I.

Introduction to PYTHON
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gVG2I
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II. Programming Structures

Conditional structure
What is
conditioning in Python?
Based on certain conditions, the flow of execution of the
using proper syntax. program is determined
.Often called
decision-making statements in Python.
How to if
use
conditions?
if
statement-for implementing one-way branching
-

if. .else
statements-for implementing two-way
-

branching
nested if
statementsfor implementing multiple branching
if-elif ladder - for
implementing multiple branching
#Syntax:
Condition:
statements

7Che Ck if the giten nunber is

positi ve
alnt(1nput"Enter an integer: "))
1a 0
print (" Entered value is
positive")

Enter an integer: 5
Entered value is positive
# Synatx:
# if condition :
#
statements 1
# else:

Statements 2

# If condition is True -
statements 1 will be executed
#othervise statements 2 will be executed

asint (input ("Enter

if a>0:
an
integer: "))

ment of Mathematics, SJBIT

sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual
 tiVe
"
posi
is

ontered e ")
ve"
n e g a t i

ber
2nt("Num 18
entered
p
el8e N u m b e r

PTInt
("

-5
Enter an integer.

negat1
ve
is
e n t e r e d

N u m b e r

Synt ax
# 1 f condition
statements I

#elif condition

s t a t e m e n t s

#elif condition 3
statements 3

e x e c u t e d .

# else
statements 4 Wlll
be
1 be
b e executed
executs
and s
2w i l l
S t a t e m e n t s
Wlll

True S t a t e m e n t s

1 is
#If condition 2 is
True
staTementS in else
condition

* else if then
True
not
c o n d i t i o n s
is e x e c u t e d .

of the
any
I

# Example : D t a l n e d
by a studen.
percentage
or mar KS
the
perc=fl oat (input (" Enter

1 75 perc Distinction ')

' - Grade:
(perc, pTnt

e1fperc= 60 - Grade: First class')

pr11.t (perc ,'
=
=50:
el1f perc - Grade: Second class ')
t (perc
' - Grade: Fail')
P-nt(perc,

Enter the percentage of marks obtained by a student:65

65.0 - Grade: First class

# To check if a number is divisble by 7

num1=int (input ("Enter a nunber: "))
if (num177==0):
print ("Divisible by 7")
else
Drint ("The given nunber is not
divisible by 7")

Enter a number:45
The given number 1s not
divisible by 7

Department of Mathematics,
SJBIT
 # Conversion Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice -versa :
def print_menu () :

print ("1. Celsius to Fahrenheit")

print ("2. Fahrenheit to
Celsius")
def Far ():
Cfloat (input (" Ent er Temperature in Celsius: "))
f=c* (9/5) +32
print "Temperature in Fahrenheit :
{0:0. 2f}". format (f))
def Cel ():
ffloat (input (" Enter Temperature in Fahrenheit: "))
c= (f-32)* (5/9)

Print ("Temperature in Celsius: {0:0.2f}" .format (c))

pTint_menu ()
choice =input (" Which conversion would you like: ")
if (choice== ' 1 ' ) :
Far ()
elif ( choice== '2 ')
Cel ()
else : print (" INVALID")

1. Celsius to
Fahrenheit
2. Fahrenheit to Celsius
Which conversion would
you 1like: 1
Enter Temperature in Celsius:
34
Temperature in Fahrenheit: 93.20

Control flow (Loops)

Loop types:
while loop
-

Repeats a statement group of statements while

or
given condition is TRUE. It tests
the condition before executing the loop body.
for loop
-

Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages
the loop variable.

nested loops
You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or do..while loop.

