ye) According 10 Oye, omerediee mmnament diere! einer begihs fo snake when AFR ee the tel 15-148) oF panei nore ie Kn dyno while V6!) alas, Dor pure dearge A ehgpre ¢. a staal Too much fel means 4 DER oud vice VO tomes low (© Water tebe omen pu gti eng anil mee Eventho Aiceel engier reourencH ater yire o fe A APL ee gprtiee \aar\ a \w ATK would mar owoke ww theyre he A Wek will redtce eects and ve lider HY of He ere ‘exw oF question rapes, a) Diesel fuel does not have an octane rating as itis a compression-ignition fuel and does not rely on spark ignitof ion like gasoline. Therefore, the octane rating of diesel fuel does not have a direct impact on the lambda air-fuel ratio in diesel engines. However, the cetane number, which is a measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel, can indirectly affect the lambda air-fuel ratio. A higher cetane number indicates that the fuel will ignite more easily and rapidly when injected into the combustion chamber, leading to a shorter ignition delay and more complete combustion. This can allow for a leaner air-fuel ratio to be used, which in turn can improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. In modern diesel engines, advanced fuel injection systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and other technologies can also influence the lambda air-fuel ratio. These systems are designed to control the combustion process and ensure that the air-fuel ratio is maintained at the optimal level for the best performance and emissions. b) Complete combustion and incomplete combustion are two different outcomes of the combustion process that takes place in the diesel engine. Complete combustion occurs when the fuel and air are burned completely and produce only carbon dioxide (C02) and water vapor (H20) as by-products. This is the desired outcome in the diesel engine as it results in maximum power output and minimum emissions. Complete combustion occurs when the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber and mixes with the air to form a homogeneous mixture that ignites and burns rapidly and completely. Incomplete combustion, on the other hand, occurs when the fuel and air do not burn completely and produce by-products such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). This can occur when there is insufficient air in the combustion chamber or when the fuel does not mix well with the air, leading to localized areas of rich mixture that do not burn completely. Incomplete combustion can result in reduced power output, increased fuel consumption, and higher emissions of pollutants. It can also cause damage to engine components such as the piston, cylinder wall, and exhaust system due to the accumulation of carbon deposits and particulate matter. To minimize incomplete combustion, modern diesel engines are equipped with sophisticated fuel injection systems, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and other technologies that optimize the combustion process and ensure complete burning of the fuel and air mixture. ¢) Here are ten major differences between the fuel injection systems used in compression ignition (Cl) and spark ignition (Si) engines: 1. Fuel Type: Cl engines use diesel fuel, which is a heavier and less refined fuel, while SI engines use gasoline, which is a lighter and more refined fuel. 2. Fuel Ignition: In a Cl engine, fuel is ignited by the heat of compressed air, while in an SI engine, fuel is ignited by a spark generated by the spark plug. 3. Compression Ratio: Cl engines have higher compression ratios than SI engines, typically ranging from 15:1 t0 20:1, while SI engines have lower compression ratios, typically ranging from 8:1 to 12:1, 4, Fuel Injection Timing: In a Cl engine, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at a specific point during the compression stroke, while in an SI engine, fuel is injected into the intake manifold or directly into the combustion chamber during the intake or compression stroke. 5. Injection Pressure: Cl engines use high-pressure fuel injection systems, with typical injection pressures ranging from 1500 to 4000 bar, while SI engines use lower pressure fuel injection systems, typically ranging from 30 to 100 bar. 6. Fuel Injector Design: The fuel injectors used in Cl engines are typically larger and more robust than those used in Sl engines, as they have to withstand higher pressures and temperatures. 7. Fuel Delivery System: Cl engines use a mechanical fuel injection system, while SI engines use an electronic fuel injection system. 8, Fuel Atomization: In Cl engines, the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber as a fine mist, while in SI engines, the fuel is atomized into small droplets using a fuel injector or carburetor. 9, Fuel Mixture: In Cl engines, the fuel and air are mixed in the combustion chamber, while in SI engines, the fuel is mixed with air in the intake manifold or combustion chamber. 10. Emissions: Cl engines typically emit higher levels of pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), while SI engines typically emit higher levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO).