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· rsG -103
REVISED
5-1-81
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD Page i
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORKBOOK EXERCISES Page iii
S e c t i o n One DESCRIP I ION AND RATINGS Page 1 l

Section Two PUBLICATIONS Page 2-1
WORKBOOK EXERCISE l Page 2-7
Section I hree THEORY OF OPERATION Page 3- 1
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 2 Page 3-33
Section Four OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE Page 4- 1
Section Five POWER ~ ~ G E M E N T Page 5-1
Section Six PROPELLER CONTROLS Page 6-1
S e c t i o n Seven • FUEL SYSTEM Page 7-1
Section Eight EGT sysrrEM Page 8-1
S e c t i o n Nine • • TORQUE INDICATION Page 9- 1
S e c t i o n Ten • LUBRICATION SYSTEM Page 10-1

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ectio E l e vase n
n such
data MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS:
cookies to enable essential site PNEUMATIC, IGNITION Page 11-1
personalization, and analytics. You WORKBOOK EXERCISE 9 Page 11-13
may changeSyour e c tsettings at any time
i o n Twe1ve OPERATIONAL CHECKOUT Page 12- 1
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 1 0 Page 12-44
Section Thirteen TROUBLESHOOTING Page 13- 1
Privacy Policy
GLOSSl ->.RY Page
Marketing ABBREVIATIONS FOR TERMS Page ll
Personalization CONVERSION TABLE P a g e 14

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TSG-103
REVISED
2-l-81
FOREWOR
T r a i n i n g Study Guides a r e p ro v i d ed by t h e G a r r e t t Turbine
E n g i n e Company f o r t h e l i m i t e d p u r p o s e o f p r e s e n t i n g
familiarization i l l u s t r a t i o n s and g e n e r a l information to
students in support o f a s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g course only.
Informa·tion co n t ai n ed h e r e i n i s i nt e nde d only as a general
description of operation to permit i n t e l l i g e n t maintenance and
systematic tr o u b l e s h o o t i n g o f t h e
tr s u b j e c t system o r components
described herein.
t i s n o t t h e i n t e n t o f t h e G a r r e t t Cor por a t i on t h a t any
t r a i n i n g p u b l i c a t i o n be used as a supplement t o or in lieu of
any o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n . Co n ten ts h e r e i n a r e s u b j e c t t o change
without notice.
The r e a d e r o f t h i s m a n u a l i s reminded t h a t a l l v a l u e s o f
pressure temperature speed power etc. are chosen f o r t h e i r
i l l u data
This website stores stra t i vase m e a n i n g o n l y a n d a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
such
o fwell
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ue values.
marketing, For ~ t u l values t h e applicable Maintenance
may change yourMa n ual m
settings atuany
s t time
be c o n s u l t e d .
Offic ia l publications pertaining to operating procedures;
Privacy Policyl i m i t s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s o f e n g i n e s o r t h e i r c o m p o n e n t s a r e t h e
r e s pons i bi l i t y o f the
Marketing airframe manufacturer. The a i r f r a m e
Personalization
manufacturer i n s t a l l s the engine in i t s airframe designs and/or
Analytics
selects instruments and f l i g h t te s ts the a irc ra ft. The a i r f r a m e
Save m a n u f a
Accept
c t u r eAll
r determines how--and under what l i m i t a t i o n s - - e n g i n e s
w i l l b e o p e r a t e d f o r a l l modes o f t a x i and f l i g h t .

ffi TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
As an e n g i n e and e n g i n e component m a n u f a c t u r e r , the Garrett
T u r b i n e E n g i n e Company o f A r i z o n a h a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o a l e r t
airframe m an u factu rers t h a t t h e i r a i r c r a f t manuals not p ermit
o p e r a t i o n beyond t h e l i m i t s o f an e n g i n e s capabilities. G a r r e t t may
s u g g e s t and a d v i s e - - b u t n o t d i c t a t e - - o p e r a t i o n a l and maintenance
practices it feels best for the engine. Some a i r c r a f t m a n u f a c t u r e r s
will a s s i m i l a t e G a r r e t t m a n u a l s i n t o t h e i r own p u b l i c a t i o n s w h i l e
o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e r s may s i m p l y r e f e r the owner/operator to Garrett
published manuals.
O f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s which apply to a l l engines and syste m s
are l i s t e d below with t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i n g manual f i r s t ) :
l A i r c r a f t F l i g h t Manual
2. A i r c r a f t Ma inte na nc e Manual
3. Engine M a inte na nc e Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s
4. Engine Ove r ha ul Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s
5. Component O v e r h a u l Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s
It was n o t a c c i d e n t a l that t h i s t r a i n i n g manual i s not
included in the above list of publications:
I T HAS NO OFFICIAL STATUS

IN ALL IN INST
STAN
ANCE
CESS INFORMATION
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN
CONTAINED
OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS SHALL GOVERN
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[ffi] TSG 103

4 1 80
GENER L INSTRUCTIONS
FOR WORKBOOK EXERCISES
T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n t r a i n i n g s t u d y g u i d e a n d wo rk b o o k
contains a series of multiple choice e x e r c i s e s which w i l l
g i v e you t h e opportunity to reinforce your understanding
of the material covered. These e x e r c i s e s a re n o t
intended to be a quiz o r a test. Their primary purpose
is to serve as a l e a rni ng experience for you. They w i l l
a l s o be used to l e t y o u a n d y o u r i n s t r u c t o r know how
w e l l you have g ras p ed t h e various subjects presented.
Your i n s t r u c t o r w i l l p r o v i d e y o u w i t h a p i n k
E x e r c i s e Answer S h e e t . T r a n s f e r t h e answers you s e l e c t
during completion of each of the t e n wo rk b o o k e x e r c i s e s

cookies to enable essential s answer s h e e t by marking
t o t h isite X in the appropriate
q u a r e . YouT h i s a n s w e r s h e e t w i l l t h e n b e g r a d e d a n d
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or accept the default t u r n e d t o you e a c h day.
r esettings. t i s the only record of
your progress D O NOT LOSE IT

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NOTE: The i l l u s t r a t i o n s in this study guide duplicate the
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m
0
V S

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m1 TSG-103
REVISE
2-1-81
WHY TURBOPROPS? A11 t u r b i n e e n g i n e s a r e b a s i c a 1 l y

t h e same. The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
e n g i n e s l i e s i n t h e i r method o f
All TURBINE ENGINES ARE
co n v ert i n g t u r b i n e energy i n t o
BASICAllY THE SAME EXCEPT useable thrust. T h r e e common
FOR THE MHHOO USEIJ TO CONVERT methods o f conversion a r e : Turbojet,
HIGH SPEEO TURBINE ENERGY INTO Turboprop and Turbofan. These
USEABLE THRUST TO MOVE THE t e r m s a r e a b b r e v i a t e d T J E , TPE
IRCR H
a n d TFE. These t h r e e a b b r e v i a t i o n s
a r e used t o s i g n i f y t h e model
• TUIIB JJET T E
designa tion of these various
• TURB JPROP - TPE
Garrett engines.
• TURBOFAN - TFE
D
TT OOJ6 3
THRUST The c o n c e p t o f e n g i n e t h r u s t c a n b e
r e l a t e d t o t h e e x a m p l e s hown i n
this illustration. The mass o f
ENGINE THRUST IS DEVElOPEO IN ACCORDANCE the b u l l e t times the a c c e l e r a t i o n
WITH NEWTON'S SECONO lA W..
equals a force. This equation i s
known a s N e w t o n ' s S e c o n d Law. e
do n o t , however, have t o l i m i t
>.
f Jiiiii'J I-::::_~ L _ ~ ; z _ M A S ~ ORCE
ma s s i n t h i s e q u a t i o n t o a s o l i d
bullet. A i r a l s o h a s ma s s p r o p e r t i e s
{f' ACCHERATION /
o f weight and dimension.
fORCE M SS x CCHER TION

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1 1
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
THRUST FUNCTION e c a n a p p 1 y N e w t o n ' s Law t o t h e

amount o f a i r moving t h r o u g h a n
en g in e and a r r i v e a t t h e fo11owing
conclusion. Thrust is a function
o f how much a i r i s moved b y t h e
e n g i n e p e r s e c o n d a n d how much t h e
lfiN
0
~ e e ; w · r . . . - · · · t i h . f ~ '
~ = = = · . 1f JIUT ve1ocity changes.
J e t e n g i n e s a r e s i z e d b y t h e amount
o f a i r t h e y move p e r s e c o n d - - u n 1 i k e
r e c i p r o c a t i n g e ngi ne s which u t i 1 i z e
FOR E THRUST) IS FUNCTION OF
tota1 piston disp1acement. For
• HOW MUCH IR PER SECOND examp1e, a Ro11s Royce D a r t t u r b i n e
• HOW MUCH YELOCITY CH NGES engine has a tota1 through-f1ow
D o f 24 p o u n d s o f a i r p e r s e c o n d .
fT-{ 606-5
This i n d i c a t e s the genera1 s i z e o f
9 the engine.
As y o u wi11 s e e 1 a t e r , t h e TPE331-10
Engine has a t o t a 1 through-f1ow o f
ap
p ep
r ro
sex ci m t e. 1 y e i g h t p o u n d s o f a i r
o nad
B SIC TURBOJET ENGINE L e t ' s t a k e a c 1 o s e r 1ook a t t h e

t h r e e methods o f c o n v e r s i o n mentioned
ear1ier. The t u r b o j e t e n g i n e - - o f t e n
referred to as P u r e j e t - - i s an
e n g i n e w i t h a sma11 c r o s s - s e c t i o n a 1
area. t f1ows a r e 1 a t i v e 1 y sma11
mass a t h i g h v e 1 o c i t y c h a n g e . t
i s used on a i r c r a f t which f l y a t
high a 1 t i t u d e s and high s p e e d s .
• LOW M SS IR FLOW
• VERY HIGH YELOCITY CH NGE
•
-.0606-6
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TSG-103
12-1-79
B SIC TURBOPROP ENGINE Mo s t o f t h e p o w e r o f t h e t u r b o p r o p

e n g i n e , shown h e r e i s c o n v e r t e d
by a g e a r b o x t o d r i v e a p r o p e l l e r .
The p r o p e 1 1 e r moves a 1 a r g e ma s s
a t a 1ow v e 1 o c i t y c h a n g e . The
turboprop app1ication i s uti1ized
o n a i r c r a f t w h i c h f 1 y a t 1ower
a 1 t i t u d e s and r e q u i r e b e t t e r s h o r t
fie1d capabi1ities.
Q • IGH NASS IR FLOW
• LOW VUOCIH CH NCE
•
T 0606·7
11
B SIC TURBOF N ENGINE The t u r b o f a n e n g i n e i s a c o m p r o m i s e

between t h e b e s t f e a t u r e s o f t h e
UN EMCLOSED, IIUUI·BUDE PROPEUfB I t u r o j ~ t and turboprop engines.
This combination resu1ts in b e t t e r
high a 1 t i t u d e performance t han
t h e TPE a n d b e t t e r 1ow a 1 t i t u d e
p e r f o r m a n c e t h a n t h e T JE .
• MODER TE M SS IR FLO\V
• MODER TE VELOCITY CII NGE

functionality, as well as marketing, TT 0606 8
personalization, and analytics. You12

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1-3
[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
>
COMPARE ENGINE TYPES In t h i s i l 1 u s t r a t i o n Newton's
S e c o n d L a w - - f o r c e e q u a 1 s a i r ma s s
(F B l . ~ : s l] ) l ACCELERATION
times acce1eration--is app1ied to
a comparison of the t h r e e types
of engine.
~ § G rJ l ' '' ':>Il [ 2ljE

