front View of Bernoulli‟s Theorem Demonstration Unit

Figure 2: Top View of Bernoulli‟s Theorem Demonstration Unit

A hypodermic tube, the total pressure head probe, is provided which may be positioned to read
the total pressure head at any section of the duct. This total pressure head probe may be moved
after slacking the gland nut; this nut should be re-tightened by hand after adjustment. All eight
pressure tapings are connected to a bank of pressurized manometer tubes.
The unit is connected to the hydraulic bench using flexible hoses. The hoses and the connections
are equipped with rapid action couplings. The flexible hose attached to the outlet pipe which
should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics bench. A flow control
valve is incorporated downstream of the test section. Flow rate and pressure in the apparatus may
be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control valve and the bench supply control
valve.
Please familiarize with the unit before operating the unit. The unit consists of the followings:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Doc. No. CED-LM- CIEN-01404 Revision No. 01 Date: 04-01-2023 Sheet No. Page 36 of 53
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 08

Experimental study of Laminar, Transitional, and

Turbulent Flow
Apparatus:
 Hydraulic bench, Osborne Reynolds apparatus, Dye.
 Osborne Reynolds apparatus includes the following parts:
 Support columns
 Visualization pipes
 Outlet control valve
 Needle
 Reservoir
 Marble glasses for smoothness of flow
 Starter
 Overflow pipe
 Inlet pipe
 Dye reservoir
 Bil mouth
 Dye control valve
Laminar flow:
The type of flow in which the particles move in a straight line in the form of a
thin parallel sheets is known as the Laminar flow. Laminar flow denotes a steady condition where
all stream lines follow parallel paths. Under this condition, the dye will remain easily identifiable
as a solid core.
Turbulent flow:
The type of flow in which the particles move in a zigzag pattern is known as the
turbulent flow. Turbulent flow denotes as unsteady condition where stream lines interact causing
shear plan collapse and mixing occurs. As the flow rate is increased, the transition from laminar
to turbulent flow is a gradual process. This zone of change is defined as transitional flow. This
will appear as a wandering dye stream prior to dispersion as turbulence occurs.
Transitional flow:
When the flow changes from laminar to turbulent or vice versa a disturbance
is created, it is called as the transitional flow.
Open Channel Flow:
When flow is exposed to the environment whether in pipes or open then it
is called as the open channel flow.
Closed channel flow:
When flow is not directly exposed to the environment then it is called as
the closed or pipe flow.
Reynold's Number:
It is the ratio of inertial force to the viscous force.
If;

1) RN = 0 to 2000
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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Then flow will be laminar.

2) RN = 2000 to 4000

Then flow will be transitional.

3) RN = greater than 4000

Then flow will be turbulent.

Procedure:

1. Fill the reservoir with dye.

2. Position the apparatus on the bench and connected the inlet pipe to the bench feet.
3. Then lower the dye injector until it was just above the bell mouth inlet.
4. Open the bench inlet valve and slowly filled head tank to the overflow level, then closed
the inlet valve.
5. Then open and closed the flow control valve to admit water to the flow visualization pipe.
6. Open the inlet valve slightly until water traveled from the outlet pipe.
7. Fractionally open the control valve and adjusted dye control valve until slow flow with
dye indication is achieved.
8. At low flow rates the dye was drawn through the center of the pipe.
9. I increased the flow rate that produce eddies in the dye until the dye completely dispersed
into the water.
10. Visually observe the three types of flow.
11. When the dye was looking like a line then categorize it as Laminar flow.
12. When the dye was looking dispersed categorize it as Turbulent flow
13. When the dye was looking like a line at some instant and dispersed at sometimes
categorize it as Transitional flow.

COMMENTS

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 09

DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR

RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Apparatus:
 Stop watch

 Hydraulic Bench

 Rectangular Notch

Theory:
Notch:
A notch may be like an orifice with water surface below its upper edge.
Crest:
The bottom edge of notch over which the liquid flows is known as a crest or sill of notch.
Nape:
The sheet of flowing liquid over a notch is known as nape or vein.
End contraction:
When breadth of a rectangular notch is less than the width of the channel there
will be a lateral contraction of nape. This contraction is called end contraction. This is equal to 10%
of head.
Net breadth= b‟ = b- (0.1 x 2h)
Technical Specifications:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Theoretical Discharge for rectangular notch.

Qtheo = (2/3) (2g)(1/2). B. H(3/2)
B = Breadth of rectangular notch
H = Height of flow over notch
g = Gravitational acceleration

To the contraction of the flow area downstream of the notch, the actual discharge Q is
considerably less and may be expressed as:
Qact = Cd .(2/3). (2g)(1/2).B. H(3/2)
Qact = Cd Qth
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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Where Cd : the coefficient of discharge for the rectangular notch.

Procedure:
1. Install the weir plate on the upstream side of the weir carrier and secure it using the thumb nuts.
2. Position the hook and point gauge, mounted on the instrument carrier, on the side channels
adjacent to the weir plate.
3. Start the pump, and admit water to the channel by opening the flow control valve.

4. Allow the level to rise until water discharge over the weir plate. Close the flow control valve
and allow the water level to stabilize. Set the height gauge to a datum reading using the top of
hook.
5. Admit water to the channel and adjust the flow control valve to obtain heads H increasing in
steps of about 1cm.
6. For each flow rate allow conditions to become steady, measure and record H and take readings
of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine the flow rate.
7. For each notch obtain five readings of H and Q.
Observations & Calculations:
Sr # Time Qact H Qtheo Cd
(sec) (m3/sec) (mm) (m3/sec)

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE FOR

TRIANGULAR NOTCH
Apparatus:
 Stop watch
 Hydraulic Bench

 Vee notches

Theory:
Notch:
A notch may be like an orifice with water surface below its upper edge.
Crest:
The bottom edge of notch over which the liquid flows is known as a crest or sill of notch.
Nape:
The sheet of flowing liquid over a notch is known as nape or vein.
Technical Specifications:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Theoretical Discharge for Vee notch is given by:

Qtheo = (8/15). (2g) (1/2) . tan(θ/2) . H(5/2)
Where B = Breadth of rectangular notch
H = Height of flow over notch
θ = Angle of Vee notch
g = Gravitational acceleration
Qact = Cd (8/15). (2g) (1/2) . tan(θ/2) . H(5/2)
Qact = Cd Qth
Where Cd : the coefficient of discharge for the Vee notch.

Procedure:
1. Install the weir plate on the upstream side of the weir carrier and secure it using the thumb nuts.
2. Position the hook and point gauge, mounted on the instrument carrier, on the side channels
adjacent to the weir plate.

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

3. Start the pump, and admit water to the channel by opening the flow control valve.
4. Allow the level to rise until water discharge over the weir plate. Close the flow control valve
and allow the water level to stabilize. Set the height gauge to a datum reading using the top of
hook
5. Admit water to the channel and adjust the flow control valve to obtain heads H increasing in
steps of about 1cm.
6. For each flow rate allow conditions to become steady, measure and record H and take readings
of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine the flow rate.
7. For each notch obtain five readings of H and Q.
Observations & Calculations:
Sr # Time Qact H Qtheo Cd
(sec) (m3/sec) (mm) (m3/sec)

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

STUDY OF FREE VORTEX

Objective:
To study on surface profile and speed and to find a relation between surface profile
and speed
Apparatus:
Free and forces vortices apparatus
Hydraulic Bench

Unit Assembly:
1. Profile Measuring Gauge 6. Control valve for 60° Nozzle
2. U tube manometer 7. Water Outlet
3. Control valve for 15° Nozzle 8. Control valve for discharge
4. Water Inlet 9. Impeller
5. Orifice sample 10. Scale

Technical Specifications:
Diameter: 250mm
Height: 240mm
Orifice Diameter: 8mm, 16mm, 24mm
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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

Distance of Vortex
Measuring Gauge from
Reservoir Center: 0 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm
Related Theory:
When a liquid is flowing out of a tank through a hole at the bottom of the tank, free vortex is
formed with the number of oscillation depending on the distortion that created the flow. The
liquid is moving spirally towards center following current, energy per unit mass is assumed to
be constant when energy loss by viscosity is neglected. If, while the mass of water is rotating,
the central exit hole is plugged, the flow of water in the vertical plane ceases and the motion
becomes one of simple rotation in the horizontal plane. This is known as free cylindrical
vortex.
General Startup Procedure
1. Place the study bench on the hydraulic bench.
2. Set up the inlet tube and outlet tube.
3. Adjust the stand of the equipment to reach the horizontal position.

