Duct design fundamentals

Basic of dust collector system Air quantity

Dust particles are considered s an attribute to Measured in cubic feet of air per minute
dust capturing system. For that there are
Air temperature
several characteristics that are considered in
the particles. Measured in Fahrenheit of degree Celsius
• Particle size and distribution Used to determine the type of gasket and filter
• Shape media needed
• Physical characteristics
• Amount of duct emitted Static pressure

Particle size describe how coarse or fine Pressure (or head) generally measured in
particles are and is normally defined by their inches of water (inches water gauge).
upper and lower size limits. The pressure is known as the static pressure
Particle sizes are measured in microns and generally created by fan.
below 10 μm are harmful for human health. Static pressure is the difference between the
Large particles are easy to collect, and they are pressure in the ductwork and the atmospheric
aided with the gravity. pressure.

Shape of the particles affect how they are Negative pressure would want to collapse the
collected and how they are release from the walls of the duct and the positive pressure
collection media. would want to expand the duct walls.

Aerodynamic diameter is used to describe Used to overcome the head losses of the
particle diameter. Aerodynamic diameter of a system.
particle is the diameter of a spherical shape • Frictional resistance to airflow in the
particle that has s density of 1000 kg m-3 (the ductwork
standard density of a water droplet) and the
• Fitting (frictional losses) and the
same settling velocity as the particle.
resistance of obstacles such as cyclones
Airflow and dust control and dust collectors (shock losses)

To control air flow in a ventilating system, must Static pressure is measured by inserting a pitot
manage tube into the ductwork, perpendicular to the
side walls, to determine the difference between
• Air flow velocity atmospheric and duct pressures.
• Air quantity
• Temperature Velocity pressure
• Basic principles of static pressure and The pressure requires to accelerate the particle
velocity pressure from rest to a particular velocity. Only exists
when air is in motion.
Air velocity
Always act in the direction of the air flow and
Measured in feet per minute
only has a positive value.
It impacts the size of particles that carried by
the airstream
 Effective of the hood is determined by its ability
to induce an inward airflow pattern for the dust
– laden air in the work environment.

Hood blowing verses exhausting ventilation

Effective of the hood at capturing dust is

dependent upon the limitations of exhausting
system

With a blowing system, the air delivered from

the fan maintains its directional effect for a
substantial distance once exiting the duct.
If standard air is assumed to exist in the duct
with a density of 0.075 lbm/ft3, this equation At a distance of 30 D (D – diameter of the
reduces to exiting duct) the air velocity reduced to
approximately 10 percent of the exiting
velocity.

This blowing air tends to maintain its conical

shape and entrains additional air. This process
commonly referred to as induction.

Relationship between static, velocity and When one compares a blowing system to an
total pressure. exhaust system, the air velocity is at this
approximate 10 percent level at only one duct
diameter from the exhaust inlet.

Exhaust system design

Parts of the exhaust system

Hood types
• Hood
Hoods have vast different types, but all are fall
• Duct
into three categories.
• Air cleaning device
• Fan • Enclosing
• Capturing
Hood
• Receiving
Specially designed to meet the characteristics
Enclosing hood
of the type of ore product being processed.
Those which the source is either partially or
A properly design hood will create an effective
totally enclosed to provide the required airflow
flow rate and airflow pattern to capture the
dust and carry it into the ventilation system.
to capture the dust and prevent it from
contaminating the work environment.

This situation is normally used when worker

access is not necessary, and opening are only
necessary for the product to enter and exit a
piece of machinery or work process.

Partially enclosure hood

When access is necessary into dust generating

process area, it is then common to use booth or
tunnel.

The key is to provide sufficient intake airflow to

eliminate, or at least minimize any escape of
dust from the enclosed area.

Requires higher exhaust volume to be effective

than do totally enclosed system.

Capturing hood

These are normally used where the enclosure

hoods cannot be applied and are located as
Pull – push ventilating system
much as closer to the dust source.
The capture velocity of the hood decreases
This type of hood must be able to overcome any
inversely with the square of the distance from
exterior air current in the area.
the hood.
They can be very effective when the dust is
In case where this distance become too grate,
emitted in a specific area and the exhaust hood
one should consider a use of a push – pull
is placed in relatively close vicinity to the dust
ventilating system.
source.
Receiving hood

Most frequently used type of hood Hood design

This type of hoods is normally located close to General rules for hood design
the point of generation to capture the dust and
The hood should be placed as close as possible
not allow it to escape.
to the source of contamination, preferably
In most cases, this type of hoods is relatively enclosing it. The more completely enclosed the
small. source is, the less air will be required for
control.
The hood uses directional inertia of the
contaminant to lower the necessary capture The air should travel from source of the
velocity. contaminant and into the hood with enough
velocity (speed) to adequately capture the
contaminant.

The hood should be located in a way that the

operator is never between the contaminant
source and the hood.

The natural movement of contaminants should

be taken into consideration.

Ex: -
• a hood should be placed above hot
processes to trap rising gases and heat.
• A grinding wheel or woodworking
machine should be equipped with a
partial enclosure to trap the flying
Capturing velocity particles where they spin off.

The ventilation system removes contaminants Flanges or baffles should be used around the
by "pulling" the air (and the contaminant) into hood opening to increase the capture
the exhaust hood and away from the worker or effectiveness and reduce ventilation air
the source. Airflow toward the hood opening requirements.
must be fast or high enough to "catch and
transport" the contaminant until it reaches the
hood and ducts. The required air speed is
called the "capture velocity".