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT Lab Manual

sem Engineering Mathematics
 repeatedly u n t i l
given conditin
repeatedly
statemenUs
statemnents
mmediate.
amediately after the break statement

block
of
of
nhe
\oop i t e r m i n a t e s
the
current
loop

exccutea
1 . W h i l e l o o p

tne It
use
for br-
false, c o m m o n

most from a
lo
to becomes The exit
I s
u s e e l

a
hasty
quiring
h e d .
condition can
be
s t a t e m e n t

break
gram is
When
thexeeuted
e .The

nested
loops
while expressi
on are
using
I f you start
executi
S t a t e m e n t( s )
and
most loop
S y n t a x

ststement

next

second
s 7
a=1;b=1+0
ond step:a=
of
break

t h e

#Use

defines
i1
b = 1

:a=0;
: while i<6:
ts
series
elemen
Fibonacci
s t e p

Print (i)
t w o
#First
of if i-=3:
#
s u n

break

a, e b 0,
while a 10
a, b=b, a+b
i+1
print (a)

2
3

Continue statement

T h e continue stateme
and move

of the loop
13 .The continue staten
Print multiplication table

"))
number:

the
("Enter

n i n t
(1nput i = 0

i-1 hile i 6:
while ( i c 1 1 ) :
p r i n t( n , 'x',i,':',n*i) i+=1

f i==3:
i-it1 c o n t i n u e

print (i)

number: 45
Enter the
45 x 1 45
45 x 2 = 90

45 x 3 = 135

45 x 4 = 180

45x 5 = 225

45 x 6 = 270
6
45 x 7 = 315

45 x 8 360
45x 9 405
45 x 10 = 450

Dep ment of Mathematic

Department of Mathematics, SIRIT
 break s t a t e m e n t
statement.
cxecution at the next
and resumes

lt ternminates the current loop

external condition is triggered re-

for break is when

sone
comnon use
T h e most

quiring a hasty exit from a loop.

and tor loops.
statement can be used in both while
The brcak
execution of the inner-
statement stops the
nested loops, the break
I f vou are using line of code after the
block.
most loop and start executing the next

#Use of break ststement

i1
while i<6:
print (i)
if i==3:

break
i+1

2
3

Continue statement
the curent itration
T h e continue statement rejects all rennaining statements in
the
and the control back to the top of the loop.
of the loop moves

T h e continue statement can be used in both while and for loops.

i-0
hle i 6
it=1
f i-3
Continue

print (i)

Lab Manual
artment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics
 2. for loop
a r e used for sequential traversal

iteration
l a l l s under the category of definite
elements from a container (tor example list, strina
ng, tuple) si
s o used to access

built-in function range()

.SyntaX
in sequence
for variable_n ame
statement_1

statenent_2

The range() function

Syntax:
range (a) : Generates a sequence of numbers from 0 tO a, excluding a, increr
by 1

range (a, b): Generates a sequence of numbers from a to b excluding b.:

ing by 1.
uding b, increment
range (a,b,c): Generates a sequence of nimbers from a to b excluding b.
nenting by c. meTe

Print numbers from 101 to 130

for 1 th a
step length2 excluding 130.
i 1n
range (101,130,2) :
int i)

101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
127
129

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT

Manua
Engineering Mathematics Lab
*
 One can type the tollowing examples and observe the outputs.
# Sum of first n natural numbers
8um-0
n-int ( input ( " Enter n:"))
for i in
range (1,n+1): #i-1, sum=1; i=2, sum=3; i4, sum7,
Sum=sum+1
print ("Sum of first ",n," natura1 numbers ", sum)

#Multiplication table
nint (input (" Enter the number "))
for i in
range (1,11):
print (n, 'x' ,i,'=' ,n*i)

*printing the elements of a list

fruits =['apple', 'banana' ,
'cherry', 'orange']
for x in fruits:
print (x)

apple
banana
cherry
orange

Exercise:
1. Finding the factors of a number using for loop.
2. Check the given number is prime or not.

3. Find largest of three numbers.

4. Arite a
program to print even numbers between 25 and 45.

5. Write a
program to
print all numbers divisible by 3 between 55 and 75.

partment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

 and polar urves.
of Cartesian
LAB 1: 2D plots

1.1 Objectives:
Use pytho0n

Cartesian curves.
1. to plot
2.to plot polar curves.

3. to plot implicit functions.