General Shutdown Procedure

1. Close the valves and switch off the pump.
2. Remove the orifices, paddle and other accessories from the cylindrical vessel.

1.1. Procedure:
1. Perform the general start-up procedures.
2. Select an orifice with diameter 24mm and place it on the base of cylinder tank.
3. Close the output valve and adjust the valve to let the water flows into the sink from two pipes
with 12.5 mm diameter. The water can flow out through the orifice.
4. Switch on the pump and open the valve slowly until the tank limit. Maintain the water level by
controlling the valve.
5. When the water level is stable, collect the vortex profile by measuring the vortex diameter for
several planes.
6. Push down the profile measuring gauge until the sharp point touch the water surface.
7. Record the measured height, h (from the top of the profile measuring gauge to the bridge.
Obtain the value of a (mm) - distance from the bridge to the surface of the water level (bottom
level of the cutout).

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

8. Use the Pitot tube to measure the velocity by sinking it into the water at the depth of 10mm
from the water surface. Measure the depth of the Pitot tube in the water and also the height
difference of the U tube at the side of the tank.
9. Repeat Step 3-8 for another two orifice with diameter 16mm and 8mm respectively.

11. Take the velocity which study from the Pitot tube reading, H.
V = (2gH) 0.5
12. Theoretically, the velocity can be calculated by using the following equation:

V = K/r
Free Vortex formation:

The height h over the bottom can therefore be calculated as a function of the radius r, the
maximum vortex height hmax and the constant K = v.r as follows

Results of the experiment:

The following measurement results were obtained using the outlet
with 24 mm diameter. The inlet ring was fitted with the holes facing upwards to stop the
inflowing water interfering too much with the vortex.
Height h (in
mm)
Radius r (in mm)

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

COMMENTS:

Doc. No. CED-LM- CIEN-01404 Revision No. 01 Date: 04-01-2023 Sheet No. Page 49 of 53
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

EXPERIMENT NO. 12

STUDY OF FORCED VORTEX

Objective:
To study on surface profile and angular velocity and to find a relation between
surface profile and total head
Apparatus:
Free and forces vortices apparatus
Hydraulic Bench

Unit Assembly:
1. Profile Measuring Gauge 6. Control valve for 60° Nozzle
2. U tube manometer 7. Water Outlet
3. Control valve for 15° Nozzle 8. Control valve for discharge
4. Water Inlet 9. Impeller
5. Orifice sample 10. Scale

Technical Specifications:
Diameter: 250mm
Height: 240mm
Orifice Diameter: 8mm, 16mm, 24mm

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
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Distance of Vortex
Measuring Gauge from
Reservoir Center: 0 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm
Procedure:
1. Perform the general start-up procedures.
2. Place a closed pump with two pedals on the foot of the bed.
3. Close the output valve and adjust the valve to let the water flows into the sink from two
pipes with 9.0 mm diameter. The water can flow out through another two pipes with 12.5mm
diameter.
4. Make sure that the water flow with the siphon effect by raising the hose to a standard
before letting the water to the sink.
5. Measure the angular speed of the pedals by counting the number of circles in a certain
times.
6. Push down the surface probe until the sharp point touch the water surface.
7. Record the vertical scale reading.
Forced Vortex Formation

With forced vortex formation the angular velocity ὠ can be substituted directly into the equation
for the vortex contour. It is constant over the radius. The height h over the bottom of the vortex as
a function of radius r and angular velocity ὠ is thus:

Result of the Experiment

The vortex angular velocity is determined by counting the number of impeller revolutions:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

The measured heights h are referenced to the center gauge. The height of the center gauge is thus
taken to be 0.

Height h (in
mm)
Radius r (in mm)

COMMENTS:

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS
(LABORATORY MANUAL) FACULTY OF ENGINEERING-IUB

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