2/23/2016
ECE5322
21st CenturyElectromagnetics
Instructor:
Office:
Phone:
EMail:
Dr.Raymond C.Rumpf
A337
(915)7476958
rcrumpf@utep.edu
Lecture #9
Diffraction Gratings
Lecture 9
Lecture Outline
Lecture9
Fourier series
Diffraction from gratings
The plane wave spectrum
Plane wave spectrum for crossed gratings
The grating spectrometer
Littrow gratings
Patterned fanout gratings
Diffractive optical elements
Slide2
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Fourier Series
Born: March21,1768
inYonne,France.
Died: May16,1830
inParis,France.
JeanBaptiste JosephFourier
1D Complex Fourier Series
Ifafunctionf(x)isperiodicwithperiodx,itcanbeexpandedintoa
complexFourierseries.
f x
a m e
2 mx
a m
2 mx
j
1
f
x
e
dx
Typically,weretainonlyafinitenumberoftermsintheexpansion.
f x
a m e
2 mx
m M
Lecture9
Slide4
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2D Complex Fourier Series
For2Dperiodicfunctions,thecomplexFourierseriesgeneralizesto
f x, y
a p, q e
p q
Lecture9
2 px 2 qy
j
x
y
2 px 2 qy
x
y
1
a p, q f x, y e
A A
dA
Slide5
Diffraction from
Gratings
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Fields in Periodic Structures
Wavesinperiodicstructurestakeon
thesameperiodicityastheirhost.
Lecture9
Slide7
Diffraction Orders
Thefieldmustbecontinuoussoonlydiscretedirectionsareallowed.
Thealloweddirectionsarecalledthediffractionorders.
Theallowedanglesarecalculatedusingthefamousgratingequation.
Allowed
Lecture9
NotAllowed
Allowed
Slide8
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Field in a Periodic Structure
Thedielectricfunctionofasinusoidalgratingcanbewrittenas
r r r ,avg cos K r
Awavepropagatingthroughthisgratingtakesonthesamesymmetry.
E r A r e jkinc r
A r ,avg cos K r e jkinc r
A j kinc K r A j kinc K r
A r ,avg e
2
2
jkinc r
wave 1
wave 2
wave 3
Lecture9
Grating Produces New Waves
Theappliedwavesplitsintothreewaves.
e jkinc r e
e
e jkinc r
j kinc K r
j kinc K r
Eachofthosesplitsintothreewavesaswell.
jkinc r
e
e
e jkinc r
j kinc K r
j kinc K r
e
e
j kinc K r
j kinc K r
j kinc 2 K r
jkinc r
Andeachofthesesplit,andsoon.
k m kinc mK
m ,..., 2, 1, 0,1, 2,...,
Lecture9
j kinc K r
j kinc K r
jkinc r
j kinc 2 K r
Thisequationdescribes
thetotalsetofallowed
harmonics.
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Wave Incident on a Grating
Boundaryconditionsrequiredthetangential
componentofthewavevectorbecontinuous.
inc
k x ,trn k x ,inc
Thewaveisenteringagrating,sothephase
matchingconditionis
k x m k x ,inc mK x
Thelongitudinalvectorcomponentis
calculatedfromthedispersionrelation.
k z2 m k0 navg k x2 m
2
Forlargem,kz,m canactuallybecome
imaginary.Thisindicatesthatthehighest
orderspatialharmonicsareevanescent.
Lecture9
11
The Grating Equation
kinc
inc
+1
+2
x
1
+1
Lecture9
sin
Note,thisreallyisjust
k x m k x ,inc mK x
Proof:
k x m k x ,inc mK x
k0 navg sin m k0 ninc sin inc m
2
ntrn
navg sin m ninc sin inc m
+2
navg
TheGratingEquation
ninc
navg sin m
2
x
ninc sin inc m
navg sin m ninc sin inc m
navg sin m ninc sin inc m
2
x
0
x
sin
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Grating Equation in Different
Regions
Theanglesofthediffractedmodesarerelatedtothewavelengthandgrating
throughthegratingequation.
nref ninc
Thegratingequationonlypredictsthe
directionsofthemodes,nothowmuch
powerisinthem.
ReflectionRegion
nref sin m ninc sin inc m
TransmissionRegion
ntrn sin m ninc sin inc m
0
x
ntrn
Lecture9
Slide13
Diffraction in Two Dimensions
We know everything about the direction of
diffracted waves just from the grating period.
Diffraction
tendstooccur
alongthe
latticeplanes.
The grating equation says nothing about how
much power is in the diffracted modes.
We need to solve Maxwells equations for that!