Syntax for the commands used:

1.Plot y versus r as lines and or markers using default line style, color andd othe
cistomizations.
Plot (x, y, color= 'green', marker='o', linestyle= ' dashed ' ,linewidth
2,markersize=12)

. A scatter plot of y versus c with varying marker size and/or color

scatter(x_axis_data, y_axis_data, s=None, c=None, marker =None, cmap
None, vmin =None, vnaX =None,
alpha=None, linewidthg =lone,
edgecolors = Mone)

3. Retum mm evenly spaccd numbers

endpoint of the interval
over a
specified interval |start, stop The
can
optionally be exeluded.
numpy. Iinspace (start, stop, num-50,
endpoint= rue, ret
step fal
dtype-llone, azis-0)
. Returu evenly
spaced values within given inlerval. arange
a
arving nunber ol positional can be callel with
argmets. a

numpy.arange (lstart, Stop, Step dtype =lone, ,

like-icne)

https:/ matplotlib.org/stable/apoints(Scattered
1.2 pi/Pyplot_sunmary.htnl#module-matplotlib.pyplot
Example: Plotting
plot)
#importing the required
1 mport matplotlib.pyplot module
as
plt
x
=[1 ,2,3,4,6,7,8]#x axis values
y
2,7,9,1,5,10,3J #
corresponding y axis values
Plt.scatter (x, plotting the y) #
plt.xlabel ('x axis ')# naming points
-

the axis x
plt.ylabel ("y axis ')# naming the y axis
-

plt.title('Scatter points ' )# giving title a

to
plt.show () # function to show the plot
my graph

10

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem

Engineering Mathematics Lab Manua
 Scatter points
10

4 5
X axis

1.3 Example: Plotting a

line(Line plot)
#
importing the
required module
import matplotlib.pyplot as
plt
x
=[1 ,2,3,4, 6,7,8] #x axis values
y 2,7,9,1,5,10,3] #
corresponding y axis values
plt.plot (x , y, 'r*--) #
plotting the
plt.xl abel (' x points
axis')
-

#
naning the axis
plt.ylabel('y axis')# naming the y axiS
plt.title("My first graph! ') #
giving title a to
plt.show () #function to
my graph
sho the plot

My first graph!
10

2 3 6 8
X- aXis

11

partment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

 1.4 Fnetions
1.
Exponential curve, y=
importing the
required modulos
mport numpy as
np
1mport
matplotlib.pyplot as
plt
np. arange (- 10, 10, 0.001) x takos tho valu05
y with a top botu0on - 1010
np. exp(x) #
longth of 0.001 and
plt.plot (x, y) #
Exponential function
plotting the points
Plt.title("Exponential
plt.grid curve
() displaying the ")
#
#
giving a
title to the
plt.ahou () # shows the plot grid graph

Exponential curve
20000

15000

10000

5000

-100 -75
-50 -25 00 25 50 75
2. Sine 100
and Cosine curves
nunpy as np
1 port
matplotlib.pyplot as
plt
np. arange (-10, 10, 0.001)
y1 =

np.sin (x))
y2=np.cos (x)
plt.plot (x, y1,x , y2) #
plotting sine and
cosine
plt.title("sine curve and Cosine
same
valuos
function
together
plt.zlabel ("Values of x") curve") of x ith
plt.ylabel("Values
plt grid ()
of sin(x) and
cos (x) ")
plt.show ()

12

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem

Engineering Mathematics Lab
Manual
 Sine curve and cosine curv

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

0.00

-0.25

WW
-0.50

-0.75

.00

10.0 -7.5-5.0-25 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.o

Values of X

#A simple graph
import matplotlib.pyplot
import nunpy as np
as plt

X
np.linspace (0, 2, 100)

plt.plot (x , x , label= 'linear ' ) # Plot of

y=x a linear curve
plt.plot (x, x**2, label = quadratic') # Plot
'

of y=x
plt.plot (x, x**3, label= 'cubic ' ) # Plot of *2 quadric a curve
cubic y=x*3 a curve

plt.xlabel ('x label ') # Add an x-label to the axes.

plt. yl abel (' y label ') # Add a
y-label to the axes .

plt.title ("Simple Plot ") #Add a title to the axes

plt.legend() #Add a legend
plt.show ()# to shoR the complete graph

Simple Plot
8 linear
quadratic
aubic

000 025 0.50 0.75 100 125 150 175 200

label

13

epartment of Mathematics, SJBIT Lab Manual

I sem Engineering Mathematics
 # a=3
5 , 5 ) )

