The document discusses energy dissipation structures used below spillways and other outlets. It describes five main categories of energy dissipators: 1) Hydraulic jump stilling basins, 2) Free jets and trajectory buckets, 3) Roller buckets, 4) Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump, and 5) Impact-type energy dissipators. It focuses on hydraulic jump stilling basins, explaining the different types (I-IV) used by the US Bureau of Reclamation and factors that influence basin design such as tailwater depth, length of the jump, and classification based on pre-jump Froude number.
The document discusses energy dissipation structures used below spillways and other outlets. It describes five main categories of energy dissipators: 1) Hydraulic jump stilling basins, 2) Free jets and trajectory buckets, 3) Roller buckets, 4) Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump, and 5) Impact-type energy dissipators. It focuses on hydraulic jump stilling basins, explaining the different types (I-IV) used by the US Bureau of Reclamation and factors that influence basin design such as tailwater depth, length of the jump, and classification based on pre-jump Froude number.
The document discusses energy dissipation structures used below spillways and other outlets. It describes five main categories of energy dissipators: 1) Hydraulic jump stilling basins, 2) Free jets and trajectory buckets, 3) Roller buckets, 4) Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump, and 5) Impact-type energy dissipators. It focuses on hydraulic jump stilling basins, explaining the different types (I-IV) used by the US Bureau of Reclamation and factors that influence basin design such as tailwater depth, length of the jump, and classification based on pre-jump Froude number.
The document discusses energy dissipation structures used below spillways and other outlets. It describes five main categories of energy dissipators: 1) Hydraulic jump stilling basins, 2) Free jets and trajectory buckets, 3) Roller buckets, 4) Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump, and 5) Impact-type energy dissipators. It focuses on hydraulic jump stilling basins, explaining the different types (I-IV) used by the US Bureau of Reclamation and factors that influence basin design such as tailwater depth, length of the jump, and classification based on pre-jump Froude number.
Dissipation of the kinetic energy generated at the base of a spillway is
essential for bringing the flow into the downstream river to the normal— almost pre-dam—a condition in as short of a distance as possible. Energy dissipator is a structure designed to protect downstream areas from erosion/scouring by minimizing the flow Velocity up to an acceptable limit. Energy dissipation is usually required to achieve one or more of the following ✓ Prevent the undermining of the outlet, chute, or spillway ✓ Control of bed scour immediately downstream of the energy dissipator ✓ Control of bank erosion well d/s of the structure caused by an outlet jet Energy dissipation Location of Excess Energy ✓ Downstream of spillways, weirs, gates, culverts, etc. ✓ Steep longitudinal bed slopes ✓ Downstream of drop structures ❑Although a variety of devices are used for energy dissipation at the base of spillways, energy dissipation is through internal friction and turbulence or impact and diffusion of the high-velocity flow in the mass of water. ENERGY DISSIPATORS
The energy dissipators for spillways can be grouped under the
following five categories:
1. Hydraulic jump stilling basins
2. Free jets and trajectory buckets 3. Roller buckets 4. Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump 5. Impact-type energy dissipators Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins include horizontal and sloping aprons and basins equipped with energy-dissipating appurtenances such as chute blocks, baffle piers, and dentated end sills. This is the most common type of energy dissipator for the spillways and outlets and affects up to 60% dissipation of the energy entering the basin, depending on the Froude number of the flow. For heads exceeding about 100 m, hydraulic jump stilling basins are not recommended because of the problems associated with turbulence like intermittent cavitation, vibration, uplift, and hydrodynamic loading. Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins
❖ Chute blocks lift part of the flow. This produces more eddies increasing energy dissipation, the jump length is decreased, and the tendency of the jump to sweep out the basin is reduced. ❖ Baffle blocks stabilize the jump and dissipate energy due to the impact ❖ the end sill stabilizes the jump and inhibits the tendency of the jump to sweep out. Free jets and trajectory buckets
Free jets and trajectory buckets are not energy dissipators in