Notice t h a t the t u r b o j e t equation
c o n s i s t s o f a sma11 a i r ma s s t i m e s
a high acceleration whi1e t h e
turboprop involves a l a r g e r a i r
mass t i m e s a 1 e s s e r a c c e 1 e r a t i o n .
The t u r b o f a n i s a c o m p r o m i s e
[f' B e ~ o U l l i : l O O l l i C > 1 J F ~ b e t w e e n t h e o t h e r two a p p l i c a t i o n s .
H
TT 0606 9
13
ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS When choosing an engi ne, the

a i r f r a m e manufact urer must c o n s i d e r
advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s in
TURBO JET:
LOW MASS AIRflOW oHIGH VELOCITY CHANGE- l i g h t of the expected a i r c r a f t
NOISY. GOOD AT HIGH ALTITUDESO HIGH AIRSPEEDS. performance.
TURBOPROP: F o r examp1e, s u p p o s e a n a i r f r a m e
HIGH MASS AIR FLOW o LOW VELO CITY CHANGEo m a n u f a c t u r e r had an a i r c r a f t
GOOD Al LOW ALTITUDE ANO LOW AIRSPEEDS. d e s t i n e d f o r u s e i n t h e Genera1
Aviation o r Corporate Executive
TURBOFAN: market. He m i g h t d e c i d e t h a t t h e
MODERATE MASS AIR FLOW ANO VELOCITY CHANGE.
MODERATE THRUST ANO FUEL CONSUMPTION AT a b i 1 i t y t o o p e r a t e from sma11
ALL AIRSPEEDS ANO ALTITUDES. LOW NOISE. a i r p o r t s i s mo re i m p o r t a n t t h a n
c r u i s e speed. Looking a t t h i s
H chart we c a n s e e t h a t t h e t u r b o j e t
TT 0606 10
a p p 1 i c a t i o n would n o t be s u i t a b 1 e
14 w i t h i t s emphasis on h i g h a l t i t u d e
and a i r s p e e d performance. The
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personalization, and analytics. You make i t more e f f i c i e n t t h a n t h e
may change your settings at any time t u r b o j e t a t low a 1 t i t u d e s a n d 1ow
or accept the default settings. airspeeds.
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ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
POWER SELECTION The t u r b o p r o p p o w e r e d a i r c r a f t i s

one o f t h e f a s t e s t growing markets
TYPE O TURBINE POWER DEPENDS ON AIRCRAFT: i n t h e G e n e r a 1 A v i a t i o n and
Executive A i r c r a f t f i e l d . ome
• MISSION
exam p1es o f a i r c r a f t u t i 1 i z i n g t h e
• S ZE
TPE331 E n g i n e a p p 1 i c a t i o n a r e :
• SPEED
• COST Rockwe11 Commander 690

o PERFORMANCE
Beech B100
Cessna Conquest
M NY MODERN AIRCRAFT USE TURBOPROP Fairchi1d Porter
POWER M i t s u b i s h i MU2
S h o r t B r o t h e r s Skyvan
Swearingen Metro
a Rockwe11 Commander T h r u s h
TT 0606 11
15 Ca
H s a 212 P a g e J e t s t r e a m
and1ey
N o r t h A m e r i c a n Rockwe11 OV1 D
The TPE331-10 E n g i n e was c e r t i f i e d

i n 1978 t o 900 h o r s e p o w e r . The
design capabi1ity o f t h i s engine
p ermi t s the -11 v e r s i o n t o be
c e r t i f i e d to 1,000 horsepower.
The h i s t o r y p r e c e e d i n g t h e
in tr o d u ctio n of the -10 engine
r e ve a 1s se ve r a 1 i n t e r e s t i n g numbers.
For i n s t a n c e a t o t a l o f over 6,000
TPE331 E n g i n e s h a d b e e n d e 1 i v e r e d
by 1979. These e ngine s a r e used on
50 d i f f e r e n t m o d e 1 s - - i n c 1 u d i n g t h e
This website stores data such as exam p1es 1 i s t e d a b o v e - - o p e r a t i n g i n
cookies to enable essential site 63 d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s . The TPE331
functionality, as well as marketing, Engines had accumu1ated 13,000,000
personalization, and analytics. You f 1 i g h t h o u r s by 1 9 7 9 . t is this
may change your settings at any time kind o f e x p e r i e n c e t h a t a1lows us
or accept the default settings. t o i n t r o d u c e t h e TPE331-10 w i t h
a n i n i t i a 1 recom m ended t i m e b e t w e e n
overhauls of 3,000 hours.
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1-5

[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
TPE331 DESCRIPTION A11 of the i t e m s on t h i s 1 i s t wi11

be exp1ained i n g r e a t e r d e t a i 1 in
s u b s eg u en t s e c t i o n s o f t h i s book.
• 575 TO 1000 HP CLASS TURBOPROP ENGINE
At t h i s p o i n t , t is sufficient to
• RUGGED ANO RELIABlE DESIGN s a y t h a t 331 E n g i n e s a r e r u g g e d a n d

r e 1ia b1e due to t he in teg r a1 gearbox,
• SINGLE SHAFT CYCLE two-stage centrifuga1 compressor,
• INTEGRAl GEARBOX t h r e e - s t a g e a x ia 1 t u r b i n e and sin g 1 e
• TWO STAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
annu1ar combustion chamber a n d - - a s
a resu1t of the sing1e shaft
THREE STAGE AXIAl TURBINE
e
cyc1e--power response i s
e SINGlE ANNUlAR COMBUSTION CHAMBER instantaneous.
•
T..Q606-12
' 28
IDENTIFICATION E a c h e n g i n e wi 11 h a v e a n a m e p 1 a t e
a tta c he d to the gearbox. In order
to proper1y i d e n t i f y each engine, t
TYPICAl MOOEl NUMBER TPE331-10U-501G
wi 11 b e n e c e s s a r y f o r you t o
u n d e r s t a n d t h e breakdown o f t h e
TPE TURBOPROP ENGINE mode1 num ber o n t h a t n a m e p 1 a t e .
331 NGINE MFR SERIES INDICATOR L e t s u s e TPE331-10 U -501-G a s a n
-1 O POWER ClASS CERTIFICATION) exam p1e.
U INlET UP TPE, a s you a 1 r e a d y know, s t a n d s

for turboprop engine. 331 i s a
• 501 CONFIGURATION s e r i e s i n d i c a t o r a s s i g n e d by t h e
G APPUCATION-AIRCRAFT MFG. engine manufacturer. The - 1 0
i d e n t i f i e s t h e power c 1 a ss a s
H c e r t i f i e d b y t h e FAA. The 1 e t t e r
TT..QIIJ6-13
U i n d i c a t e s t h e i n 1 e t i s up i n
29 t h i s engine configuration. I f no
1etter U a p p e a r s i n t h e mode1
This website stores data such as num ber , t h e i n 1 e t w i 1 1 b e o n t h e
cookies to enable essential site bottom. Th is depends on t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, individua1 a i r c r a f t insta11ation.
personalization, and analytics. You The - 5 0 1 i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e
may change your settings at any time engine configuration, t h a t i s , the
or accept the default settings. s p e c i f i c 1 o c a t i o n and c o n f i g u r a t i o n
o f components. Fina11y, the G i s
used to i d e n t i f y the a i r c r a f t
Privacy Policy insta11ation. I n t h i s exam p1e, t h e
G sta nds for the Swearingen
Marketing A i r c r a f t Company.
Personalization
Analytics 1-6
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TSG-103
12-1-79
HORSEPOWER DEFINITIONS ow 1 e t ' s exaroine some o f t h e t e r m s

common1y u s e d when d e s c r i b i n g
SHAFT HP SHP) = OWER AVAllARlE TO PROP p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g s o f t h e 331
E ngine·.
EQUIVAlENT SHP ESHP) = SHP PlUS THE
THRUST PRODUCED BY THE EXHAUST The t e r m , S h a f t Horsepower" i s
DISCHARGE CONVERTED TO THE u s e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e power a v a i 1 a b 1 e
to drive the prope11er.
EQUIVAlENT SHP T REPRESENTS AT A
STATIC CONDITION "Equiva1ent Shaft Horsepower," o r
NET THRUST lB) "ESHP," i s t h e r e s u 1 t o f a d d i n g
ESIIP = SHP + FACTOR AFFECTED BY PROP) net exhaust t h r u s t to the shaft
horsepower. This va1ue would be
o f primary i n t e r e s t to the airframe
T •
ll606 H
designer, recognizing that exhaust
t h r u s t wi11 c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
30 t a k e o f f performance o f t h e a i r c r a f t .
As the a irc ra ft increases in speed,
e x h a u s t t h r u s t b e c o me s n e g 1 i g i b 1 e .
The o n 1 y t i m e ESHP becomes i m p o r t a n t
t o t h e o p e r a t o r i s when c o m p a r i n g
horsepower r a t i n g s of various
engines. Make s u r e y o u r t e r m i n o 1 o g y
i s t h e same. t i s n o t meaningfu1
t o compare s h a f t horsepower t o
equiva1ent s h a f t horsepower You
w i 1 1 s e e why when we 1 o o k a t t h e
s p e c i f i c f u e l consumption t h a t an
en g in e wi11 burn t o produc e a
given horsepower r a t i n g .

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
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1-7

TSG-103
12-1-79
TPE331 RATING VAlUES • DEFINITION The t e r m t h a t i s u s e d t o i d e n t i f y

t h e maximum p o we r c a p a b i 1 i t y o f a
given engine is Thermodynamic
Horsepower R a t i n g .
THERMOOYNAMIC S.H.P./E.S.H.P.
T h i s r a t i n g i d e n t i f i e s t h e maximum
HP CAPABILITY OF THE ENGINE S
power c a p a b i 1 i t y o f t h a t e n g i n e ' s
p o we r s e c t i o n when o p e r a t i n g a t a
POWER SECTION WHEN OPERATING AT maximum t u r b i n e i n 1 e t t e m p e r a t u r e
a t standard sea 1evel conditions.
MAXIMUM PERMITTED TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE
AT STANDARO SEA LEVEL CONOITIONS
•
T 0606 18
31
FlAT RATING When a n a i r c r a f t d e s i g n e r s e l e c t s

t h e p o we r n e c e s s a r y t o make h i s
a i r c r a f t perform according to design
ENGINES HAVING A GREATER THERMOOYNAMIC POWER
CAPABIUTY THAN REQUIREO FOR THE OESIGNEO
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , he w i l l o f t e n s e 1 e c t
AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE ARE OFTEN SElECTEO. an engine t h a t i s o v e rs i z e in ts
THESE OVERSIZED ENGJNES ARE THEN CERTIFIED TO c a p a b i l i t y a n d t h e n l i m i t t h e p o we r

THE FlAT RATEO VAlUE IN THEIR SPECIFIC t o t h a t r e q u i r e d by t h e a i r c r a f t .
INSTAllATION T h i s i s know a s F l a t Rating the
engine.
BENEFITS FROM USING FlAT RATEO ENGINES:
One o f the major b e n e f i t s o f using
• LOWER TURBINE TEMPERATURES AT TAKEOFF
a f l a t r ated engine i s the a b i l i t y
• IMPROVEO ALTITUDE PERFORMANCE
t o o b t a i n t a k e o f f power a t a lower
• LONGER ENGINE LIFE
turbine i n l e t temperature. Other
H
rr
0606 15
•
b
p eernf e
o fr m
its
a n ci n d e l oi m
e c laund ngpe
ror ve
edn gai nl tei tluidf e
e.
32
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics 1-8
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[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
FUEl CONSUMPTION DEFINITION One o f t h e i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

when r a t i n g a n e n g i n e i s t h e am ount
o f fuel it w i l l burn to produce
the re quire d horsepower. This i s
known a s t h e Specific Fuel
SFC = PECIFIC FUEl CONSUMPTION Consumption o r SFC.
MEASURED AS l S FUEl) PER H.P. PER HOUR Typical f u e l flow i n d i c a t i n g systems

i n a 331 p o w e r e d a i r c r a f t r n e a s u r e
SFC LB/HP/HRJ X HP= P.P.H. lBS PER HOURl t h e vol um e o f f u e l b e i n g u s e d a n d
a r e c a l i b r a t e d in pounds p e r hour
o r PPH.
•
It c a n be s e e n from t h e formula
D pictured here--specific fuel
TT-<l606·l• consumption i n pounds p e r horsepower
#33 p e r h o u r m u l t i p l i e d by t h e horsepower
being produced--would r e s u l t in a
f i g u r e for t o t a l pounds p e r hour.
Obviously, the engine t h a t can
produce one horsepower f o r each
hour a t t h e 1owest f u e l flow would
be t h e most e f f i c i e n t i n c o n v e r t i n g
f u e l energy i n t o u s eab l e s h a f t
horsepower.
PERFORMANCE RATINGS TPE331 MODELS T h i s c h a r t show s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e

r a t i n g s o f the -1 through -11
MOlla. ·l ·2 ·3 -5/-6 ·8 ·9 ·10 · l G a r r e t t TPE331 E n g i n e s . Note
t h a t b o t h ESHP a n d SHP v a l u e s a r e
TAKEilff 705/565 755/115 904/UO 116/715 755/715 901/165 944/900 1045/
g iv e n f o r t a k e o f f and thermodynamic
ESHP/SHPJ Ili 2 {31 4 1000 l ratings. Notice also t h a t specific
f u e l consumption i s give n a s ESFC .
lJI[RMO
This website
DYNAMIC stores
155/715 data
155/115such904/140as904/840 907/865 90 /865
1045/ 1U45/ T h i s m eans f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i s
(ESHP/SHP)
1000 1000
calculated using the equivalent
functionality, as well as marketing, s h a f t horsepower a s a r a t i n g .
ESF
personalization, and analytics.
8.511 O.SS 8.548 You0.57 0.51 o 5 0.53
(TAKEOFf)
054
Look a t t h e r m o d y n a m i c r a t i n g s . The
may change your settings at any --'
time - 1 a n d - 2 mode1s h a v e i d e n t i c a 1
L___ ··········· --------
'
or accept the default
To 75°f 2 To 92°fsettings.
tll TO s n 4 m aoor thermodynamic r a t i n g s . We c a n s e e
G
TT 0606 19 t h a t t h e - 3 , -5 and - 6 e n g in e s a r e
als o thermodynamically identica1.
Privacy Policy # 4 The - 8 a n d - 9 m o d e l s h a v e m a t c h i n g
ratings, too. F i n a l l y , t h e -10 and
Marketing
- 1 1 e n g i n e s h a v e t h e e x a c t same
Personalization thermodynamic r a t i n g s .
Analytics
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1-9
ffi] TSG 103