3a-
y
=
(y, +
-2,5)
,
D e - C a r t e s :
r'
(X,
p 4 p l o t _i m p l i c 1 t (
(3-x).,x**3), Folium
of
5.
((y2)
Eq it(
(x, -5,5
x*y) ,x,
3.2*x*y ,

p6-plot- 1 mp 3,3 2
Eq(x*3
y

4. Lemniscate: a"y = r*(a* -

p5 plot_ implicit (
(4-x**2)),(x, -5,5),(y, 5,5)) a=2
Eq (4 (y -- 2) , (x**2)

1.6 Polar Curves

The matplotlib.pyplot.pol

plot the cur-

library is used to

Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot .polar

.Theta: This is the ang

r : It is the distance.
4

1. Circle: r = p,Where
-2
import numpy as np

1nport matplotlib.PYP

plt.axes (projection
T 3
Tads np. arange (0,

16

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT

I sem epartment of Mathematics, SJBI
Bngineering Mathematics Lab Manual
 5. Folium of De-Cartes: r+y'- ary
p6 plot_implicit (
5,5)) # a-2
Eq(x*3 y*3,3 2*x*y),(x, -5,5), (y,

4 2 4

1.6 Polar Curves

The matplotlib.Pyplot.polar () function in pyplot module of matplotlib pvthon
is used to plot the curves in polar coordinates.
libary
Syntax:
matplotlib.pyplot . polar ( theta, r, ** kwargs )

Theta: This is the angle at which we want to draw the curve.

r : It is the distance.

circle
1. Circle: r =
p,Where p is the radius of the

1mport numpy as npP

1mport matplotlib.pyplot as plt

=
'polar ')
Plt.axes (projection
r 3
(2 *np.pi), 0.01)
rads np.arange (0,

17

Mathematics Lab Manual

artment of Mathematics, SIBIT
I sem Engineering
 n g the circle
2 rads
itpolar (i, r, '8

90

135 45

0
0glos20

180

25 315

270
3.
Cardioid: r
=
5(1 +cos0)
dioid r=
os theta)
PTlab
-spece (0,2 np.pi, 1000)
ce (theta)

Plar (heta,ri , 'r'

0
135

4
180

225
315
270

18

Department of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem

Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual
 4. Four leaved Rose: 2|cos2|
#Plot Four Leaved Rose r=2 | cos2x|
from pylab import
theta= linspace (0,2*pi , 1000)
r-2*abs (cos (2 theta) )
polar theta , r, 'r'
show ()

90

135

180

225 315

270
5. Cardioids: r =
a+ acos(6) and r =a -

acos(6)
pOLt numPy as np
1port matplotlib.pyplot as plt
pOrt mathh

plt.axes (projection =polar ")

a 3

rad np. arange (0, (2 *

np. pi), 0.01)
#plotting the cardioid
for i in rad:
r a +
(a*np.cos (i))
plt.polar (i ,r, 'g. ')
r1=a-(a*np. cos (i))
plt.polar (i ,r1, 'r.'
#
display the polar plot
plt.show ()

19

artment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

 1.7 Parametric Equation
1. Circle: r
acos(0): y= asin{0)
=

i
port numpy 3 np
t0port matplotiib.pyplot as
def circle (r): pl
0 creato the 1int
Y U
ofz c0ordinates
creato the 1int of y c0ordinaten
or theta in np.
1inzpace ( 2*np.pl, 2 np p, 109
Wloop ovor a list of hta, uhich ranges f ron -2 :
. append (r*np. cus (theta))
Ddd Lho
(oITo#ponding pren i on 7 10
th 1
. append (r *np. tin(thet a))
l samo for y

plt.plt (7,y) 1lol nnalpletI

plt.shou() Wuho the plt Thf ,1

Circ) (5) 1.all Lho IuncLjon

4 2

20

Isem
Department of Mathematics, SJBIT Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual part
 2. Cycloid: r
=a( sin0): y = a(1 - sin0)
def cycloid (r)
X U #create the list of x coordinates
y U #create the list of y coordinates
for theta in
np.linspace ( -2*np.pi, 2*np. pi, 100):
"loop over a list of theta, which ranges from -2 pi to 2 pi
X.append (r*(theta - np.sin (theta) ))
#add the
corresponding expression of x to the X list
y. append (r* (1 np. cos ( theta))) #same for y