Lecture9
Slide14
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Effect of Grating Periodicity
Subwavelength
Grating
Subwavelength
Grating
LowOrderGrating
HighOrderGrating
ninc
ninc
ninc
ninc
navg
navg
navg
navg
navg
navg
0
ninc
0
ninc
Lecture9
0
ninc
Slide15
Animation of Grating Diffraction
at Normal Incidence
Lecture9
Slide16
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Animation of Grating Diffraction
at an Angle of Incidence
Lecture9
Slide17
Woods Anomalies
RobertW.Woodobservedrapidvariationsinthespectrumoflight
diffractedbygratingswhichhecouldnotexplain.
Type1 RayleighSingularities
Rapidvariationintheamplitudesofthe
diffractedmodesthecorrespondtothe
onsetordisappearanceofother
diffractedmodes.
R. W. Wood, Phil. Mag. 4, 396 (1902)
Lecture9
Type2 ResonanceEffects
Aresonanceconditionarising
fromleakywavessupportedby
thegrating.Today,wecallthis
guidedmoderesonance.
RobertWilliamsWood
1868 1955
A. Hessel, A. A. Oliner, A New Theory of Woods Anomalies
on Optical Gratings, Appl. Opt., Vol. 4, No. 10, 1275 (1965).
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Grating Cutoff Wavelength
Whenm becomesimaginary,themodeisevanescentandcutoff.
Assumingnormalincidence(i.e.inc = 0),thegratingequationreducesto
n sin m m
0
x
Thefirstdiffractedmodestoappeararem = 1.
Thecutoffforthefirstordermodeshappenswhen(1) = 90.
1 90
sin 90 1
x
Topreventthefirstordermodes,weneed
n x
0
n
Toensurewehavefirstordermodes,weneed
0
n
Lecture9
Slide19
Total Number of Diffracted
Modes
Giventhegratingperiodx andthewavelength0,wecandeterminehowmany
diffractedmodesexist.
Again,assumingnormalincidence,
sin m
m0
navg x
sin m
m0
1
navg x
Therefore,amaximumvalueform is
mmax
navg x
ThetotalnumberofpossiblediffractedmodesM isthen2mmax+1
M
Lecture9
2navg x
1
Slide20
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Determining Grating Cutoff
Conditions
Condition
0order mode
No1stordermodes
Ensure 1stordermodes
No2ndordermodes
Ensure2ndordermodes
Nomthorder modes
Requirements
Alwaysexists
Gratingperiodmustbeshorterthanwhatcauses
1)=90
Gratingperiodmustbelargerthanwhatcauses
1)=90
Gratingperiodmustbeshorterthanwhatcauses
2)=90
Gratingperiodmustbelargerthanwhatcauses
2)=90
Gratingperiodmustbeshorterthanwhatcauses
m)=90
Ensuremthordermodes Gratingperiodmustbelargerthanwhatcauses
m)=90
Lecture9
Slide21
Three Modes of Operation for
1D Gratings
BraggGrating
DiffractionGrating
LongPeriodGrating
Couplesenergybetween
counterpropagatingwaves.
Couplesenergybetween
wavesatdifferentangles.
Couplesenergybetweenco
propagatingwaves.
Applications
Thinfilmopticalfilters
Fiberopticgratings
Wavelengthdivision
multiplexing
Dielectricmirrors
Photoniccrystal
waveguides
Lecture9
Applications
Beamsplitters
Patternedfanout gratings
Laserlocking
Spectrometry
Sensing
Antireflection
Frequencyselectivesurfaces
Gratingcouplers
Applications
Sensing
Directionalcoupling
Slide22
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Analysis of Diffraction Gratings
DirectionoftheDiffractedModes
DiffractionEfficiencyandPolarization
oftheDiffractedModes
Wemustobtainarigoroussolutionto
Maxwellsequationstodetermine
amplitudeandpolarizationofthe
diffractedmodes.
E j H
H j E
E 0
H 0
n sin m ninc sin inc m
sin
Lecture9
Slide23
Applications of Gratings
Subwavelength Gratings
Littrow Gratings
PatternedFanout Gratings
Onlythezeroordermodes
mayexist.
Gratingsinthelittrow
configurationareaspectrally
selectiveretroreflector.
Gratingsdiffractlaserlightto
formimages.
Holograms
Hologramsarestoredas
gratings.
Applications
Polarizers
Artificialbirefringence
Formbirefringence
Antireflection
Effectiveindexmedia
Lecture9
Applications
Sensors
Lasers
Spectrometry
Gratingsseparatebroadband
lightintoitscomponentcolors.
Slide24
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The Plane Wave
Spectrum
Periodic Functions Can Be Expanded into a
Fourier Series
x
WavesinperiodicstructuresobeyBlochsequation
E x, y A x e j r
TheenvelopA(x)isperiodicwithperiodx
soitcanbeexpandedintoaFourierseries.