REVISE
2 1 81
What a 1 1 o f t h i s means i s t h a t t h e
G a r r e t t T u r b i n e E n g i n e Company
bui1ds four b a s i c s i z e s o f
t u r b o p r o p e n g i n e s a s i n d i c a t e d by
t h e i r thermodynamic r a t i n g
capabi1ity These e ngi ne s a re
c e r t i f i e d i n t o 11 d i f f e r e n t d a s h
numbers s o o p e r a t o r s wi11 o b s e r v e
t a k e o f f power 1 i m i t s e s t a b 1 i s h e d
on e a c h e n g i n e i n s t a 1 1 a t i o n a s
approved by F certification

Privacy Policy
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Analytics 1 10
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t
G

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TSG-103
REVISED
5-1-81
PUBLIC TION PRIORITY Garrett provides a v a ri e t y of

FAA APPROVED DOCUMENTS publications to the owner/operator.
These i n cl u d e Maintenance Manuals,
l AIRCRAFT FUGHT MANUAL P.O.M.J Overhaul Manuals, I l l u s t r a t e d P a r t s
2. AIRCRAFT MANUALS Cat al o g s , Engine Logs, T rai n i n g
MAINTENANCE Manuals and v a r i o u s S e r v i c e
OVERHAUL
TEMPORARY REVISIONS
I n f o r m a t i o n Documents. These
SERVICE BULLETINS p u b l i c a t i o n s may a l s o b e p r o v i d e d
i n m i c r o f i c h e form.
3. ENGINE MANUALS
MAINTENANCE
It i s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e m a i nt e na nc e
OVERHAUl
ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOG technician to recognize the
TEMPORARY REVISIONS
SERVICE BULLETINS
priority of F a ppr ove d documents
a s t h e y a p p l y to t h e o p e r a t i o n and
•
0607 3R maintenance o f h i s a i r c r a f t . The
importance o f recognizing t h i s
#38 p r i o r i t y has t o do w i t h r e s o l v i n g
a n y c o n f l i c t t h a t may e x i s t
between i n fo rmat i o n co n t ai n ed in
various publications.
In a l l cases, the A i r c r a f t F l i g h t
Manual--sometimes c a l l e d , Pilot s
O p e r a t i n g Handbook o r Manual --
i s num ber o n e i n p r i o r i t y . Next
in l i n e a re the A i r c r a f t Manuals.
Th ird in p r i o r i t y in t h i s sequence
are the F approved Engine Manuals.
This p r i o r i t y sequence is
p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t when we
consider general service
ti n
h faot r m
coa tni folni c o t riat ihn iFn g m
t sr w a paptreorvi eadl
document s t a t e m e n t s . The F
a ppr ove d documents a r e c o n s i d e r e d
to be c o rre c t .
functionality, as well as marketing, Remember, t r a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n
personalization, and analytics. You p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s book h a s n o
may change your settings at any time official status.
Now let s take a c l o s e r look a t
some o f the publications mentioned
on t h i s list.
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2-1
TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
ENGINE MAINTENANCE MANUAL A i r c r a f t rnanuals w i l l u s u a l l y r e f e r

the operator to the engine
SUBJECTS COVERED: r n a n u f a c t u r e r s r n a i n t e n a n c e rnanual
for detailed instructions relative
OESCRIPTION ANO OPERATION t o r n a i n t a i n i n g 331 E n g i n e s . This
TROUBLESHOOTING l st i d e n t i f i e s s u b j e c t s t y p i c a l l y
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES covered in t h e engine rnaintenance
SERVICING rnanuals.
REMOVAL INSTALLATION
These s u b j e c t s a r e l o c a t e d in t h e
AOJUSTMENT TEST
r n a i n t e n a n c e rnanual t h r o u g h t h e u s e
INSPECTION CHECK o f an T 100 Nur nber i ng S y s t e r n .
CLEANING PAINTING T h i s i s a s p e c i f i c a t i o n d e v e l o p e d by
APPROVEO REPAIR the Airline Transport Association to
D rnaintain c o n s i s t e n c y and
Tl-{)607-<
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n in a i r c r a f t and
9
engine rnanuals. Instructions for
u s i n g t h e nurnbering systern a r e
l o c a t e d i n each rnanual.
lllUSTRATED PARTS CATALOG The i l l u s t r a t e d p a r t s c a t a l o g s e r v e s

a dual purpose. First, t provides
d e t a i l e d p a r t nurnbers n e c e s s a r y f o r
• IDENTIFIES OETAIL PART NUMBERS perforrning rnaintenance a c t i o n s .
TO THE LEVEL OF MAINTENANCE
Second, t c o n t a i n s a l st o f
OESCRIBEO IN THE MAINTENANCE
p u b l i c a t i o n s covering overhaul and
MANUAL
p a r t s i n f o r r n a t i o n on cornponents.
T h i s l st o f p u b l i c a t i o n s c a n a l s o
• PROVIDES APPLICARLE PUBLICATIONS LIST
be found in t h e rnaintenance rnanuals.
OF COMBINEO OVERHAUL IPC MANUALS
FOR DETAILS BEVONO NORMAL MAINTENANCE
LEVELS
-0607-5
40

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TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
MANUAl REVISIONS BUllETINS Temporary r e v i s i o n s and s e r v i c e

b u l l e · t i n s a r e FAA a p p r o v e d a d v a n c e
n o t i c e s to changes in the manuals.
ADVANCE NOTICE OF ~ e info:ma·tion in t h ~ s e n ? t i c e s
W l l l be 1 n c o r p o r a t e d 1 n t o t h e
CHJI NGES THAT WIU. manuals a t time of re v i s i o n but i
E INClUDED IN i s i m p e r a t i ve t o good maintenance
PERIODIC REPRINTS p r a c t i c e t o add i t to your en g in e
OF MAINTENANCE r e c o r d s a n d m a n u a l s when f i r s t
OIJERiiAUl ANO lllUSTRATED r e c e i v e d .
PARTS MANUAlS
B
H-0607-6
41
CUSTOMER ENGINE MANUALS Mo st a i r c r a f t m a n u f a c t u r e r s w i l l

i n c l u d e one copy e a c h o f t h e en g in e
EACH NEW AIRCRAFT DEUVERY INCLUDES: maintenance manual and i l l u s t r a t e d
parts catalog and one en g in e log
• ONE MAINTENANCE MANUAL
book f o r e a c h en g i n e w i t h d e l i v e r y
• ONE ILLUSTRATED PARTS CATALOG
o f t h e new a i r c r a f t .
• ONE LOG BOOK FOR EACH ENGINE
t i s v ery i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e owner
ENGINE WARRANTY CARDS SENT TO o f t h e new a i r c r a f t t o c o m p l e t e t h e
GARRETT RESULT IN: warranty cards included in the
• MANUAl REVISIONS SERVICE BULLETINS ANO en g in e log books and send them t o
RELATEO S_ERVICE INFORMATION AS LONG Garrett. He i s t h e n g u a r a n t e e d
t o r e c e i v e manua1 r e v i s i o n s service
--
AS YOU OWN THAT AIRCRAFT
This website stores data such as b u l l e t i n s and r e l a t e d s e r v i c e
cookies to enable essential site T 0607 7R
i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a s l o n g a s h e owns
functionality, as well as marketing, the a i r c r a f t .
personalization, and analytics. You 42
In t h e e v e n t t h a t a second owner o f
may change your settings at any time the a i r c r a f t does not g e t the
or accept the default settings. manuals o r i g i n a l l y i s s u e d w i t h t h e
aircraft h e may b u y new m a n u a l s
and s u b s c r i b e to a r e v i s i o n s e r v i c e
Privacy Policy by c o n t a c t i n g G a r r e t t P ro d u c t
Support.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
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2-3
[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
INFORMATIONAL MATERIAL This chart l i s t s the t y p i c a l

s e r v i c e documents t h e owner w i l l
receive. t is important to keep
SERVICE DOCUMENTS WITH NO i n min d t h a t t h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s are
OFFICIAL STATUS · n o t FAA a p p r o v e d .
• ENGINE LOG BOOKS The e n g i n e l o g b o o k i s provided for
• SERVICE INFORMATION LETTERS r e c o r d i n g maintenance a c t i o n s and
• OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS hours o f operation. The r e m a i n d e r
• NEWSLETTERS o f t h e l i s t e d i t e m s , i s s u e d by t h e
• TURBINE TIPS ANO TOPICS G a r r e t t Product Support and F i e l d
• TRAINING MATERIAL Serv i ce Departments, are
i n f o r m a t i v e in n a t u r e and a r e
designed to help the operator
G
n o60ì G
obtain the best possible service
fro m h i s TPE331 E n g i n e .
#44
ENGINE lOG BOOK A c c ura t e and co m p lete r e c o r d s o f
R r ; C ~ ' l ; ~ ' & 1 2 J C M

' ,.l
NOIN
· • • • i
L O G
' . J ~ \ ' i M t ' l l ? ~ < 'l'W j •= '

l engine maintenance and s e r v i c e a r e
a vital part of efficient
l i
NOu•O ' N<W . MON. ><0UOO M<N. l
maintenance. This i l l u s t r a t i o n
l shows t h e t y p i c a l s u b j e c t
S:NCINK LOG
1 - ~ - ~ " " ' ' ' '' ot dotoo •li inopoo<ik> > ond 'P'; .,.,oh,,. . • 9 • < ~ '' 'f i o o t o n u m b . •
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n on t h e v a r i o u s pages
L AIRWORTHINRSS DIRBCTIVR
l within the engine log.
J
R VIC R BULLa TIN COMPLIANCE RECORD The t o p two p a g e s shown a r e u s e d
BUI.tUIN NUMBU O A t l 0F COMtLIANC MECM NICS S G N " t u ~ ~
f o r r e c o r d i n g t h e t i m e s i n c e new,
LIFE UMITED PART LOG
t h e time s i n c e m ajo r o v e r h a u l and
. . ..... artNumbef riaiNumber
the description of inspections,
1- .... O l ttM :) WD
1 ·
~ : :: 1 · - ~ · - :. 1
o:Yéiù. ~j Yiifl
- l- r e p a i r s and overhauls t h a t a r e
a c c o m p l i s h e d on t h e e n g i n e .
#45
•
n-o607-To The n e x t p a g e shown i s a r e c o r d o f
compliance to a irworthine ss
This website stores data such as d i r e c t i v e s , followed by a page used
cookies to enable essential site for recording service bulle tin
functionality, as well as marketing, compliance, and a l i f e l i m i t e d p a r t
personalization, and analytics. You log f o r t h o s e p a r t s f o r which time
may change your settings at any time in use must be k e p t . The t h r e e
or accept the default settings. t u r b i n e wheels a re an e x c e l l e n t
example o f l i f e l i m i t e d p a r t s .
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics 2-4
Save Accept All