Plt.plot (x ,y) #plot using

plt.sh0w () #show the plot matplotlib.piplot
cycloid (2) # call the
functi on

4.0

3.5

3.0

25

20

15

10

05

00

-10 10

1.8 Exercise:
Plot the following:
1. Parabola y = 4ax

2. Hyperbola - =1
3. Lower half of the circle:
+2 =
4 + 4y y -

4. cos()
5. 1+sin(r +7)
6. Spiral of Archimedes: r =a + b6

7. Limacon: r =
a+b cos6

21

ment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

 ar curves, Cur.
LAB 2: Finding angle between two polar
vature and radius of curvature.
2.1 Objectives:
Use python

1. To find angle between two polar curves.

2. To find radius of curvature.

Syntax for the commands used:

2.2
1. diff ()

diff
An
(function variable)
,

2. Derivative()
1. I
Derivative (expression, reference variable)
fro

expression -

A SymPy expression whose unevaluated derivative is found.

reference variable Variable with respect to which
derivative is found.
Returns: Returns an unevaluated derivative of the r2=
given expression. dr
3. doit) dr.

doit (x)

4. Return: evaluated object

5. simplify()

simplify (expression)

6. expression It is the
mathematical expression which neecds to
be
7. Returns: Returns a simpliied mathematical expression simplified.
.
expression.
8. display )
display (expression)

9. expression
-

It is the mathematical expresion which

needs to be
10. Returns: Displays the expression. sinplificl.
11. syntax of Substitute: subs ()

22

SJBIT m Engineering
Department of
Mathematics,
wwatics Lab Manual
epartment
 math e xpression. suba (vari able, substitute)

12. variable It is the variable or

expression which will be
substituted
13. substitute It is the variable or expression or value which comes as substitute.
14. Returns: Retums the
expression after the substitution.

2.2 1. Angle between two polar curves

Angle between radius vector and
It tan tangent is given by tan ó
between radius vector and Tdr
=
oi and tan o2 are
angle
1-O2 is the angle between
two curves at the point of
tangent of two curves then
intersection.
1. Find the angle between the curves r =
4(1 + cos t) andr =
5(1 -

cos t).
rom
sympy import *

T ,t =symbols 'r,t')# Define the variables

required as
symbols
ri=4*(1+cos
r2=5*
(t)); # Input polar curvefirst
(1-cos (t));
dr1=diff (ri,t) # # find
Input first polar curve
the
dr2=diff (r2,t) # find the derivative of first function
t1-r1/dr1 derivative of secodn function
t2 r2/ dr2

qsolve (ri-r2 ,t) #

solve ri==r2 , to find the
point of
intersection
between curves
w1-t1.subs (it:float
w2 t2. subs (t:float (ql1lD)# substitute the value of "t" in t!
y1 -atan (w1) (ql1]))# substitute the value of "t"
#to find in t2
t he inverse tan of i
2- atan (w2) #to find t he
Wabs (y1-y2 ) inverse tan of w2
#
angle betveen tro curves is abs (w1 - w2)
rint Angle between curves in radians is
0.3f'7(w))

2. Find the
angle between the curves r =
4 cos t and r =
5 sint.
Iron sympy 1mport *
T,t s ymbols ('r,t')
r1 4* (cos (t)) ;
r2-5 (sin (t)) ;

dr1=diff (r1 ,t)

dr2 diff (r2 ,t)
t1=r1/dr1
t2=r2/dr2

qsolve(r1-r2,t)

artment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

 vi-t1.subs((t:float (q[0])})
2-t2. subs ({t: float (q[0])})

yl at an (w1)
y2 at an (#2)
abs (y1-y2)
print('Angle betveen curves in radians is 0.41 %iloa*
,Eloat (w))

2.3 2. Radius of curvature

Formula to calculate Radius of curvature in polar form is p= ( 2

r2+2r
1. Find the radius of curvature, r
=4(1 + cos t) at t=7/2.
from sympy inport *

t Symbol('t') # define t as
symbol
rSymbol('r')
r=4*(1+cos (t))
r1=Derivative (r ,t) .doit () #find the first derivative
r2=Derivative (ri ,t). doit () #1ind the second of r
rho (r*2+T1**2) derivative of .t
(1.5)/(r**2+2*rl ** 2-r*r2);#
**
r .

