Q1) Define product.

Product is a term used to describe all goods, services and knowledge sold.
Q2) Why to Study Economics?
Developing, producing, and marketing a new product requires a large
investment. To earn a reasonable return on this investment, the resulting product
must be both appealing to customers and relatively inexpensive to produce.
Q3) Define Industrial design.
The Industrial Designers Society of America (IDSA) defines industrial design
as “the professional service of creating and developing concepts and
specifications that optimize the function, value, and appearance of products and
systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.”
Q4) List Basic elements of design.
Point
Line
Color
Shape
Size
Mass
Change
Q5) What are prototypes?
Prototypes are physical models of the product that are tested in some way to
validate the design decisions that have been made up to that point in the design
process.
Q6) What is ergonomics, asthetics?
Ergonomics ( or human factors) is the scientific discipline, concerned with the
understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system
and the profession that applies, theory, principles, data and methods to design in
order to optimize human well being and overall system performance.
The aesthetic quality of a product is integral to its usefulness because products
we use every day affect our person and our well-being. But only well-executed
objects can be beautiful.
Q7) Define unity, variety, function in asthetics design.
Unity/Belonging: unity defines the basic concept with the help of which the
whole product or the item is seen as a single unit. The basic concept defines
basic idea, basic shape, basic size, color, texture which has been the first food
for thought of the product. So, this is unity.
Variety: variety is defined as a variation in the product layout in one way or the
other. So, the boredom associated with much unity can be accommodated. can
have numbers, can arrange them, can have dimensions, shapes, color which are
varying.
Function: function suggests no art for art sake. Function is very very important.
In the real life world problem, things have to work, design should serve the
purpose. No matter how beautiful it is, but it is not functionally effective, the
design would be discarded.
Q8) Define product architecture.
Product architecture is concerned with dividing the overall design system into
subsystems or modules. In this step we decide how the physical components of
the design are to be arranged and combined to carry out the functional duties of
the design.
Q9) Define concept selection.
Evaluation of the design concepts, modifying and evolving into a single
preferred concept, are the activities in this step. The process usually requires
several iterations.
Q10) Discuss the methodology used in new product development.
A product development process is the sequence of steps or activities that an
enterprise employs to conceive, design, and commercialize a product.
Idea generation is described as the process of creating, developing and
communicating abstract, concrete or visual ideas.
In screening, the many ideas are reduced to smaller numbers and eventually to
the one product concept, prototype product, processing method and advertising
plan.
After the project's aim has been established, ideas can come from free
brainstorming, from systematically studying how the consumer may use the
product, and from developments in technology, the industry and the market.
Q11) Describe the external approach in concept generation.

Concept generation includes a mix of external search, creative problem solving

within the team, and systematic exploration of the various solution fragments
the team generates.
External search is aimed at finding existing solutions to both the overall
problem and the subproblems identified during the problem clarification step.
While external search is listed as the second step in the concept generation
method, this sequential labeling is deceptive; external search occurs continually
throughout the development process.
For this reason external search includes detailed evaluation not only of directly
competitive products but also of technologies used in products with related
subfunctions.
First expand the scope of the search by broadly gathering information that might
be related to the problem and then focus the scope of the search by exploring
the promising directions in more detail. Too much of either approach will make
the external search inefficient.
There are at least five good ways to gather information from external sources:
lead user interviews, expert consultation, patent searches, literature searches,
and competitive benchmarking.
Q12) Infer the internal approach in concept generation.

Internal search is the use of personal and team knowledge and creativity to
generate solution concepts. Often called brainstorming, and based largely on the
creativity methods developed by Osborn in the 1940s, this type of search is
internal in that all of the ideas to emerge from this step are created from
knowledge already in the possession of the team.
This process can be carried out by individuals working in isolation or by a
group of people working together. Five guidelines are useful for improving both
individual and group internal search:
1. Suspend judgment: In most aspects of daily life, success depends on an
ability to quickly evaluate a set of alternatives and take action. Concept
generation for product development is fundamentally different. We have
to live with the consequences of product concept decisions for years. The
imperative to suspend judgment is frequently translated into the rule that
during group concept generation sessions no criticism of concepts is
allowed. A better approach is for individuals perceiving weaknesses in
concepts to channel any judgmental tendencies into suggestions for
improvements or alternative concepts.
 2. Generate a lot of ideas: Most experts believe that the more ideas a team
generates, the more likely the team is to explore fully the solution space.
Further, each idea acts as a stimulus for other ideas, so a large number of
ideas has the potential to stimulate even more ideas.
3. Welcome ideas that may seem infeasible: Ideas that initially appear
infeasible can often be improved, “debugged,” or “repaired” by other
members of the team. Therefore, infeasible ideas are quite valuable and
their expression should be encouraged.
Q13) What is Quality of the color?
Visible light are seen differently by the eye.
Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue.
Secondary colors are green, violet, orange.
Tertiary colors are blue-green, yellow-orange, red-purple.
Generally terms for the Quality of the color are:
• Hue: Name of colour
• Chroma: Intensity, strength or saturation – Brightness or dullness
• Saturation: Degree of vividness of hue from its concentration used
• Value: Range from light to dark, 0-Black, 10-White
Q14) Explain with example Value of colour in product design.
• Color selection is a tricky proposition for designers, especially those of us
working with physical products where decisions are more permanent.
•Data shows that consumers make up their minds about a product within seven
to ninety seconds of their initial interaction. Depending on which source you
consult, between forty and ninety percent cite color as the main deciding factor.
•It’s generally accepted that when consumers are faced with comparable product
function and price, most will base their purchase decision based on the
product’s appearance.