E x, y e
j r
S m; y e
2 mx
x
S m; y A x, y e
2 mx
x
dx
Lecture9
Slide26
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Rearrange the Fourier Series
AperiodicfieldcanbeexpandedintoaFourierseries.
E x, y e
j r
S m; y e
2 mx
x
Letsdefinethetransversewavevectorcomponentofthemth term.
kx m x
2 m
x
Thishastheformofasumof
planewavesallatdifferentangles
Sothefieldcanbewrittenas
E x, y
S m e
jk x ,m x
E x, y
j y y
S m e
jkm r
m
Lecture9
Slide27
The Plane Wave Spectrum
E x, y
S m e
j k x m x k y m y
Werearrangedtermsandsawthataperiodicfieldcanalsobe
thoughtofasaninfinitesumofplanewavesatdifferentangles.
Thisistheplanewavespectrumofafield.
Lecture9
Slide28
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Longitudinal Wave Vector Components of the
Plane Wave Spectrum
Thewaveincidentonagratingcanbewrittenas
Einc x, y E0 e
j k xinc x k inc
y y
k xinc k0 ninc sin inc
k yinc k0 ninc cos inc
Phasematchingintothegratingleadsto
k xgrat m k xinc m
2
x
m , 2, 1, 0,1, 2,
Note:kx isalwaysreal.
Eachwavemustsatisfythedispersionrelation.
k xgrat m k ygrat m k0 ngrat
k ygrat m
k n
0 grat
k xgrat m
Wehavetwopossiblesolutionshere.
1. Purelyrealky
2. Purelyimaginaryky.
Lecture9
Slide29
Visualizing Phase Matching into the Grating
Thewavevectorexpansionforthefirst11modescanbevisualizedas
kinc
k x 5
k x 4
k x 3
k x 2
k x 1
kx 0
k x 1
k x 2
k x 3
k x 4
k x 5
Eachoftheseisphasematchedintomaterial2.Thelongitudinalcomponentofthewave
vectoriscalculatedusingthedispersionrelationinmaterial2.
n1
n2
ky isimaginary.
Thefieldinmaterial2
isevanescent.
ky isreal.
Awavepropagatesintomaterial2.
Note:Theevanescentfieldsinmaterial2arenotcompletely
evanescent.Theyhaveapurelyrealkx sotheydoflowenergy
inthetransversedirection.
Lecture9
ky isimaginary.
Thefieldinmaterial2
isevanescent.
x
y
Slide30
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Conclusions
Fields in periodic media take on the same periodicity
as the media they are in.
Periodic fields can be expanded into a Fourier series.
Each term of the Fourier series represents a spatial
harmonic (plane wave).
Since there are in infinite number of terms in the
Fourier series, there are an infinite number of spatial
harmonics.
Only a few of the spatial harmonics are propagating
waves. Only these can carry energy away from a
device.
Lecture9
Slide31
Plane Wave
Spectrum from
Crossed Gratings
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Grating Terminology
1Dgrating
Ruledgrating
2Dgrating
Crossedgrating
Requiresa2Dsimulation
Requiresa3Dsimulation
Lecture9
Slide33
Diffraction from Crossed
Gratings
Doublyperiodicgratings,alsocalledcrossedgratings,candiffractwavesinto
manydirections.
Theyaredescribedbytwogratingvectors,Kx andKy.
Twoboundaryconditionsarenecessaryhere.
k x m k x ,inc mK x
m ..., 2, 1, 0,1, 2,...
k y n k y ,inc nK y
n ..., 2, 1, 0,1, 2,...
2
Kx
x
x
2
Ky
y
y
Lecture9
kinc
Kx
Ky
Slide34
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Visualizing the Transverse Wave Vector
Expansion
ky n
kx m
k tran m, n k x m x k y n y
Lecture9
Slide35
Longitudinal Wave Vector Expansion
Thelongitudinalcomponentsofthewavevectorsarecomputedas
k zref m, n
k0 nref k x2 m k y2 n
k ztrn m, n
k0 ntrn k x2 m k y2 n
Thecenterfewmodeswillhaverealkzs.Thesecorrespondto
propagatingwaves.Theotherswillhaveimaginarykzs and
correspondtoevanescentwavesthatdonottransportenergy.
k tran m, n
Lecture9
k z m, n
Slide36
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Visualizing the Overall Wave Vector
Expansion
k tran m, n
kref m, n
k zref m, n
k trn m, n
Lecture9
Slide37
The Grating
Spectrometer
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What is a Grating Spectrometer
DiffractionGrating
SeparatedColors
InputLight
Lecture9
39
Spectral Sensitivity
Westartwiththegratingequation.
navg sin m ninc sin inc m
0
x
Wedefinespectralsensitivityashowmuchthediffractedangle
changeswithrespecttowavelength.
m 0
m
m
0
x navg cos m
m
0
x navg cos m
Thisequationtellsushowtomaximizesensitivity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lecture9
Diffractintohigherordermodes( m).