Substitute r1! -
rho1=rho.subs (t,pi/2) # substitute formula
in rho t
print ('The radius of curvature 1s 13.4í units'
hrho1)

2. Find the radius

of curvature for r =
asin(nt) at 1=
ITOm Sy mpy 1mport *
pi/2 and n
=1.
t,T,a,n= symbolstr a n')
T=a'sin (n't)
r1=Derivative (r ,t) .doit ()
r2=Derivat
rho=
ive (r1 ,t).doit ()
(r 2+r1
*2)**1.5/(r**2+2
rhol=rho .subs (t,pi/2) r1 2-r r2);
rhol=rhoi1 .subs (n,1)
print("The radius of
display (sinplify (rho1))curvature is")

2.4 Parametric curves

The formula to calculate Radius of
curvature S
p= (2+y)2
1.
---2-9
Find radius of
curvature of r =
acos(t), y =

asin(t).

24

Department of Mathematics, SIRIT

 ITom
sympy 1 mport
TTOm sympy . abc import rho, x,y,r ,K,t ,a ,b,c,alpha #
delin all nymboT
y-(sqrt (x) -4)*2 required
yasin(t) *input the par ametriC equation
Xacos (t)

dydx simplify (Derivative (y, t). doit

))/simplify (Derivative (x ,t).doit )
# find the derivative of parametric
equation
rho-simplify((1+dydx ** 2)*1.5/ (Derivative (dydx ,t).doit
t).doit ()))) #substitute the
()/(Derivative (x,
derivative in radius of
formula
curvaturop
Print (°Radius of curvature is')
display (ratsimp (rho) )
t1=pi/2
r1=5
rho1=rho .
subs (t,t1);
rho2=rho1 .

subs (a,r1);
PTint ('\n\nRadius of curvature at r=5 and t=
Curvature=1/rho2; pi/2 is', simplify (rho2))
print ( '\n\n Curvature at
(5,pi/2) is',float (curvature))

2. Find the radius of curvature of

y =(asin(t))9/2t =
(acos(1).
Tror sympy 1mport *
irom
s ympy . abc import rho
y=(a Sin (t))* (3/2)
,
X,y,r ,K,t ,a,b,c,alpha
x= (a cos (t))
(3/2) +*

dydx =simplify (
Derivative (y,t) . doit ())/simplify (Derivative
rho- simplify((1+dydx*2) (x,t).doit ())
1.5/(Derivative (dydx ,t) .doit()/(Derivative (x
Radius of curvature
t).doit ())))
is ')
display (ratsimp (rho))
t1 pi/4
r1-1;
rho1=rho. subs (t ,
t1);
rho2=rho1 .subs (a,r1);
display ('Radius of curvature at r=1 and t=pi/4 is'
curvature=1/rho2; , simplify (rho2));
print (° \n\n Curvature at
(1,pi/4) is' ,float (curvature))

2.5 Exercise:
Plot the following:

1. Find the angle between radius vector and

tangent to the folloing polar curves
a) r = ab and r =
Ans: Angle between curves in radians is 90.000
b) r 2sin(®) and r =2cos(0)
Ans: Angle between curves in radians is 90.000

25

rtment of Mathematics, SJBIT I sem Engineering Mathematics Lab Manual

2 Find the
t
dius of eIVAtue ofr=all-(os(1))at
An 0DOOIO01)

id
radiun of eurvate of =acow"(0),u= anin"(0) at t =0.
a

Ans p0.753 andK=0.769800

Pind the adiun of eurVature of r= acos(1) at t 1
As:

5.Find the adiun of curvature of

a(l- sin(0)) andy=
r a(l - cOs(1) at t-
=

An:
p2.82842712 and K=0.353553