T S G ~ l
REVISED
3
2-l-81
T he i m p o r t a n c e o f r e c o r d k e e p i n g
can b e s t be i l l u s t r a t e d by n o t i n g
t h a t in the l i f e limited p a r t log
there is a place for recording
t h e number o f h o u r s o r t h e c y c l e s
t h a t a given p a r t has accumulated.
t i s to t h e advantage o f most
operators to record t h e i r engine
time in cycles.
ENGINE Y LE DEFINITION One c y c l e i s r e c o r d e d a s a n e n g i n e

operating sequence c o n s is tin g o f
an e n g i n e s t a r t takeoff landing
and e n g i n e shutdown. t is
N ENGINE OPER TING SEQUENCE CONSISTING OF r e c o g n i z e d t h a t some e n g i n e r u n s
• ENGINE ST RT
w i l l not be counted as a cycle
T KEOFF
under t h i s d efi n i t i o n .
} ONE CYCU
• L NDING For example if t h e mechanic does
• ENGINE SHUTDOWN an engine run to check o u t
maintenance a c t i o n s t h i s would n o t
be c o u n t e d a s a c y c l e b e c a u se he
does not complete t h e t a k e o f f
=
portion of the cycle definition.
n-o607-14 Since the basis a cycle is
for
r e l a t e d to the thermal shock to t h e
4 46
high temperature p a r t s it would be
impractical to attempt to record
a l l ground o p e r a t i o n s a s having an
e
enqg e n t a al v e
uianlel y l idfeet r. i mThe e rf af g
e ec t e o
fnfect of
ground o p e ra t i o n i s taken i n t o
c o n s i d e r a t i o n when d e t e r m i n i n g t h e
c y c l e s between major maintenance
actions.
Privacy Policy
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2-5

ffi TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
SERVICE TIPS The p u b l i c a t i o n s n o t e d o n t h i s l i s t

are distributed to the a i r c r a f t
o p e r a t o r by t h e G a r r e t t Customer
INFORMATIVE SUGGESTIONS AND
Serv ice E n g in eerin g Department.
RELATED INFORMATION DISTRIBUTED
BY GARRETT CUSTOMER SERVICE T hey a r e u s e d p r i m a r i l y t o g i v e
ENGINEERING
each operator the b e n e f it o f the
shared experiences o f a l l operators.
• SERVICE INFORMATION LETTERS S.I.L.) The m a t e r i a l i s u s u a l l y t e c h n i c a l
• OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS [0.1.) b u t may a l s o i n c l u d e s u b j e c t s o f
• TURBINE TIPS ANO TOPICS general information.
• NEWSLETTERS
TT 0607 11 R
47
TR INING M TERI L tmust be emphasized a t t h i s p o i n t

t h a t t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l produced by
the Garrett Technical Training
MATERIAL USED IN FACTORY TRAINING Center in Phoenix for customer,
PROGRAMS IS REPRESENTATIVE ONLY ANO
pilot and maintenance p e r s o n n e l
SHOULD BE USED SOLELY FOR TRAINING
i s f o r TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
PURPOSES
This ma te ria l is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
• STUOY GUIOES and s h o u l d n o t be used i n l i e u o f
• TYPICAL ENGINE RUN SHEETS the o f f i c i a l F approved
• VISUAL AIDS publications.
• WORKBOOKS
l T 0 0;·-1?
48

Privacy Policy
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[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
SUBJECT: v TORKBOOK EXERCISE l

SEC
SECT IION
ON l - DESC
DESCRR IIPT
PTIO
ION
N
AND R.Z\TINGS
SECT
SECTIO
ION
N 2 - PUBL
PUBLIC
ICAT
ATIO
IONS
NS
l W hich o f t h e f o l l o w i n g is true of the turboprop engine?

a. M o d e r a t e m ass a i r f l o w w i t h a m o d e r a t e v e l o c i t y
change.
9::·. H i g h m a s s a i r f l o w w i t h a low v e l o c i t y c h a n g e .
c. Low m ass a i r f l o w w i t h a v e r y h i g h v e l o c i t y c h a n g e .
2. D e s c r i b e t h e t u r b i n e s e c t i o n o f t h e TPE331 e n g i n e .
a. Two s t a g e r a d i a l .
b. Three sta ge r a d i a l .
c. Two s t a g e a x i a l .
i : : ~ Three s t a g e a x i a l .
:)
3. The p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n l e t o f a T P E 3 3 1 - 1 0 - ~ ~ C is:
ji . Above t h e e n g i n e c e n t e r l i n e .
b. B elow t h e e n g i n e c e n t e r l i n e .
4. Equivalent s ha f t horsepower i s ;
' i('. The s h a f t h o r s e p o w e r p l u s t h e e f f e c t o f jet thrust.
b. Valid only a t cr u is e speed.
c. The p o w e r d e l i v e r e d t o t h e p r o p e l l e r .
5. F l a t r a t i n g i s b e s t d e s c r i b e d by which o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
statements?
a.
cookies to enable essentialCe r t i f y i n g t h e en g in e i n s t a l l a t i o n t o t h e thermodynamic
site
c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e e n g i n e power s e c t i o n .
~ - Certifying the engine i n s t a l l a t i o n to a horsepower value
l e s s t h a n t h e thermodynamic c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e e n g i n e
power s e c t i o n .
6. What i s t h e c o r r e c t method o f o b t a i n i n g f u t u r e manual r e v i s i o n s

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a n d o t h e r r e l a t e d d o c u m e n t s a f t e r t h e p u r c h a s e o f a new a i r c r a f t ?
Marketing Return the completed engine warranty cards to the G a r r e t t
T u r b i n e E n g i n e Company.
Personalization
b. Contact the airframe manufacturer.
Analytics c. Contact your lo cal f i e l d s er v ice r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .
d. Contact the Training Department.
Save Accept All
2-7
[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
5-1-81
WORKBOOK EXERCISE l
7. From t h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t s s e l e c t t h e one which c o n t a i n s only

F approved documents.
a. Maintenance Manual Il l ust rat ed Parts Catalog Service
Bulletins Operating Instructions.
) . Maintenance Manual Temporary Re v i s i o n s Service Bulletins.
c. M a i n t e n a n c e M a n u a l Log B ook I l l u s t r a t e d P a r t s C a t a l o g
Service Information Letter.
d. Maintenance Manual T r a i n i n g Manual Temporary Re v i s i o n s
Service Bulletins.
8. How many c y c l e s w o u l d y o u e n t e r i n t o t h e l o g book a f t e r

c o m p l e t i n g t h r e e s t a t i c t a k e o f f power checks f o r t h e p u r p o se o f
maintenance adjustment?
a. 3 cycles.
b. cycles.
c. l cycle.
No c y c l e e n t r y required.
9. I f an engine having a s p e c i f i c f u e l consumption o f 0.540

l b s . / s h p . / h r . i s p r o d u c i n g 900 s h p how many p o u n d s o f f u e l
p er hour a r e being used?
a. 463 PPH
Q. 486 PPH
c. 510 PPH
d. 534 PPH 1

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2-8
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L D E
A G
0

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ffi] TSG-103
REVISE
7-1-80
PISTON vs TPE WORKING Y LE All turbine engines are a i r

breathing engines. The t u r b i n e
engine working c y c l e can be
compared to something a l r e a d y
familiar. Consider the t y p i c a l
four stroke cycle reciprocating
engine which i s i l l u s t r a t e d here
by t h e m a j o r e v e n t s t h a t o c c u r i n
INT KE COMPRESSION POWER EXH UST
l l l
........._.._
one complete c y c l e . As t h e p i s t . o n
o n t h e l e f t moves down o n t h e
intake stroke a f u e l / a i r mixture
e n t e r s t h e com bus tion chamber.
n
In the second view, the p i s t o n
•
T Ol.oa 3
moving up i s i n t h e a c t o f
compressing t h a t mixture.
advent of i g n i t i o n in the t hi rd
w i· th t h e
52
picture t h e p i s t o n moves down i n
w h a t i s known a s t h e power s t r o k e .
During t h e power s t r o k e the
gaseous energy is converted into
r o t a t i o n a l s h a f t horsepower by t he
action of the piston the crank
s h a f t and t h e c o n n e c tin g r o d . The
f ina l action is the exhaust s troke
where t h e a i r i s r e t u r n e d to
atmosphere.
As we e x a m i n e t h e s c h e m a t i c o f t h e
t u r b o p r o p e n g i n e we s e e t h a t t h e
same f u n c t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d b y t h e
intake compression and power
sections w h e r e t h e power i s
e x t r a c t e d and converted to
mechanical s ha f t energy. The
This website stores data such as exhaust gases are discharged to the
cookies to enable essential site atmosphere. e w i l l now f o l l o w
functionality, as well as marketing, t h i s s e q u e n c e a s we d e s c r i b e t h e
personalization, and analytics. You working c y c l e and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f
may change your settings at any time t h e 331 E n g i n e .
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3-1
m TSG-103
I2-I-79
THINK OF IT THIS W Y B e f o r e we c o n c e r n o u r s e i v e s w i t h
t h e d e t a i i s o f how t h e e n g i n e d o e s
what it doe s, it i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t
POWER
we r e c o g n i z e t h e b a s i c f u n c t i o n o f
the turboprop engine. t can most
simpiy be s t a t e d a s b e in g an energy
device t h a t can convert the chemicai
energy o f a suppiy o f fuei i n t o a
u s e a b i e h o r s e p o w e r (a m e c h a n i c a i
energy) . I f t h i s e n g i n e w e r e IOO
HE T
e f f i c i e n t a s an e n e r g y c o n v e r t e r ,
then the e n t i r e energy re pre se nte d
b y t h e f u e i wouid b e c o n v e r t e d t o
THINK OF THE WllOlE ENGINE horsepower. S i n c e no m e c h a n i c a i
S N ENERGY CONVERTER TT·0608 4 d e v i c e i s IOO e f f i c i e n t , then
53 o b v i o u s l y some o f t h e f u e l e n e r g y
w i l i e s c a p e i n t h e f or m o f h e a t .
is important at this point to
t
remember a t r u t h we I e a r n e d i n
schooi. Energy can be n e i t h e r
c r e a t e d nor destroyed b u t , can be
c o n v e r t e d f r om o n e f or m t o a n o t h e r .
T h a t s e x a c t i y what the turboprop
engine does. I t converts the
e n e r g y r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e f u e i i n t o
u s e a b l e power and h e a t e n e r g y .
COMPRESSION The c o m p r e s s o r p e r f o r m s b o t h t h e
i n t a k e and c o m p r e s s i o n p o r t i o n s o f
the four stroke cycie reviewed
previousiy. As t h e c o m p r e s s o r
impelier i s r o t a t e d , it draws a i r
i n t o t h e i n i e t p o r t i o n and
discharges it with high v e i o c i t y a t
the o u t e r periphery of the wheei.
IR INT KE T h i s c r e a t e s a Iow p r e s s u r e a r e a
a t t h e i n i e t , s o t h a t m ore a i r i s
This website stores data such as dr awn i n .
functionality, as well as marketing, The TPE33l u t i l i z e s a c e n t r i f u g a i
personalization, and analytics. You compressor, r a t h e r tha n the a x i a i
H c o m p r e s s o r u s e d i n some e n g i n e s .
may change your settings at any time TT..0608 5
or accept the default settings. 54 The p r i n c i p a i a d v a n t a g e o f a