Useshortperiodgratings( x).
Diffractintolargeangles( m)).
Diffractintoair( navg).
40
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Ocean Optics HR4000 Grating
Spectrometer
http://www.oceanoptics.com/Products/benchoptions_hr.asp
FiberOpticInput
SMAConnector
CollimatingMirror
CollectionLenses
EntranceSlit
DiffractionGrating
DetectorArray
OptionalFilter
FocusingMirror
OptionalFilter
10
OptionalUVDetector
Lecture9
41
Littrow Gratings
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Littrow Configuration
Inthelittrow configuration,the+1orderreflectedmodeisparalleltotheincident
wavevector.Thisformsaspectrallyselectivemirror.
Incident
+1
Lecture9
43
Conditions for the Littrow
Configuration
Thegratingequationis
n sin m n sin inc m
0
x
Thelittrow configurationoccurswhen
1 inc
Theconditionforthelittrow configurationisfoundbysubstituting
thisintothegratingequation.
2n sin inc
Lecture9
0
x
44
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Spectral Selectivity
Typicallyonlyaconeofangles reflectedfromagratingis
detected.
Wewishtofindd/d bydifferentiatingourlastequation.
d 0
2n x cos
d
Typicallythisisusedtocalculatethereflectedbandwidth.
0 2n x cos
f
2n x f 2 cos
c0
Linewidth (opticsandphotonics)
Bandwidth(RFandmicrowave)
Lecture9
45
Example (1 of 2)
Designametallicgratinginairthatistobeoperatedinthelittrow
configurationat10GHzatanangleof45.
Solution
Rightaway,weknowthat
n 1.0
inc 45
c0 3 108 ms
3.00 cm
f
10 GHz
Thegratingperiodisthenfoundtobe
x
Lecture9
2n sin inc
3.00 cm
2.12 cm
2 1.0 sin 45
46
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Example (2 of 2)
Solutioncontinued
Assuminga5 coneofanglesisdetecteduponreflection,the
bandwidthis
2 1.0 2.12 cm 10 GHz cos 45
f
5 0.87 GHz
8 m
3 10 s
180
2
Lecture9
47
Patterned
Fanout Gratings
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Near-Field to Far-Field
Afterpropagatingalongdistance,thefieldwithinaplanetends
towardtheFouriertransformoftheinitialfield.
FFT
E x, y , 0
E x, y , L
Lecture9
49
What is a Patterned Fanout
Grating?
Diffractiongratingforcesthefieldtotakeontheprofileoftheinverse
Fouriertransformofanimage.Afterpropagatingveryfar,thefield
takesontheprofileoftheimage.
Lecture9
50
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Gerchberg-Saxton Algorithm:
Initialization
NearField
amplitude
FarField
phase
amplitude
phase
FFT
Step3 Replaceamplitude
amplitude
Step4 Calculatefarfield
phase
amplitude
phase
FFT-1
Step2 Calculatenearfield
Step1 Startwithdesired
farfieldimage.
Lecture9
51
Gerchberg-Saxton Algorithm:
Iteration
NearField
amplitude
FarField
phase
amplitude
phase
FFT
Step7 Replaceamplitude
amplitude
Step8 Calculatefarfield
phase
FFT-1
Step6 Calculatenearfield
Lecture9
Step5 Replaceamplitude
withdesiredimage.
52
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Gerchberg-Saxton Algorithm:
End
NearField
amplitude
FarField
phase
amplitude
phase
FFT
Thisisthephasefunctionof
thediffractiveopticalelement.
Thisiswhatthefinal
imagewilllooklike.
Afterseveraldozeniterations
Lecture9
53
The Final Fanout Grating
PhaseFunction(rad)
Asurfacereliefpatternisetched
intoglasstoinducethephase
functionontothebeamoflight.
Wecouldalsoprintanamplitude
maskusingahighresolutionlaser
printer.
Lecture9
54
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Diffractive
Optical Elements
What is a Diffractive Optical
Element
ConventionalLens
DiffractiveOpticalLens(FresnelZonePlate)
Ifthedeviceisonlyrequiredtooperateoveranarrowband,devices
canbeflattened.
Theflatteneddeviceiscalledadiffractiveopticalelement(DOE).
Lukas Chrostowski, Optical gratings: Nano-engineered lenses, Nature Photonics 4, 413-415 (2010).
Lecture9
56
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