Specific Rotation of Cane Sugar by Half Shade Polarimeter Object : To determine the specific rotation of exne sugar solution using half shade polarimeter, Apparatus : Source of ight (sodium lamp), halfshade polarimeter, sugar, measuring cylinder or 100 cc. flask, beaker, funnel, physical balance with weight box, reading lens and reading lamp. Description of the apparatus : Fig 4.1 depicts the schematic arrangement of Laurentz’s half shade polarimeter, It consists of two nicols P (called polariser) and A( called analyser) mounted in separate brass tubes placed some distance apart and are capable of rotation about a common axis. A glass tube 7 (polarimeter tube) having a larger diameter in middle contains the active solution (cane sugar) under examination, Two ends of the glass tube are covered by flat and parallel glass plates or caps. Itis mounted between the polariser P and analyser 4 on a rigid iron base. Halt-shade device HaypePloce c Polarimeter tube eee Analyser ~~ Source of light Fig. 4.1 Monochromatic light of wavelength A from a source S, readered parallel by a convex lens L, falls on anicol prism P (or polariser). After passing through P the light becomes plane polarised. This plane polarised light now pass through a half'shade device /7 and then through the solution whose specificrotation is to be determined and filled in the tube 7. The transmitted light passes through analysing nicol A which can berotated about the direction of propagation oflight. The emergent light fromnicol A is viewed through a Galilean telescope G. Action of Laurent's Half Shade Plate : The Laurent system consists of half shade plate in two halves, one of quartz cut parallel to its optic axis and the other a matching plate of glass (Fig. 4.2(a)] so chosen as to absorb and reflect the same amount of light as the quartz plate. The quartz is a half wave plate which introduces a path difference of 4/2 (or a phase difference of x) between the ordinary and extra ordinary Tays in transmission normal through it. Let the plane of vibration of the plane polarised light from the polatiser P falls normally on half shade plate along CP [Fig, 4.2(b)}. The light passing through the glass! Engineering Physics Pr Yopiic axis Fig. 4.2 plate remains unaffected, but that falling on the quartz: plate is broken up into two components— E-componeitt CX parallel to the optic axis X¥ and the other O-component perpendicular to the optic ay that is, along CB. As in quartz, O-component travels faster hence on emergence, Q-component will aphaseof zoverthe E-component. Thus on emergence fiomthe quartz. plate, O-component has vibrati along CD and E-component bas vibrations still along CX. The emergent wave CQ is the resultant vibrations along CD and CX. Here Z PCX= 2 QCX=6, Thus the angle between vibration planes off emerging from quartz CQ and that of light emerging from glass CP is 20. ‘Thus, there are two plane polarised beamn-one emerging from glass with vibrations in the plane while other emerging from quartz with vibratioas in the plane CQ. If the principal plane of the anal nicol 4 is parallel to QC", the light from quartz plate will pass unobstructed while from glass plate Right halt or Glass hi (a) \Lett halfor (b) ) cuartz att (a) Fig. 43 be partly obstructed, Thus the quartz half will be brighter than the glass half (Fig. 4.3 (a)). inci plane of the analysing nicol 4 is parallel to PCP’, then the light A abies ae while the light from quartz plate will be partly obstructed. Thus the right half will appear brighter compared to the lefthalf [Fig. 4.3 (b)]. But when the principal plane of analysing nicol 4 is parallel to optic axis XCY, the two halves appear equally illuminated (Fig, 4.3 (c)], : Formula Used : /f 0 is the rotation of plane of polarisatic i roduced n polarisation of incident. is Cgm/ce, then the specific rotation at a given temperature t for a given wavelength A is given by ses Thus the determination of specific rotation in icentral gn Dm wolves the mea: ‘rotation ofplane ofpolarisation 8and length | ofthe glass tube in Merelbeke ipea seen ee Procedure (a) Measurement of concentration, C 1 Ri of ieeg ae is prepared, for his weigh 10 gmor 15 gm of'cane eugar on physical ee stlled water in 100 ce flask and dissolve the weighed suger. Finally fill P ‘emark on it. The solution is carefully filtered. In this way, the cane sugar solution eer concentration C ( = m/v = 10/100 = 0.1 = 10% or 15/100 = 15%) is ready for experimental (b) Measurement of Rotation of the plane of Polarisation, @ 2, Calculate the least count of the polarimeter scale (or analyser) by dividing the value of one division of main scale by the total number of divisions on the vernier scale as described under the heading observations. 