c e n t r i f u g a i compressor i s i t s
designed resistance to foreign
o b j e c t dam age. Most l a r g e f o r e i g n
Privacy Policy
objects are rejected a t the f i r s t
Marketing s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r due t o i m p e l i e r
s p e e d and c e n t r i f u g a i g e o m e t r y .
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ffi] TSG-103
12-l-79
Nominal e r o s i o n due t o s m a l l
particles is not significant
f a c to r because o f rugged construction
o f t h e TPE331 C o m p r e s s o r . T he
ruggedness o f t h e c e n t r i f u g a l wheel
and ts r e s i s t a n c e t o f o r e i g n o b j e c t
damage i s substantial contributing
f a c t o r t o l o n g l i f e and low c o s t o f
operation.
COMPRESSION ST GE T h i s p i c t u r e i d e n t i f i e s t h e tw o
m ajor components n e c e s s a r y f o r any
stage of compression--the centrifugai
IMPELLER t DIFFUSER = ST GE OF OMPRESSION
i m p e l l e r and diffuser. T he
importance of the d i f f u s e r can be
\
r e a l i z e d when we r e m e m b e r t h a t t h e
i m p e l l e r t a k e s t h e am bient a i r and
increases t to high velocity.
This hi gh v e l o c i t y a i r then flows
through t h e d i f f u s e r vanes a s shown.
In t h e d i f f u s e r and c r o s s o v e r d u c t
assembly, the vanes are divergent
nozzles that is the cross-section
•
a r e a i n c r e a s e s a s t h e d i s t a n c e from
I 0608 6 t h e vane i n l e t to t h e d i s ch arg e
55 increases. This divergent duct
causes the high v e lo c ity a i r to slow
down a n d i n c r e a s e i n p r e s s u r e .
T he c o m b i n a t i o n o f o n e i m p e l l e r a n d
ts equals single stage
d i f f
o f compression.u s e r In t h i s case the
diffuser also acts as crossover
duct to carry t h a t a i r into the
entrance of an o t h er i m p e l l e r and
d i f f u s e r which p ro v id es second
stage of compression. The
c o m p r e s s o r s e c t i o n o f t h e TPE331
can thus be described as tw o
stage c e n tr if u g a i compressor
section. The p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e
from am bient t o com pr essor
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d i s c h a r g e i s a n a p p r o x i m a t e 10 t o l
Marketing pressure ratìo. This pressure
ratio represents the contribution
Personalization i n pne um a tic e n e r g y by t h e
Analytics compressor s e c t i o n to the engine
power c y c l e . The c o m p r e s s o r m oves
t o t a l volume o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y
Save Accept All e i g h t pounds o f a i r per second.
3-3
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
COMPRESSION ST GE These p i c t u r e s b e t t e r i l l u s t r a t e
the flow o f a i r being thrown
outward through the compressor
·· ~ l
IMPEllER
r ~ ' ' i m p e l l e r b lad es where ts v e l o c i t y
will be i n creas ed . That a i r then
· ~~ " ~ r i~ i J 1 l i l t 1 f [ ; '
~ ~ w
flows through t h e vanes o f t h e
~ d i f f u s e r where t h a t h i g h v e l o c i t y
w i l l be c o n v e r t e d i n t o p r e s s u r e .
L [ ~
IMPELLER BlADES IMPART DIVERGENT DIFFUSER V NES
ENERGY TO THE IR BY CONVERT IR VElOCITY
INCREASING VElOCITY TO PRESSURE
a
TT 0608 7
56
COMBUSTION SECTION This high p r e s s u r e a i r from t h e

compressor discharge is then
TO DD THERM L ENERGY • d i r e c t e d t o flow through an a n n u l a r
combustion chamber. At t h i s p o i n t
in the cycle f u e l i s added and t h e
HMUL R COMBUSTOR f u e l / a i r mixture i s i g n i t e d by a
s p a r k from t h e i g n i t i o n s ys te m
during the engine s t a r t procedure.
Burning the f u e l / a i r mixture in the
combustion section r e s ul t s in
ra i s i n g the l e v e l o f pneumatic
energy. This c a u s e s an i n c r e a s e
in the velocity of the gases as they
~ F U L leave the combustion s e c t i o n . e
TT 0608 8
w i l l e x p l a i n i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n how
c o n t r o l l i n g t h i s f u e l b ein g added
57
to the combustion section regulates
This website stores data such as t h e power pr oduc e d by t h e e n g i n e .
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3-4
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-1-79
POWER EXTR CTION The p o w e r s t r o k e i n t h e f o u r c y c l e

reciprocating engine u t i 1 i z e s the
e n e r g y c r e a t e d by t h e e x p a n s i o n o f
hot gases to press the piston
down a n d c o n v e r t t h a t p n e u m a t i c
e n e r g y i n t o a r o t a t i o n a 1 horsepoì, ver
o r mechanica1 energy. I n t h e 331
Tu rb i n e, t h i s power e x t r a c t i o n i s
EXH UST a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e t u r b i n e w h e e l s .
Hot g a s e s from t h e combustion
chamber e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e
section f i r s t pass through a s t a t o r ,
o r s t a t i o n a r y member, w h i c h c a u s e s
those gases to inc re a se in v e l o c i t y
-060fL9
through the converging design of

#58 the s t a t o r nozz1es. That a i r i s
t h e n d i r e c t e d t o i m p i n g e upon t h e
blades of the turbine wheel,
cau sin g th e wheel to r o t a t e a t high
speeds. As t h e h o t g a s e s l e a v e t h e
turbine s e c t i o n , they are vented to
the exhaust, thereby, completing
the cycle.
The h i g h s p e e d r o t a t i o n a l t o r q u e o f
t h e t u r b i n e wheel i s d i r e c t l y
connected to drive the compressor.
t is interesting to note t h a t
a p p ro x i m a t e l y 2/3 o f t h e power
produced by a t u r b i n e s e c t i o n in a
j e t engine is required to drive the
engine's compressor section.
Excess power t h a t i s pr oduc e d above
t h a t r e q u i r e m e n t rnay b e u s e d t o
drive p r o p e l l e r s o r to c r e a t e t hr us t .
functionality, as well as marketing, The c o r n p r e s s o r , c o m b u s t o r , a n d
personalization, and analytics. You turbine are often referred to as the
may change your settings at any time Gas G e n e r a t o r . The g a s g e n e r a t o r
or accept the default settings. i s tha t portion of the j e t engine
t h a t converts fuel energy into high
speed r o t a t i o n a l mechanical power.
Privacy Policy
At t h i s p o i n t in t h e cy cl e t h e
Marketing e n g i n e w i l l p r e v i d e no u s e f u l
function because it does not provide
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3-5
TSG-103
12-1-79
TURBINE ST GE Each t u r b i n e s t a g e c o n s i s t s o f a
NOZZLE ROTOR = TURBINE ST GE nozz1e assemb1y and a r o t o r
assembly, o c c a s i o n a l l y r e f e r r e d to
~ . < ~ T U R B I N E ROTOR
as a s t a t o r and t u r b i n e wh e e l ,
respectively. This turbine stage
f i l \ ~ i s very s i m i l a r to the combination
o f r o t a t i n g and f i x e d p a r t s se e n
1 t ~ in the compressor section. However,

i n t h i s c a s e we a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d
with compression, but r a t h e r
/
l t : : : : J ~ ~
.
e x t r a c t i n g power.
ST TOR T he p i c t u r e o n t h e l e f t i d e n t i f i e s
NOZZLE the s t a t o r nozzle assembly w ith ts
H
-0608-10
st a t i o n a ry vanes. These vanes a r e
pos i t i one d a t an angle t h a t causes
59
t h e a i r p a s s i n g through them to
impinge upon t h e r o t a t i n g e l e m e n t
blade a t the a p p ro p ri a t e angle and
w i t h t h e maximum v e l o c i t y
attainable.
The p i c t u r e o n t h e r i g h t s h o w s t h e
airflow through the nozzle vanes
b e i n g d i r e c t e d t o impinge upon t h e
ro t a t i n g vanes of the t u rb i n e wheel,
thereby causing the turbine to
rotate. The c o m b i n a t i o n o f one
nozzle assembly and one wheel i s
i d e n t i f i e d a s one t u r b i n e s t a g e .

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ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
TURBINE ST GE In t h i s drawing, the nozz1e assembly

shown o n t h e l e f t i s a c o n v e r g e n t
duct t h a t causes the hot gas
pressures to increase in ve1ocity.
Secondary purpose o f t h e nozz1e i s
to d i r e c t those high ve1ocity gases
a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e ang1e where t h e
a i r e n t e r s t h e t u r b i n e whee1.
The t u r b i n e whee1 o n t h e r i g h t sh o ws
the a i r impinging o f f o f the b1ades.
This action converts the high
ve1ocity energy to r ota tiona l
torque. t i s a 1aw o f p h y s i c s
TT 0608 11
t h a t any body in motion t e n d s to
remain in motion and res is t.s
#60 changing in d i r e c t i o n . The 1aws o f
physics a1so te1 1 us t h a t each
a c t i o n ha s an e q u a l and a p p o s i t e
reaction. The a c t i o n o f t h e a i r
impinging on t h e t u r b i n e whee1s
resu1ts in a reaction causing the
t u r b i n e w hee1 t o r o t a t e i n t h e
direction o f the arrow.
TWO ST GE COMPRESSOR S i n c e we h a v e now c o v e r e d t h e t h e o r y

o f o p e ra t i o n o f t h e gas generator
components, it might be usefu1 to
1 o o k a t some o f t h e a c t u a 1 h a r d w a r e
s o we c a n r e c o g n i z e t h e c o m p o n e n t s
we
that described.
This i s a p i c t u r e o f the compressor
s e c t i o n o f t h e 331 E n g i n e . In t h i s
This website stores data such as case t h e a i r e n t e r s from t h e i n 1 e t
cookies to enable essential site d u ct in t h e upper 1 e f t hand corner.
functionality, as well as marketing, That a i r i s avai1ab1e to the f r o n t
personalization, and analytics. You face of the f i r s t stage compressor.
may change your settings at any time Notice t h a t the discharge of t h a t
or accept the default settings. whee1 g o e s t h r o u g h t h e d i f f u s e r
Tl ù608 12
cro s s o v er d u ct s e c t i o n and p r e s e n t s
#61 i t s e 1 f to the i n 1 e t o f t h e second
Privacy Policy s t a g e com pr essor whee1. As t h e a . i r
i s f u r t h e r compressed and i n c r e a s e d
Marketing
in ve1ocity through t h a t second
Personalization whee1, it e n t e r s t h e d i f f u s e r
s e c t i o n i n t h e passa.ges l e a d i n g
Analytics from t h e second s t a g e compr essor
whee1. The c o m p r e s s o r d i s c h a r g e a i r
Save Accept All t h e n e n t e r s t h e c a v i t y known a s t h e
P1enum C h a m b e r .
3-7
[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
Looking a t t h e compressor p i c t u r e
we c a n s e e t h a t i t w ou1d b e a
r e 1 a t i v e 1 y simp1e t a s k t o i n s p e c t
the 1eading edges o f the f i r s t
sta ge compressor impe11er. n a11
331 E n g i n e a p p 1 i c a t i o n s this is
p o s s i b l e by l o o k i n g i n t o t h e i n l e t
of the engine. W i t h a good 1 i g h t
you c a n s e e a n d i n s p e c t t h e 1 e a d i n g
edge o f t h e f i r s t s t a g e impe1ler
blade. Obvi ousl y, you would be
1ooking for indications of foreign
o b j e c t damage r e s u l t i n g i n n i c k s
dents o r bent b1ades. T hi s would
be accomp1ished a t a p r e f 1 i g h t
inspection.
COMBUSTOR AND STAGE TURBINE On t h e 1eft side of this picture

the second sta ge compressor
i m p e 1 1 e r c a n s t i 1 1 b e s e e n anan d , a s
we t r a c e t h e f1ow o f a i r t h r o u g h
the diffuser section we c a n s e e
t h a t a i r comp1ete1y f i 1 1 s t h e
p1enum c h a m b e r s e c t i o n . The a i r i s
then availab1e to the annu1ar
combustion chamber. This i s the
d e v i c e w ith a l 1 o f the ho1es in it
s t h e a i r f1ows t h r o u g h t h e s e h o l e s
i n t o the combustion chamber, it i s
mixed w i t h t h e fue1 b ei n g sp ray ed
H from t h e f u e 1 a t o m i z e r s . This
TT OéOB 13 combustion chamber i s o f t e n r e f e r r e d
#62 to as a R e v e r s e F1ow A n n u 1 a r
This website stores data such as Combustion Chamber. The a i r now
cookies to enable essential site flows toward t h e f r o n t of the
functionality, as well as marketing, engine. The h o t g a s e n t e r s t h e
personalization, and analytics. You t r a n s i t i o n 1 i n e r where it r o t a t e s
may change your settings at any time o r t u r n s 180°, and p r e s e n t s i t s e l f
or accept the default settings. to the f i r s t stage o f the turbine
section. Air passing through the
f i r s t stage st at or enters the f i r s t
Privacy Policy s t a g e t u r b i n e whee1 w h e r e p o we r i s
extracted.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
3-8
Save Accept All

ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
As t h e b u r n i n g g a s e s 1 e a v e t h e f i r s t
s t a g e t u r b i n e whee1 they pass
through the second stage s t a t o r
assemb1y. This s t a t o r assemb1y
again straightens the a i r out for
maximum e f f i c i e n c y a t a n a n g 1 e a t
w h i c h i t i m p i n g e s upon t h e t u r b i n e
b1ades and a1so i n c r e a s e s t h e
ve1ocity through the convergent
d u c t a c t i o n o f t h e s t a t o r assemb1y.
The a i r t h e n c o n t i n u e s t h r o u g h t h e
t h i r d s t a g e s t a t o r assemb1y and
third stage turbine. Discharge
from t h e t h i r d s t a g e i s t h e n d u c t e d
out through the exhaust duct to
atmosphere.
I t wil1 be noted t h a t t h e t u r b i n e
whee1 s t a g e s a r e i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
sizes. The f i r s t s t a g e i s t h e
smal1est in d i amet er t h e second
stage increases in diameter and
t h e t h i r d i n c r e a s e s t o become t h e
1argest of the three. This
difference in sizes is intentiona1ly
designed to share the load of the
power e x t r a c t e d b y e a c h s t a g e o f t h e
turbine. The p r e s s u r e s a n d
temperatures f e l t a t the f i r s t stage
a r e o b v i o u s 1 y h i g h e r t h a n t h e y wou1d
be a f t e r p a s s i n g through t h e s t a g e
where b o t h t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e
drops. The b i g g e r whee1 i s now a b l e
to t a k e t h e 1 e s s e r en erg y leve1 and
This website stores data such as e x t r a c t e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same amount
cookies to enable essential site o f power. The same i s t r u e o f t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, third stage.
may change your settings at any time t was p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d t h a t
or accept the default settings. a p p r o x i m a t e 1 y 2 / 3 o f t h e power
produced by t h i s t u r b i n e s e c t i o n i s
used within the engine to drive the
Privacy Policy compressor s e c t i o n . I t is
i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t t o deve1op
Marketing a n e x c e s s power c a p a b i l i t y o f 900
horsepower t o d r i v e a p r o p e l l e r
Personalization t h i s t u r b i n e must produce
Analytics approximately 3 000 horsepower.
Save Accept All

3· 9
TSG-103
12-1-79
The m a i n r o t a t i n g a s s e m b l y o f t h e
331 E n g i n e i s t h e h e a r t o f t h e
engine. The two s t a g e r a d i a l
c om pre ssors and t h r e e s t a g e axia1
f1ow t u r b i n e s a r e m o u n t e d o n a
common s h a f t and a r e c o n n e c t e d b y
c urvic coup1ings. E a c h whee1 h a s
c u r v i c t e e t h g r o u n d o n t h e hub o f
the wheel. These a r e ve r y p r e c i s e
g e a r t e e t h on a h o r i z o n t a 1 p1ane.
As t h e whee1s a r e s t a c k e d t o g e t h e r ,
t h e c u r v i c t e e t h a re meshed. A
through bo1t with a nut i s
t i g h t e n e d t o ho1d t h e s e w h e e 1 s
t o g e t h e r a s one u n i t .
Labyrinth sea1s are 1ocated a t
v a r i o u s p 1 a c e s on t h e s h a f t . These
knife e d g e s e a 1 s are used to
s eparate the pre ssure s between
s
sut apgpeosr .t e d Tbhyi s two
rota
b teianrg g rso, u p
ing isat
one
t h e compressor end and one a t t h e
t u r b i n e end. This assemb1y r o t t e ~
a t a norma1 4 1 , 7 3 0 rpm when t h e
engine i s running a t 100 speed.
POWER ONVERSION FREE H e r e we c a n s e e t h e p r e v i o u s 1 y

described gas generator, c o n s i s t i n g
fUEl
o f t h e compressor, combustor and
turbine sections. As p r e v i o u s 1 y
s t a t e d , the gas generator provides
no u se f u 1 f u n c t i o n o t h e r tha n
c o n v e r t i n g fue1 en erg y i n t o h i g h
speed rotationa1 energy. We now
must c o n s i d e r t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f
t h i s e ne rgy i n t o a useab1e form o f
power.
In the turboprop e ngine , we a r e
interested in driving a prope11er.
G S GENER TOR One m e t h o d o f d o i n g t h i s i s
personalization, and analytics. You TT 0608 14
re fe rre d to as Free-Turbine.
may change your settings at any time #64 T h i s i s accomp1ished by i n s e r t i n g
a n o t h e r t u r b i n e whee1 i n t h e
e x h a u s t d i s c h a r g e from t h e g a s
generator path. This e x t r a t u r b i n e
Privacy Policy w hee1 i s r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e
Marketing P o we r T u r b i n e .
Personalization
Analytics
3-10
Save Accept All

TSG 103
12 1 79
y providing h e a t energy above and

beyond t h e gas g e n e r a t o r
requirements an e x c e s s e n e rg y i s
made a v a i l a b l e t o f l o w t h r o u g h t h e
power t u r b i n e . Once a g a i n a
s t a t o r and t u r b i n e assembly a r e
used. This hi gh speed r o t a t i o n a 1
energy is then transmitted to a
g e a r b o x w h e r e t h e h i g h s p e e d lo w
t o r q u e o f t h e power t u r b i n e i s
c o n v e r t e d i n t o a lo w s p e e d h i g h
torque in order to drive a
propeller.
This method o f power c o n v e r s i o n
o f f e r s several advantages. I t is
particu1arly useful in a helicopter
a p p l i c a t i o n because the f l u i d i c
c o n n e c t i o n between t h e gas
g e n e r a t o r a n d power t u r b i n e g r e a t l y
s i m p l i f i e s t h e c1ut chi ng prob1ems.
Another advantage wi t h t h i s f l u i d i c
c oupl i ng i s the a b i 1 i t y to run the
gas generator a t high speeds wi t h
t h e o u t p u t s h a f t f r o m t h e power
t u r b i n e r u n n i n g a t v e r y low s p e e d s .
In prope11er driven a i r c r a f t the
prope11er can be ke pt a t a v ery
1ow rpm a n d p r o d u c e v e r y 1 i t t 1 e
noise in a taxi condition.

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

3 11
ffi TSG-103
12-·l-79
POWER ONVERSION · FIXED Another method o f c o n v e r t i n g t h e

h i g h s p e e d r o t a t i o n a l e n e r g y from
FIXED SH FT TYPE
the gas generator i n t o useable
fU l s h a f t horsepower i s i l l u s t r a t e d
he
g I nr o
e rnee.r a t o thn i st h e
c a rs ieg, h tt h e gd
han as s ide
of the p i c t u r e , has an a d d i t i o n a l
t u r b i n e c a p a b i l i t y by t h e a d d i t i o n
o f a t h i r d t u r b i n e wheel. This
allows the excess e n e r g y a b o ve and
·· . ~ = § § ~ ~ beyond t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
e n g i n e ' s compressor s e c t i o n t o be
COMPRESSOR
TUR INE
made a v a i l a b l e t o t h a t same s h a f t .
In a fixed s ha f t engine, t h a t s h a f t
TT 0608 15 i s mechanically connected to the
65 g e a r b o x s o t h a t t h e h i g h s p e e d low
torque r ot a t i ona l energy transmitted
i n t o t h e g e a rb o x can t h e n by
c o n v e r t e d t o a l ow s p e e d h i g h t o r q u e
power t o d r i v e t h e p r o p e l l e r .
The f i x e d shaft engine has d i s t i n c t
a d v a n t a g e s when i t comes t o
tu r b o p r o p power f o r f i x e d wing
aircraft. I n o r d e r f o r you t o
understand the principal advantage,
t h e meaning o f s e v e r a l terms must
be reviewed. For example, the term
Idle in a l l o f your previous
experience with reciprocating
e n g i n e s i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d t o mean
low s p e e d . With t h e fi x e d s h a f t
turboprop engine, the term Idle
m eans minimum l o a d .
To i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o i n t , let s
assum e t h a t t h e p r o p e l l e r i n t h i s
picture is a t a very f l a t blade
angle pitch. L e t ' s f u r t h e r assum e
t h a t the engine i s running a t i t s
This website stores data such as n o r m a l 100 rpm w i t h t h e g a s
cookies to enable essential site g e n e r a t o r r o t a t i n g a t 4 1 , 7 3 0 rpm
functionality, as well as marketing, and t h e p r o p e l l e r r o t a t i n g a t
personalization, and analytics. You 1 , 5 9 1 r pm . Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s ,
may change your settings at any time we would c o n s i d e r t h e e n g i n e t o b e
or accept the default settings. running a t i d l e . The l o a d would
b e t h e minimum l o a d p o s s i b l e . If
t h i s e n g i n e were asked t o produce
Privacy Policy f u l l p o w e r , i t would b e a c c o m p l i s h e d
by c a u s i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r t o go t o
Marketing
a high blade angle.
Personalization
Analytics 3-12
Save Accept All

m TSG-103
12-1-79
Since the engine i s a1ready a t

speed, the response rate of this
engine and prope11er combination,
·to g o f r o m n o pm ver t o maximum
p o w e r , wou1d b e 1 i m i t e d o n 1 y b y t h e
reaction time of the prope11er.
T h i s i s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h a t we
referto a s I n s t a n t Response R a t e .
This i s an important advantage o f
the fixed shaft engine.
Another d i s t i n c t advantage of fixed
s h a f t ty p e t u r b o p r o p power i s t h e
lower s p e c i fi c fuel consumption.
When c o m p a r e d t o t h e f r e e t u r b i n e
e n g i n e , we a l l r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e
inefficiencies of the fluidic
c o u p l i n g w i l l c o s t us power and
t h i s r e l a t e s to fuel consumption.
When c o m p a r e d w i t h a f r e e t u r b i n e
en g i n e on a hor s e powe r t o hor s e powe r
re l a t i o n sh i p , the fixed sh a ft engine
w i l l always burn l e s s f u e l to
produce each horsepower. The
TPE331 E n g i n e i s o f t h e
fixed shaft type.
GE R SECTION On t h e TPE331, t h e g e a r s e c t i o n h a s
been i n c o r p o r a t e d and d e s i g n e d i n t o
the engine case i t s e l f . One o f t h e
'•
~ S : : . p ri n ci p al advantages of t h i s design
is t h a t the a i r i n l e t section can
be designed to match the engine.
This website stores data such as T h i s i s a v ery c r i t i c a l p a r t on any
cookies to enable essential site turbine engine. On t h e t o p o f t h i s
functionality, as well as marketing, p i c t u r e , you w i l l see t h e a i r i n l e t
personalization, and analytics. You duct that carries the a i r to the
may change your settings at any time first s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r .
The g e a r b o x i t s e l f c o n t a i n s a
planetary system converting the
a
Privacy Policy TI..OWS 16
4 1 , 7 3 0 rpm o f t h e m a i n s h a f t i n t o
t h e l 591 rpm o f t h e p r o p e l l e r . ; 
Marketing 66 shaft. T h i s h ig h s pe e d low t o r q u e
c o n v e r s i o n t o low s p e e d h i g h t o r q u e
Personalization i s accomplished by a g e a r r a t i o o f
1(.
Analytics a p p r o x i m a t e l y 26 t ol. Some m o d e l s

of the 331 u t i l i z e a 20 t o l g e a r b o x
ratio to provide 2,000 p r o p e l l e r
Save Accept All
rpm.
3-13
TSG-103
1 2 1 ~ 7 9
ENGINE CCESSORY SECTION This picture revea1s t h a t the

engine d ri v en a c c e s s o r i e s a re a1so
hand1ed by t h e gearbox. The
a c c e s s o r y s e c t i o n i s on t h e back
face o f the main housing. t
provides mounting pads for the
engine d ri v en a c c e s s o r i e s as wel1
as p1aces for r e l a t e d contro1
components t h a t a r e n o t e n g i n e
driven.
0608 17
67
TYPICAl TPE331 T h i s c u t a w a y d r a w i n g shows t h e

e n t i r e engine. The g a s g e n e r a t o r
on t h e r i g h t o p e r a t e s a t 41,730
rpm a t 100%. The g e a r b o x o n t h e
1eft with the reduction in speed,
o p e r a t e s a t 1 , 5 9 1 rpm a s a r e s u 1 t
o f t h e 26 t o l r a t i o . Also e a si1y
v i s i b 1 e on t h i s p i c t u r e i s t h e
i n l e t d u c t which i s designed as
pa r t of the gearcase itse 1 f .
POWER CONVERSION GEARBOX GAS GENERATOR

41 730
•
1591 RPM AT 100 RPM T 100
RATIO : 26 l T 0608 18
j
68
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics 3-14
Save Accept All