the real sense. The bucket deflects the high-velocity jet into the air and is made to strike the riverbed at a considerable distance from the structure. Any scour that may occur in the impingement zone remains away from the structure and hence does not endanger the stability of the structure. Free jets and trajectory buckets Roller buckets Roller buckets can be conceptualized as hydraulic jumps on a curved floor, as their performance is closely related to the Froude number of the incoming flow and tailwater depth. Solid roller bucket is a simple device that performs satisfactorily, provided it is operated symmetrically. Asymmetrical operation results in a horizontal eddy downstream of the bucket that can carry loose material into the bucket causing abrasion damage. The slotted bucket, claimed to be an improvement over the solid bucket, has a self-cleansing potential through slots and teeth in the bucket. Roller buckets Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump
A spatial hydraulic jump occurs when a supercritical stream
confined between parallel boundaries meets a wider channel through sudden or gradual expansion. The main advantage of a spatial hydraulic jump is that it requires a smaller conjugate depth than a conventional jump that forms in a channel of constant width. The most effective jump is the one that forms at or near the location of the expansion. Dissipation by spatial hydraulic jump Impact type energy dissipators
Impact induced by an obstacle placed against the high-velocity
flow is also applied to accomplish energy dissipation in small chutes and spillways. Since the successful performance of such structures depends on the stability of the impact-inducing obstacle against fluctuating drag force and cavitation damage, these designs have found limited application for low heads and small discharges. Impact type energy dissipators Hydraulic jump stilling basins Analysis of parameters ➢ The problem of dissipation of energy at the base of a spillway can be visualized with reference to the situation illustrated in the Figure below Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins
Classification of Hydraulic Jump
❖ Hydraulic jump can be classified according to the pre-jump Froude number (F1) Hydraulic jump stilling basins
Classification of Hydraulic Jump
❖ The jump can also be classified as: Hydraulic jump stilling basins Length of the jump ➢ The length of the jump is rather difficult to measure or determine precisely ➢ Lj: measured from the toe or front of the jump up to the section of the maximum depth ➢ Based on experiments conducted at USBR and other research laboratories, Peterka (1978) has presented a graph relating the length Lj to F1, which can be summarized in the table below. Hydraulic jump stilling basins
Conjugate depth Hydraulic jump stilling basins Basin with a horizontal apron (USBR type stilling basins) USBR has evolved the most widely used standard designs of stilling basins with horizontal aprons. In all the designs involving horizontal aprons, it is recommended to place the basin floor at a depth corresponding to y2 below the available tailwater elevation Sometimes, this may result in a basin deeply placed below the average river bed and may also involve excessive rock excavation Peterka (1978) has specified that there is no simple remedy for a deficiency in tailwater depth and that measures like chute blocks, baffle piers, or increased apron length is only partly successful in substituting for the tailwater depth. Hydraulic jump stilling basins Basin with a horizontal apron (USBR type stilling basins) There are different types of USBR type stilling basins: 1. Type I stilling basin: is a classical hydraulic jump type stilling basin. ❖ The basin cross-section is rectangular smooth horizontal bed. ❖ The length of such basin is equal to 6y2 and the required tailwater depth for best occurrence of the jump within the basin should be 1.1 y2. Where y2 is the subcritical flow depth. ❖ This type of basin is suitable for low Froude numbers. ❖ When the Froude number is greater than 4.5, the stilling basin of Type II or Type III is recommended. Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins 2. Type II stilling basin ❖ a series of chute blocks is considered at the upstream of the basin to guarantee the start of the jump and to separate the incoming jet into several jets. ❖ at the end a continuous or dentate sills is designed to force the jump to occur within the jump and not to move downstream of the basin. ❖ length of Type II basin is less than the Type I and approximately is equal to 4.5 y 2 and the required tailwater depth is y 2 Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins 3. Type III stilling basin ❖ In Type III stilling basin, baffle blocks also have been added for dispreading the incoming jet and mixing the jets into the water body of the basin. ❖ Baffle blocks create more turbulence and dissipate more kinetic energy results a shorter basin up to 60% compare to the Type I. ❖ Since, baffle block within the basin can protrude into the flow which may cause cavitations problems and damaged the basin, Type III must not considered for the places where the incoming flow jet velocity is more than 16 m sec-1. Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins Hydraulic jump stilling basins 3. Type IV stilling basin ❖ developed by Peterka (1978), for the incoming Froude number ranged 2.5 to 4.5. ❖ In type IV, the chute blocks and continues end sill have been considered. The length and sequent depth of this basin are the same as Type I stilling basin. Basin with a horizontal apron (USBR type stilling basins) NB: h3=hb; hs=h4 Energy Dissipation Below Overflow Spillway