3, Now, the eye-piece is focussed on the polariser P and the glass tube (polarimeter tube) Tis properly cleaned to make it free from dust and then filled with pure water such that no air bubble is enclosed within it when the end caps have been screwed, Place this tube inside the polarimeter in between the polariser P and analyser 4 on a rigid iron base. Switch on the sodium lamp and direct the lens Z of the polarimeter towards the monochromatic light source and examine thelight coming from waterand halfshade device through theanalyser. Two halves ofuncqual intensity (one bright and other dark) will appear init. Adjust the eye-piece to getboth halves well focussed and sharp. 5, Now rotate the analyser (4) slowly in clockwise direction until the two halves of the field of view of eye-piece appear either equally bright (or equally dark). Not dowa this position of analyser on circular scale. 6, Again rotate the analyser, now in anticlockwise direction uatil two halves appear again cither equally bright (or equally dark). This position of the analyser is also recorded on the circular seale attached with the analyser. 7. Now the analyseris rotated about 180° from the above two positions (if possible) and positions ofequal illumination (either equal brightness or equal darkness) for clockwise as well as for anti-clockwise rotations of analyser are again recorded on the main scale as well as on vernier scale. 8. Remove the water from the tube T’and rinse it with the experimental sugar solution. Now fill this tube completely with sugar solution and end caps are screwed after removing all air bubbles. Now keep the tube again at its proper position in the polarimeter. 9. Now examine the light coming through cane sugar solution and half shade device, through the eye- piece. On looking through the eye-piece, the previous siting of equal illumination would be disturbed ‘and two halves will appear unequally bright (or unequally dark). Note : The previous setting of equal illumination of two halves is disturbed due to the fact that the cane sugar solution bas a tendency to rotate the plane of polarisation of polarised light when passes through it. ; 10, Theanalyseris now rotated firstin the clockwise direction to obtain equal brightness (orequal darkness) oftwohalves, Take thereading of theanslyseras before. Now the analyscris rotated inthe anticlockwise direction again for getting equal brighiness (or equal darkness). This reading of the analyser i also recorded on the circular scale. i 11. As done in case of pure water, the analyser is rotated about 180° from the above two positions (if possible) and positions ‘of equal illumination (either equal brightness or equal darkness) for clockwise as well as for anti-clockwise rotations of analyser are again recorded. 180° position of the analyser is not obtainable, + Note ; In some polarimeters,1:60 calculate the angle of rotation of plane of polarisation of incident ution of the considered concentra ies a wie en fn amount of water. For reducing the concen! jon init, This 100. c.c solution will now: ‘on in measuring flask andadd 50c.cpure waterinil \ vllowea pe oe ey Gr reducing the concentration of the solution further from 5% to 2.5%, in in it, 50. ofthis fresh solution in the measuring flask and ald 50.c.. as ae ed be " solution has 2.5 gm of sugar, thus it is 25% concentration solul a Ct ae concentration can be reduced, Repeat the above procedure with solul Me concentrations (say 5%, 2.5% 1.25 etc) and find rotation @ for each concent bes _ 14, Now a graph is plotted between the rotations produced and corresponding SNe e 2 a ‘as shown in fig, 4.4. From this graph the angle of rotation @ for any desired value o Cis determined. 