TSG-103
REVISED
2-l-81
INLET CONFIGUR TIONS One o f t h e p r i n c i p a l i n s t a l l a t i o n

a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e TPE33l i s t h e
nurnber o f o p t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e
a irc ra ft designer. Looking a t t h i s
p i c t u r e we c a n s e e t h a t t h e i n l e t
may b e i n s t a l l e d o n t o p o f t h e
e n g i n e o r t h e g e a r b o x may b e r o t a t e d
so t h a t t h e i n l e t i s on t h e bottom.
This i s a prime concern to the
a i r c r a f t d e s i g n e r when h e c o n s i d e r s
such t h i n g s a s t i p c l e a r a n c e and
l an d i n g g ear l e n g t h and wing
arrangement. For example, i
•
the
IRCR FT INST LL TION OPTION
a i r c r a f t has an e x c e p t i o n a l l y long
l an d i n g g e a r and t i p c l e a r a n c e i s
0608 19
69 n o p r o b l e m , h e p r o b a b l y would
sel ect the top version with the
i n l e t on t o p . This drops the
center line of the propeller shaft
below t h e c e n t e r l i n e o f t h e en g i n e.
The a d v a n t a g e w i l l b e i n g e t t i n g
t h e i n l e t f a r t h e r away from t h e
f o r e i g n o b j e c t m a t e r i a l found on
t h e runways.
I f t h e a i r c r a f t i s a l ow w i n g
a i r c r a f t and t h e l an d i n g g e a r i s
s h o r t enough t o c a u s e a t i p
c l e a r a n c e p r o b l e m , h e may s e l e c t
t h e o p t i o n shown o n t h e b o t t o m .
y r o t a t i n g the gearbox so t h a t the
it
il innl e
e t o if s t hdown,
e p r o p e lrl a
e ir s e
ss co
h atfht e a b ev
net e r
the center l i ne of the engine.
This website stores data such as Any m odel o f t h e 331 o r d e r e d from
cookies to enable essential site G a r r e t t can be de s i gna t e d to be
functionality, as well as marketing, a n i n l e t u p o r i n 1 e t down
personalization, and analytics. You configuration. This i s n o t a change
may change your settings at any time t h a t c o u 1 d b e made b y a m e c h a n i c i n
or accept the default settings. the fie1d. Obvious1y, t h e r e a re
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r o i 1 sum ps, p i c k u p
tubes etc. t h a t wou1d p r e v e n t
Privacy Policy t h i s f r om b e i n g j u s t a m a t t e r o f
r o t a t i n g the gearbox.
Marketing
P r e s e n t a p p 1 i c a t i o n s o f t h e TPE331-
Personalization 10 E n g i n e s u t i 1 i z e b o t h i n 1 e t u p
Analytics and i n 1 e t down c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .
Throughout the r e s t o f t h i s book,
you wi 11 s e e exam p1es o f b o t h i n l e t
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u p and i n 1 e t down a p p 1 i c a t i o n s .
3-15
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
IRFlOW ST TIONS All turbine engìne manufacturers

u t ì l ì z e a s t a t ì o n number
2 3 4 ì d e n t ì fì c a t ì o n for ease of
descrìptìon of varìous functions
and 1 o c a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e airf1ow
path. T h i s p i c t u r e show s u s t h a t
S t a t i o n Number l r e p r e s e n t s t h e
ambient conditions outside of the
engine. S t a t i o n Number 2 w o u l d b e
the ì n l e t to the compressor section.
S t a t i o n Number 3 ì s t h e d ì s c h a r g e
SAMPLE P PRESSURE from t h e com pr es s or s e c t i o n .
T = TEMPERATURE S t a t ì o n Number 4 i s t h e i n l e t t o
the turbine sectìon. Station
D
TT 0608 20 Number 5 w o u l d b e t h e e x h a u s t
#70 d i s ch arg e downstream o f t h e t u r b i n e
section.
Combining t h e s e numbers w i t h
v a r i o u s a l p h a b e t i c a l symbols can
make ì easy to i d e n t i fy varìous
pieces of information. As a n
example, l e t us us e P3. The l e t t e r
P, i d e n t ì f y i n g p r e s s u r e , and 3,
i d e n t i f y i n g t h e s t a t i o n number,
would d e s i g n a t e t h e p r e s s u r e a t
compressor discharge. The t e r m P3
i s used freq u en t l y in the fue l
c o n t r o l system. A n o th e r example i s
T 4. T, of course, stands for
t e m p e r a t u r e , and 4, t h e s t a t i o n a t
the i n l e t to the turbine section.
TS i n d i c a t e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
downstream o f t h e t u r b i n e .
Various ì n t ermed i at e p o i n t s
between t h es e main s t a t i o n s can be
i d e n t ì f i e d by a decim al p o i n t . As
an example, S t a t i o n 2.1 i n d i c a t e s
the entry to the second s tag e
compressor. S t a t i o n T4.1 i d e n t i f i e s
cookies to enable essential site the temperature a t the i n l e t to the
functionality, as well as marketing, second s t ag e t u r b i n e . S t a t i o n 4.2
personalization, and analytics. You would be t h e e n t r y t o t h e t h ì r d
may change your settings at any time stage turbine.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics 3-16
Save Accept All

TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
CONST NT SPEED DV NT GE The 331 F i x e d S h a f t E n g i n e i s

g e n e r a l l y known a s a Constant
Speed E n g i n e. Though v a r y i n g
speeds can be s e l e c t e d f o r v a r i o u s
purposes, the basic design concept
of the engine i s operation a t a
constant speed.
To i l l u s t r a t e that point the engine
c o u l d r u n i t s e n t i r e l i f e a t 100%
rpm a n d d o i t s j o b b e a u t i f u l l y .
Compressors, d i f f u s e r s stators
COMPRESSORS DIFFUSERS SUTORS TURBIHES turbines etc. are most e f f i c i e n t
MOST EFFICIENT T R NE R RPM DESIGN POINT when o p e r a t e d a t or near t h e rpm
l design point. Yo u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e 331 w i l l b e
TT 0600 21
#71 made much s i m p l e r i f you w i l l

re me mb e r t h i s c o n c e p t : t h e e n g i n e
b a s i c a l l y r u n s a t one s p e e d a l l
the time. The l o a d i s v a r i e d b y
c ha ngi ng t h e b l a d e an g le on t h e
propeller but the engine continues
t o r u n a t t h e same s p e e d . This
c o n c e p t i s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e power
ma n a g e me n t s y s t e m t o b e d i s c u s s e d
later.
OTHER CONST NT SPEED TURBINES To i l l u s t r a t e t h e b a s i c c o n c e p t o f

c o n s t a n t s p e e d we c a n l o o k a t some
o f the o t h e r gas t u r b i n e
applications.
the u n i t i s a sm I na ltl h APU,
i s i l lours t r a t i o n
a u x i l i a r y power u n i t and it
This website stores data such as o p e r a t e s on t h e c o n s t a n t s p e e d
cookies to enable essential site principle. The rpm g o v e r n i n g f u e l
functionality, as well as marketing, c o n t r o l m a i n t a i n s a c o n s t a n t rpm
personalization, and analytics. You wi t h changing loads. In t h i s case
may change your settings at any time the load i s the generator. As mo re
or accept the default settings. e l e c t r i c a l power i s e x t r a c t e d a
RPM GOVERNIIIG FUEL CONTROL M INT INS CONST NT RPM WITH CH NGING LO DS
greater load i s applied to the
engine. This increase in load t ends
Privacy Policy TT-060 -22 t o s l o w down t h e r o t a t i n g e l e m e n t o f
#72 the turbine engine. This reduction
Marketing i n speed i s s e n s e d by t h e speed
sensing fuel control which t h e n
Personalization
g i v e s more f u e l t o t h e e n g i n e .
Analytics More p o we r i s p r o d u c e d t o r e t a i n
e s s e n t i a l l y a c o n s t a n t speed as the
Save Accept All
load changes.
3-17
TSG-103
12-1-79
Replace t h e ge ne ra tor load wi t h a

p r o p e l l e r lo ad and c o n s i d e r t h i s
c o n c e p t a s we d i s c u s s t h e TPE331.
CONST NT SPEED ENGINE L e t s r e v i e w f o r a moment t h e

c o n s t a n t speed concept as it
a p p l i e s t o t h e TPE331. This
concept i s pa r t i c ul a r l y important to
underst and s i n c e it forms t h e b a s i s
for a l l future discussions relative
to both p r o p e l l e r and f u e l c o n t r o l
systems.
In orde r to hold speed c o n s t a n t ,
t u r b i n e power t o t h e p r o p e l l e r m u s t
equal the load o f the propeller.
A g a i n , a n y m e n t i o n o f power s t i l l
TO HOLD SPEED CDNST NT
r e f e r s t o t h e e x c e s s power a b o v e
TURBINE POWER TO PROP MUST EQU L LO D
•
T 0608 23
and beyond t h a t r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e
73 t h e e n g i n e s own g a s g e n e r a t o r .
Power p r o d u c e d b y t h e g a s g e n e r a t o r
i s r e l a t i v e t o t h e a mo u n t o f f u e l
consumed b y t h e e n g i n e . Therefore,
to hold speed c o n s t a n t , f u e l energy
to t h e engine must equal t h e load
of the propeller. The p r o p e l l e r
rpm i s g o i n g t o b e c o n t r o l l e d b y a
typical propeller governing system.
P r o p e l l e r governing systems a re
typically oriented to regulate a
s e l e c t e d rpm.
O f t h e two l e v e r s u s e d t o c o n t r o l
t h i s e ngi ne , one c o n t r o l s t h e speed
o f t h e en g in e by r e g u l a t i n g
p
t hr e
o pfeulel e
l ren
rpm and
ergy d etlh
iveeo
r et h
d e tr o c tohnet r o l s
engine. As we e x a m i n e t h i s d r a w i n g ,
This website stores data such as we s e e t h a t i the engine i s
cookies to enable essential site running a t a cons tant speed under a
functionality, as well as marketing, given p r o p e l l e r l o a d and t h e f u e l
personalization, and analytics. You f l o w i s i n c r e a s e d , e n g i n e rpm a l s o
may change your settings at any time tends to increase. But i the
or accept the default settings. propeller governing system i s asking
the propeller to regulate i t s blade
angl e to a given s e l e c t e d speed,
Privacy Policy then immediately, the propeller w i l l
t a k e on w h a t e v e r b l a d e a n g l e i s
Marketing necessary to maintain the engine a t
t ha t speed.
Personalization
Analytics
3-18
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ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Consequently, as fuel i s increas ed,

propeller blade angle w i l l increase
a n d t h e power o r t h r u s t w i l l
increase proportionately. However,
the engine speed w i l l remain
essentially constant.
I f t h e power i s r e d u c e d b y r e d u c i n g
t he f u e l flow, t he tendency w i l l be
for the engine speed to de c re a se .
The p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n o r s e n s i n g t h i s
r e d u c t i o n i n rpm w i l l d e c r e a s e t h e
blade angle so t h a t the engine w i l l
b e h e l d a t e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same
constant speed. e may b e t t e r
u n d e r s t a n d now t h a t t h e i n s t a n t
response of the fixed s h a f t engine
i s a tremendous advantage in f i x e d
wing a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n . Assume
that during landing, w i t h reduced
f u e l a n d a low b l a d e a n g l e a t 100
rp m, t h e a i r c r a f t c a n t u s e t h e
runway a n d h a s t o g o a r o u n d a n d
make a n o t h e r a p p r o a c h . Advancing
t h e power l e v e r t o i n c r e a s e f u e l
flow w i l l immediately cau s e t h e
p r o p e l l e r t o r e sp o n d w i t h an
increase in blade angle to hold
t h e rpm a t 100 . The r e s p o n s e r a t e
t o go from i d l e o r no l o a d t o f u l l
power would be a m a t t e r o f o n ly
the reaction time of the propeller
system.
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3-19
TSG-103
1 2 1 ~ 7 9
POWER UMITS Standard ope ra ting procedure far a

t y p i c a l p i s t o n powered a i r c r a f t ha s
always been to advance t h e c o c k p i t
MAXIMUM POWER TAKEN FROM t h r o t t l e l e v e r a l l t h e way f o r w a r d
THE TPE331 IS UMITED BY:
f a r t a k e o f f power. This is not t ru e
TORQUE HP) OETERMINED BY w i t h t h e TPE331 T u r b o p r o p . The
AIRCRAFT DESIGN PERFORMANCE maximum power t h a t may b e t a k e n from
ANO STRUCTURALINTEGRITY t h e e n g i n e i s l i m i t e d by t h e maximum
TURBINE TEMPERATURE =DETERMINED
r e d l i n e s on e i t h e r t h e t o r q u e m e t e r
BY ENGINE DESIGN
o r temperature gage. The maximum
t o r q u e t h a t can be a p p l i e d t o t h e
a i r c r a f t i s n o r m a l l y d e t e rm i n e d by
WHICHEVER UMIT IS REACHED FIRST
t h e a i r c r a f t d e s i g n performance and
D structural integrity. The t u r b i n e
TT 0608 24
t e m pe r a t ur e l i m i t i s d eterm in ed by
74 t h e e n g i n e m a n u f a c t u r e r on t h e b a s i s
o f t h e t y p e s o f m a t e r i a l s and t h e
speeds of the c r i t i c a i p a r t s . t is
c r i t i c a l t o re me mb e r t h a t a d v a n c e m e n t
o f t h e power l e v e r f a r t a k e o f f m u s t
s t o p when e i t h e r t h e t o r q u e o r t h e
temperature l i m i t i s reached.
ou w i l l s e e i n l a t e r d i s c u s s i o n s
t h a t some a i r c r a f t u t i l i z e a n
automatic torque o r temperature
l i m i t i n g system to p rev en t t h e
en g in e from exceeding t h e t e m pe r a t ur e
o r torque limit. Ho we v e r, e v e n o n
a i r c r a f t wi t h such systems, the
p i l o t m u s t a l w a y s be aware t h a t i n
the event the torque or temperature
limiter is not operating the
a b i l i t y to stay within these lim its
is a matter of the p i l o t monitoring
t h e g ag es a s he a p p l i e s power.
The n e x t s e r i e s o f p i c t u r e s w i l l
i l l u s t r a t e how a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n s
This website stores data such as a n d r a t i n g s o f t h e e n g i n e may
cookies to enable essential site determine which o f t h e s e l i m i t s i s
functionality, as well as marketing, reached f i r s t .
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3-20
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TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
THERMODVN MIC STD SE LEVEL You w i l l recall the definition of