15 Measure the length (/) of the glass tube in centimeters ‘and convert it into decimeters. Also record room temperature at the time of experiment by a thermometer and the wavelength of light used experiment, Observations (a) For the concentration of cane sugar solution 12, From these observations, beam produced by cane sugar So! Mass of the empty flask (a) =. gm Mass of the flask with cane sugar (b) =o. gm Mass of the cane sugar,m(b-a) =... gm Volume of the water in the measuring flask, V= ... cm? Concentration of the sugar solution, C = 7 emicc Room temperature t Fane: Length of the gli y = pean) sth ofthe glass tube (or polarimeter tbe) | = em... = = .. decimeter Wavelength of the sodium light used = $893 A = $893 x 10-* cm (b) Table A ~ For the measurement of angle of rotation, @ Value of one division of main scale Total number of divisions on vernier scale Value of one division of main scale Total number of divisions on vernier seale ». degree Least count of the analyser =gf Jo weunjos aus -aqqny wopeazasqo amp woss SUPHPS 60) od aur0s Uf : 10N, | spourea ‘aseo eq) wy -apayssod you sy worssod ysayy a4) wos) 19MIN} KOT IF aashjeun aqp Jo WonRos amp ‘S12 IAAT + () (a) ex ” (up) (wa9)} (a9) (a9) (ui) O)|) @) ©) | peor |-s:alswi tos |'sa[S reo | ‘s‘Al'SW “Bop | *30p | 20239p Se a la—ale- x aasdyems apshyewe sasha am jo wonrjox | 2m Jo uopror amyouonmes | (5) [ON asiay201-NUV 2s1M42019 astaHOOL) NINOS éq pourergo saapey omy Jo wonwurUINy| Aq pauyeyqo jzedns yo @) jenbs 20j Suyjas 35115 a Woy yrede | SaareH-omy Jo woHyeufny nbs | uoneay uogmorjo say * —_| ogi 29s4feue am) Jo uopysod pu: sof aasdqeue aqy Jo wontsod ysayy— -u99T0D = qm saoUNTE}og) Pqny, SEI 9H) UI HONNIOS IBIN 2UBD WIAA CH) i (o1x| GA) | GW) | (2Ix| GA (sa) | GW) a | (sw u+$9W)| (1x )| (up) jt+SA)) Or1x) (orrxs)| (us) [8 +S) (91x 0)| (ap) | | (p) (us)} Supra | Surpeaz |(2) (o1>)} dupes | Surpror Suypeoa |Surpeoa |(e) (us| 3uypeax | Supe S| | Supess| areas | aeos | 8upea1| ayes | ates aqeos. | peas wes sles & yoy | aama,a | aw | POL Ue some, | WEI au, | ure e asijeue aeskyeue wesiquue aeskqeme “Ons amp Jo WoneI0I asEMyDO[D-NUY | 2p JO WoHHHIOL ISMN OL asMyoI-HuY | 29 Jo WONTON asLMHIOID ‘Aq pourergo searey omy Jo uopeurtantl jenbs 105 duyias Aq pamtesqo saayey, omy Jo uopeumunytt penba 205 s9s4jrus aq) Jo woRIsod ys341 (eqn) saj9uNPAKIOT) BQN s8eI 21y UF AEA BANG IM ©) | gsny amp wosy jaede 981 298s eus aq Jo won|sod puod9s eSCalculations (Directly from observations : first set a Tota of the cane sugar taken for solution, m Volume of the solution, V m Concentration of the solution, C= tube (polarimeter tube), 1 =» solution is calcula’ . decimeter fing the measured on ted by substitut Length of the glass The specificrotation S of the cane sugar of 8 Cand | in the formula Z ii e 9, io Cada lanligin? ‘ fons. b) Similar calculations are done for other sets of observations. | i. ai eos chs of specific rotation of cane sugar solution, S Sldmlgmicc oF (i) From Graph / The specific rotation can also be determined by plotting a graph between the angle of rotation @ and corresponding concentration ofthe solution, C[Fig.4.4]. Thegraphisa siraight line whose slop is Angle of rotation,@ (dearee) $2) =... °/dm/gmlec =...°/ dmlkg/m3 Concentration (gm/cc) Fig. 4.4 (ii) The percentage error in the experimental result is calculated by the following formula, Percentage error Standard value — Calculated value Ro iGandarivdie. «<= Result: The specific rotati ie 2 i = es lke ific rotation ofcane sugar solution at ...°C for sodium light of wavelength, A= $983 Standard result: The siandard value ofthe specific rotation of ca ic ° ne si i Sor sodium light of wavelength , 2.= 5983A is + 66.5 °ldmlkgin? (at 20°C) re Percentage error : The percentage error (%) =... % Precautions and sources of error 1. The glass tube (polarimeter tube) should be properly cleaned before use. 2, The caps at the ends of the glass tub ee aes ¢ (polarimeter tube) should not be tightly screwed after fill 3. The solution in the glass tube (polarimeter tube) should ie 4 4. The water used in the glass tube (polari essentially be free from air bubble. and dust free. * Wolarineter tube) for initial reading of the analyser should be 5. The tube should be well rinsed wit the ic 6, The position ofthe analyser should bere no ch Concentration before filing. le precise 1. The room temperature and the wavelengh rn, oer Teeording each observation. 1gth of light used should be mentioned in describingExpt. No. 4: Polarimeter 1.69 Qu. Qn Viva-Voce What are you doing ? Ans. Sir, 1am determining the specific rotation of cane sugar solution with the help of Laureatz half shade polarimeter (or Bi-quartz polarimeter, as the case may be). What do you mean by specific rotation ? ‘Ans, The specific rotation of an optically active substance at a given temperature for a given wavelength of light is defined as the rotation (in degrees) of plane of polarisation of incident polarised beam produced by one decimeter length the of substance of unit density (concentration). If Bis the rotation produced by decimeter length of substance, the concentration of its solution is Cgmicc, then specific rotation Sat a given temperature ¢ for a given wavelength 2 is expressed as SAIC What do you mean by optically active substance ? ‘Ans: Cerlain substances have a tendency to rotate the plane of polarisation (or plane of vibration) ofa plane polarised light when propagated through it. Such substances are called optically active substances. How many types of optically active substances are known to you ? ‘Ans : There are two types of optically active substances : (i) Right handed or dextro-rotatory substances and (ii) Left handed or laevo-rotatory substances. What do you mean by right handed or dextro-rotatory and left handed or Iaevo-rotatory substances ? ‘Ans : The substances thatrotate the plane of polarisation (or plane of polarisation) in the clockwise direction as seen by an observer facing the emergent light is said to be right handed or dextro- rotatory, ‘The substances that rotate the plane of polarisation (or plane of polarisation) in the anti-clockwise direction as seen by an observer facing the emergent light is said to be lefthanded or laevo-rotatory. Give few examples of above two types of substances ? ‘Ans + The examples of right banded or dextro-rotatory substances/are; the solution of camphor in alcohol, cane sugar (without crystalide structure). Glucose, solution of tartaric acid in water, amorphous tartaric acid, d-quartzetc. The left handed or laevo-rotatory substances are ; Fructose, Nicotine, turpentine oil and /-quartz. What do you mean by optically inactive substances ? Give one or two examples. ‘Ans : Optically inactive substances are those, when a plane polarised light passes through them its plane of polarisation (or plane of vibration) remains unrotated, Thus the plane of polarisation of emergent beam is same as that of incident polarised beam, The examples of optically inactive substances are; fused quartz (quartz in an amorphous form), calcite ete, What do you mean by rotatory polarisation and optically active substances * ‘Ans ¢ It is found that when # beam of plane polarised light propagates through certain substances or erystals, the plane of polarisation (or plane of vibrations) of the emergent beam is not the same as thatof the incident polarised beam but has been rotated through a certain angle aboutits direction of propagation. This phenomenon of rotation of the plane of polarisation (or plane of vibration) is called rotatory polarisation, The substances or crystals which exhibit this property are called optically active substances.f vibration ? ‘What is plane of polarisation and plane of v 12 And: Plane of vibration : The plane containing the ahve at vibration and the direction of propagation of light is called the pla | of vibration, In the adjoining Fig. 4.8, ABCD is the plane 0 vibration. oped Plane of polarisation : The plane passing through the clean propagation and containing no vibration is called the p! ay aE ‘ a polarisation, Theplane ofpolarisation isalways perpendicular to Pibnecctag plane of vibration. In fig. 4.8, E/'GH is the plane of polageston, Q. 10. In rotatory polarisation, which plane Is rotated plane o! polarisation or plane of vibration ? oui ‘Ans. In rotatory polarisation, both plane of polarisation as well as plane of vibration are rotate] because both planes are perpendicular to cach other. Q..11 What is rotatory dispersion ? ‘Ang : The angle of rotation is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the wavelength of light used. More precisely for quartz, we have Fig. 4.8 O=At 4, where A and B are constants. Therefore, when a beam of composite (white) plane polarised light falls normally ong quartz crystal, the plane of polarisation of different colours (or wavelengths) are rotated wilh different angles. Therefore, the field of view appears coloured. This phenomenon is called rotatoy, polarisation. Q. 12. On what factors does the angles of rotation of the plane of polarisation depend ? Ans : According to the experimentally observed fact that the angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation is directly proportional to the thickness of the crystal, the wavelength of light employed and the nature of the optically active substances, For solutions rotation is also proportional to the concentration and hence it is proportional to the number of molecules in the line of sight. Q. 13. Does specific rotation depends upon the temperature ? Ans. Yes, Specificrotation depends on temperature. In some substances like ‘turpentine, it decreases with rise in temperature, while in others like quartz specific rotation increases with temperature Q. 14. What is the unit of specific rotation ? Ans, The unit of specific rotation is degree/decimeter/gmic.c. or degree/decimeter/kg/m? Q.15 What is the numerical value of specific rotation of cane sugar solution in water ? Ans. Specific rotation of cane sugar solution in water at 20°C is + 66.5° Q.16. What is the significance of plus sign in the above value of Specific rotation ? a si a Pua pic that the rotation is clockwise or right handed, . 17. What wi ie resultant rotation i i Paice rotation if a number of optically active substances are present in Ans : In thatcase, the net rotation will by each individual substance, beequallto the algebraic sum ofrotations produced separately Qt al uality of the measurement of this specific rotation ? ly used in sugar factories forthe estimation of the percentage ofsugarina given ictories, This method i i : the wine ofa diabetic patent ‘od is also used to determine the amount of sugar present in eee :ee Expt. No. 4 : Polarimeter an Q19. Q. 20. Q.21. Q.22, Q.24, Q.25. Q.26. Q.27. Q.28, Q.29, Q.30. Qs. What is Saccharimeter ? Ans : Saccharimeter is the name of a polarimeter used for the analysi: ysis of sugar. Can you determine the strength of the sugar solution ? Aus. Yes, the strength of the sugar solution is determined with the help of the following formula aes where C is the strength (gins of the substance present in 100 c.c. of the solution), S the specific rotation of the substance, @ the angle of rotation in degrees and / the length of solution in decimeter. ‘What is molecular rotation ? Ans : The molecular rotation is the product of specific rotation and molecular weight of the substance, that is, molecular rotation = specific rotation x molecular weight of the substance. What is a polarimeter ? Ans. Polarimeteris a device used for the measurement of optical rotation and the angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation rotated by an optically active substance. What are the main parts of a polarimeter ? Ans. The main parts of'a polarimeter are; a polariser, an analyser and a polarimeter tube (or glass tube broaden in the middle) kept between them. What are the functions of polariser and analyser ? Ans : As itis clear from their names, the polariser is used to convert an ordinary light into plane polarised light and analyser is used to analyse the light transmitted through the optically active substance and half shade or bi-quartz devices. What is the difference between polariser and analyser ? ‘Ans : There is no basic difference between the polariser and analyser. Both are simply nicol prisms made of calcite crystals. They differ only in their uses. Ifthe polariser and analyser are same devices, can we interchange polariser and analyser ? ‘Ans : Yes, we can interchange both of them. What is a nicol prism ? ‘Ans : William Nicol invented and constructed an optical device made from a calcite crystal for producing and analysing plane polarised light. Is there any possibility of rotation of plane of polarisation of plane polarised light, when it passes through a nicol prism ? ‘Ans, No, because the nicol prism is made of calcite crystal which is an optically inactive substance. What is the working principle of a nicol prism? ‘Ans : It is well known that, when an unpolarised beam enters the calcite crystal, it splits up into two plane polarised rays : O-ray and E-ray with vibrations in two mutually perpendicular planes, Ifby some optical means, we eliminate one of the two beams, then we would obtain only one plane polarised beam, The nicol prismis designed in a such a way so as to eliminate the ordinary ray by total internal reflection. Hence only the extraordinary ray is ‘transmitted through them. What are ordinary and extra ordinary rays ? ‘Ans : The ordinary (O-rays) and extra ordinary (E-rays) rays are plane polarised rays having Vibrations perpendicular to each other. The ordinary ray obeys the ordinary laws of refraction, Whereas an extra-ordinary ray bebaves extra ordinarily and does not follows any laws ofrefraction, What do you mean by phenomenon of double refraction ? f : ‘Ans. When an unpolarised beam of light enters in certain crystals, like calcite or quartz, it splits up into two plane polarised refracted beams travelling in different directions. The phenomenon of1.72 splitting of an unpolarised beam into two pl in two mutually perpendicular planes is call Q.32, What do you mean by parallel nicols and crosse ‘Ans. When the principal section of the analyser (one nicol) is De nicol), then the vibrations of E-ray emerging from the polariser Polriser(?) ergy O-ray (a) Polariser (P) Ere O-ray (b) Fig. 49 i : d E-ray with vil lane polarised rays : O-ray and E-ré led ae of double refraction. Engineering Physics Pra¢ jicols ? : ae llel to that of polariser (; ll be in the principal section Analyser (A) 1 neh E-ay ; the analyser and hence E-ray from Pis freely transmitted by A just as it was freely transmitted by P subsequently the intensity of emergent light is maximum. Hence when the principal sections of the polariser and analyser are parallel, then nicols are said to be parallel nicols [Fig. 4.9(a)]. On the other hand when the principal sections of polariser and analyser are at right angle to each other, no light emerges from the analyser because, in that ca the polariser will be normal to the principal section reflected just as O-ray. Hence, when the principal principal section of analyser, the nicols are said to b What is principal plane ? s Q.3 Ans: The plane containing the optic axis and the ordinas ray. Similarly the plane containing the optic axis and e of the extra-ordinary ray. Q.34. What is the principal section ? Ans: A plane containing the optic axis of the erystal and faces is called the principal se six faces there are three secti tion of the crystal for that pair of faces (Fi ‘ons corresponding to each pair of opposite se, the vibrations of the E-ray emerging from of the analyser and hence totally internally section of polariser is perpendicular to the 'e crossed nicols [Fig. 4.9 (b)]. ry ay iscalled principal plane ofthe ordinary xtra-ordinary ray is called the principal plane perpendicular to two opposite refracting ig. 4.10). As, a crystal has faces.Expt. No. 4: Polarimeter 473 Q.35. Q.36. Q.38. Q.40. Q.41. Q.42. Q43. Q.44, What is an optic axis ? Ans : The optic axis of a doubly refracting crystals is a direction along which all the plane waves are transmitted with a single velocity withoutshowing the effect of double refraction. Thus the optic axis is a direction alonga line passing through any oneof the blunt corners and making equal angles with each of the three edges which meet there, Hence optic axis is not a line but it is a direction. ‘What is the use of half shade device in your experiment ? Ans : A half shade device is used in the experiment to judge the accurate position of complete darkness of the field of view, The analyser is unable to detect the exact position of complete darkness. When the analyser is rotated through some angle to detect the position of complete darkness, the ficld of view remains practically dark even afler the analysing nicol has been rotated through 5 or 6° near the crossed position. . How does the half shade device judge the accurate position ? Ans. Half shade device divides the field of view in two equal halves which are adjusted for equal brightness or darkness, When these halves are viewed simultaneously and side by side, the equal brightness or darkness of the two halves can be easily judged by the eye. ‘Where and how is the half shade device placed in the polarimeter 2 ‘Ans. Half shade device is placed in between the polariser and glass tube (polarimeter tube) containing the solution under study. It is adjusted by the manufacturer in such a position that the shorter diagonal of the nicol makes a small angle with the optic axis of the quartz plate so that the plune of vibration of the plane polarised light incident on them makes small angles with the optic axis . What is the construction of half shade device ? ‘Ans : It consists of two semi-circular plates. One semi-circular plate is of ordinary glass, whereas the other is of calcite. Both are cemented together along the diameter. The quartz is a half plate, itintroduces a path difference of 2/2. The thickness of the glass plate is so. chosen as to absorb and reflect the same amount of light as the quartz plate. What is the principle of a half-shade device used in your experiment ? ‘Ans. See in the main text of experiment No. 4 (See article entitled "Action of Half-shade plate). Why is an arrangement of two crossed nicols not preferable in a polarimeter ? ‘Ans : Because, cross-nicols alone could not give accurate position of complete extinction (or darkness) or equality of brightness. Therefore in order to increase the sensitiveness of the pair of crossed nicols half shad device is used in the polarimeters. Why do you use sodium light with half shade device ? ‘Ans: The half shade device in the polarimeter produces a path difference: of 2/2 (or phase difference of) between ordinary and: extra-ordinary rays fora particular wavelength 4 for which itis designed. Generally this wavelength is matched with the wavelength of sodium D line. Hence the use of sodium light is necessary. Is there any device which can work with white light ? ‘Ans : Yes, bi-quartz device. What is the construction and working of « Bi-quartz device ? [Ans ; Bi-quartz device consists of two semicircular plates of left handed and right handed quartz which are cemented together to form a circular disc. Each of the plate cut perpendicular to the optic axis and their thickness is taken for which angle of rotation for yellow colour is 90°. When a beam of polarised composite (or white) light enters normally into the Bi-quartz device, the plaue of polarisation for different wavelength (orcolour) willbe rotated through differeatEngineering Physics P, 1.74 . is /92)}. The observations angles [28 0 is different for different wavelengths, that is @2 (1 es an are at the tint of passage or when two halves are of same (grey) co! ‘ ae uartz:palsiieteem Q. 45, What Is the main difference In the working of bal a oi quart polarimeter is aa . 45, , i i ‘Ans : The main difference in the working of half sl ade andibie aor 7 Tn the halfshade polarimeter, the monochromatic sodium light is used ma a eal piece appears of different illumination, whereas in bi-quartz device, white light is used and two halves in eyepiece appeas of diffrent colours, | i mete Q. 46. Which Is superior out of half shade and Bi-quartz polaril aa a ‘Ans. Bi-quartz polarimeter is superior over half-shade polarimeter because it permits white which is convenient to arrange and itis easier to, judgethe contrast of colours more accurately, then contrast of intensities. Hence it is more sensitive device, oie Q.47, When white light is used in Bi-quartz, for which colour does it give rotation ? ‘Ang : The biquartz gives the rotation for yellow colour, for itis this colour which is absent the field of view in the setting of the analyser. Q. 48. Can you determine the direction of rotation of plane ofpolarisation from your experiment? Ans: No. Q. 49, How will you modify your experiment for the determination of direction of rotation of plant polarised light ? ‘Ans: Forthis purpose the experimental set up is modified in such a way that the rotation produced by two different lengths of a solution is studied, When @ is larger for longer lengths, the directioa of rotation will give the direction of the plane of polarisation. Q. 50. What are unpolarised, polarised and plane polarised light ? Ans. Unpolarised light : In general ordinary light, having vibrations along all possible plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation is said to be unpolarised. Thus, the unpolarised light is one which is symmetrical about its direction of propagation Polarised light : There isa lack of symmetry about the direction of propagation in the case af polarised light, Thus the light which is asymmetrical about the direction of propa is ete propagation is called Plane polarised light: The light having vibrations onl gle di the direction of propagation of light is said to be Mine ee iocion erential Q. 51, How will you get polarised light in your laboratory ? - Ans; In the laboratory, the polarised light retrlsion, ight can be produced by reflection, by refraction or by double a