thermodynamic hor sepower r a t i n g .
AIFLOW Al 100 RPII . LB/SEC
To r e v i e w t h a t d e f i n i t i o n the
thermodynamic r a t i n g o f t h e e n g i n e
i s t h a t power t h a t would be pr oduc e d
a t a sta nda r d day sea l e v e l c ondition
i t h e e n g i n e w e r e r u n t o a maximum
turbine i n l e t temperature. The
e n g i n e r u n n i n g a t 100 rpm u n d e r
t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d pump 7 . 6
pounds o f a i r pe r second through
the engine. I f 558 p o u n d s o f f u e l
were p u t i n t o t h a t e n g i n e the
r e s u l t would be an 1100° C e l s i u s
TT OOle 25
t u r b i n e i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e maximum.
75 B u r n i n g t h a t much f u e l e n e r g y a n d
a i r m i x t u r e would pr oduc e unde r
these conditions 1,000 s h a ft
horsepower. This is the
thermodynamic r a t i n g o f t h e -10
Engine. T he 558 p o u n d s o f f u e l
r e p r e s e n t s a maximum a m o u n t o f
f u e l t h a t c oul d be bur ned by t h e
engine producing t h i s horsepower
and still a l l o w i t t o m eet t h e
required engine specifications.
Obviously, an engine wi t h g r e a t e r
e f f i c i e n c y would r e q u i r e l e s s f u e l
a t t h i s temperature to produce t h i s
horsepower. T he f u e l nurnber t h e n
is representative only of a
specification limit.

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3-21
TSG-103
12-1-79
29
29°°C OAT Sl · EXCEED HP UMIT Under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f c o 1 d
AIRFLOW AT 100 RPM = 9.2 LB/SEC and d e n s e a i r , t h e e n g i n e a t 100
rpm would pump a t h r o u g h - f l o w o f
AIRFLOW fUEl TIT HP
CH NGE
RESUlT 9 . 2 pounds o f a i r p e r s e c o n d .
fROM STO 21 INC 21 INC liMI 40 IN
T Referring to the tabular inforrnation
o n t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n , t h i s would b e
a n i n c r e a s e o f 21 over the airflow
pumped b y t h e e n g i n e u n d e r s t a n d a r d
sea level conditions. To r u n t h i s
e n g i n e a·t a maximum t u r b i n e i n l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e o f l 1 0 0 ° C wou1d t a k e a n
i n c r e a s e o f 27 i n f u e l , o r 710
pounds pe r hour. Under t h e s e
c o n d i t i o n s , t h i s e n g i n e would
produce 1,395 horsepower, which i s
a 40 increase over i t s rating.
76
O b v i o u s l y , t h i s wou1d b e a n
o v ert o rq u e c o n d i t i o n and something
cou1d b reak . This i 1 1 u s t r a t i o n i s
made t o p o i n t o u t t h a t we c a n n o t
1 i m i t t h e power o n 1 y t o a t u r b i n e
temperature. I n t h i s c a s e , we
wou1d o b v i o u s 1 y e x c e e d a t o r q u e
va1ue 1 i m i t .
49 °C OAT Sl • TEMP UMITED ti s o b v i o u s t h a t a t 49°C o u t s i d e

AIRFLOW AT 100 RP = 6.4 LB/SEC a i r temperature, the a i r is 1ess
dense. The e n g i n e s c o m p r e s s o r
FUEL TIT 111
s e c t i o n r o t a t i n g a t 100
IRFLOW
CII MGE
RESIIlT rpm wou1d
fROM STD DE DEC DEC
16 19 LIMIT 30
pump on1y 6 . 4 p o u n d s p e r s e c o n d
airf1ow. T h i s i s 16 1ess than
the e n g i n e pumped a t a standard sea
1eve1 te mp e r a tu r e and p r e s s u r e
condition. t is easy to see t h a t
w
r eiq
thu i r1eeds s t o
a i rr felaocw
h , t hl e
ess f u e 1 t ui s
1100° rbine
in1et temperature. A t t h e 1100°
This website stores data such as temperature 1imit, the engine is
cookies to enable essential site b u r n i n g 19 l e s s fue1 with the
functionality, as well as marketing, 16 less air. The r e s u 1 t i n power
personalization, and analytics. You i s now a d r a m a t i c 30 d e c r e a s e from
may change your settings at any time the standard sea level conditions.
or accept the default settings. 450 p o u n d s o f f u e l f l o w was e n o u g h
t o r e a c h t h e 1100° t e m p e r a t u r e
1 i m i t , b u t o n l y 700 h o r s e p o w e r i s
Privacy Policy being produced.
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3-22
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T S G ~ 1 3
EEVISED
2-·1-81
I t is t h a t under
temperature ty a i r
condition, any to take the
to 1 000 horsep po
ower
r a t i n g wou1d r e s u l t i n e x c e e d i n g
the temperature
limit. The e n d r e s u l t would b e
p h y s i c a l damage t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l
of the engine.
HIGH l TITUDE TEMP LIMITED L i s t e d on t h e 1 e f t s i d e o f t h i s

p i c t u r e a r e the c o n d i t i o n s under
AIRfUlW T 100 RPM 4.6 lB/SEC
s aircraft flying.
CHANSE AIRflOW fUEl
':=
TiT
RESUlì
Hl r t e m p e r a t u r e i s 25°C
FROM ST J 40% DE 38 OEC UM T 32% DE
b 00 0°.
2e0l o0w Pand
ressu t hr e
e aa li tr ictruadfet ii s
s
_ at a o f 250 k n o t s .
With t h e e n g i n e a t 100 rpm t h e
c o m p r e s s o r would u n d e r t.hese
c o n d i t i o n s pump 4 . 6 p o u n d s o f
per second. i s a 40 decrease
from t h e s t a n d a r d s e a l e v e l
conditions. In o r d er t o avoid
e x c e e d i n g TIT l i m i t , f u e l f l o w
m u s t b e d e c r e a s e d b y 38 . With
o n l y 4 . 6 pounds p e r s e c o n d o f a i r ,
345 p o u n d s o f f u e l w i l l t h e n b e
s u f f i c i e n t for the turbine i n l e t
t e m p e r a t u r e t o r e a c h 1100°C. But
now 680 h o r s e p o w e r a 32
d e c r e a s e from s t a n d a r d s e a l e v e l
conditions, i s being produced.
This website stores data such as I t c a n b e s e e n from t h e s e l a s t few

cookies to enable essential site t h a t t h e TPE331 E n g i n e c a n
functionality, as well as marketing, be ex p ect ed to be tor que l i m i t e d
personalization, and analytics. You low a l s and c o l d e r
may change your settings at any time As t h e a l t i t u d e o r
or accept the default settings. increases, the
e n g i n e becom es t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t e d .
That s t h e power i n t h e 331
Privacy Policy E n g i n e i s l i m i t e d t o a maximum
or temperature
Marketing comes f i r s t .
Personalization
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3 ~ 2 3
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
IR DENSITY vs POWER I f the turbine temperature 1imit

i s superimposed a c ross t h i s curve
to r e f 1 e c t the horsepower
capabi1ities as a function of a i r
d e n s i t y , we c a n s e e t h a t i n a c o l d
o r lo w a 1 t i t u d e c o n d i t i o n , t h e a i r
SHP i s heavy. G reat er horsepower can
be produced without exceeding
turbine temperature. As t h e
a l t i t u d e o r temperature i s
OLO OR AIR DENSITY HOT OR
i n c r e a s e d , t h e a i r d e n s i t y b e c o me s
LOW ALT. IOAT/PA HI H AlT 1ess. P r o d u c i n g a n e q u a 1 a mo u n t
o f h o r s e p o w e r wou1d r e q u i r e
a exceeding the turbine temperature
TT 0608 29 limit. This f a c t shou1d n o t
79 s u r p r i s e anyone. All a i r breathing
e n g i n e s r e f l e c t t h i s same l a c k o f
p o we r c a p a b i l i t y a s t h e a i r d e n s i t y
is decreased. To u s e a common
example, most people ex p eri en ce
t h i s phenomenon when d r i v i n g t h e i r
automobiles i n t o the high country.
When t h e 1 0 , 0 0 0 f e e t above s e a
1evel point is reached, the
automobile j u st d o e sn t perform
as t d i d under t h e s ea 1 e v e l ,
cool a i r conditions.

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m TSG-103
12-1-79
Fl T R TE PERFORM NCE On t h i s c u r v e , t h e same e n g i n e

temperature 1imit i s superimposed
on a cu rv e r e f 1 e c t i n g s h a f t
horsepower c a p a b i 1 i t i e s as a fu n ct i o n
s.:.::.:;·· . ·· ·THERIIODYHAIIIC iATIHG
of a ir density. If a vertica1 1ine
AIICUfT HP UIIIT ~ · E H G I H E CERTIFICATION
i s d r a w n f r om t h e s t a n d a r d s e a 1 e v e 1
condition, i de nt i f i e d a t the bottom
SII P
1ine, to the top dotted 1ine, the
p o i n t where t i n t e r s e c t s wi11
i d e n t i f y t h e thermodynamic r a t i n g o f
STD .l. t h e e n g i n e , w h i c h i n t h i s c a s e wou1d
COLO OR AIR OENSITY HOT R be 1,000 horsepower. The
tOW ALT OAT/PAI HIGH ALT
thermodynamic r a t i n g i s t h e e n g i n e s
capabi1ity to produce 1,000
ll-0608·30 horsepower under sea 1eve1 c onditions
80 a t t h e maximum t u r b i n e i n 1 e t
temperature.
The d o t t e d 1 i n e be1ow t h e
thermodynamic r a t i n g i s t h e p o i n t
w h e r e t h e e n g i n e wou1d b e c e r t i f i e d
b y t h e FAA. C e r t i f i c a t i o n cou1d be
a t p e r f o r m a n c e 1 e v e 1 , som ew hat 1 e s s
t h a n t h e thermodynamic r a t i n g . The
p a r t i c u 1 a r p o i n t a t which t h e engine
i s c e r t i f i e d i s d eterm in ed by a
c om bina tion o f i n p u t s from t h e
a i r c r a f t manufacturer. Factors
considered a re the performance o f
t h e a i r c r a f t i n which t h e e n g i n e i s
t o be mounted and t h e k i n d o f 1 i f e
and the
engine. p e r f o r m a n c e e x p e c t e d f r om
Many a i r c r a f t r n a n u f a c t u r e r s
wi11 s e 1 e c t an e n g i n e t h a t h a s been
This website stores data such as c e r t i f i e d t o pr oduc e a 1eve1 o f
cookies to enable essential site horsepower above and beyond t h a t
functionality, as well as marketing, w h i c h i s a c t u a 1 1 y n e e d e d t o make t h e
personalization, and analytics. You a i r c r a f t perform according to
may change your settings at any time specifications. This i s indicated
or accept the default settings. by t h e t h i r d 1 i n e i d e n t i f i e d as t h e
a i r c r a f t horsepower 1imit.
As a n exarnp1e, a - 1 0 E n g i n e w i t h a
Privacy Policy thermodynamic r a t i n g o f 1 , 0 0 0
h o r s e p o w e r , may b e c e r t i f i e d t o 900
Marketing
h o r s e p o w e r , y e t t h e a i r c r a f t may
Personalization n e e d o n l y 700 h o r s e p o w e r i n o r d e r
t o make t perform. Now w h a t i s t h e
Analytics advantage of t h i s?
Save Accept All

3-25
TSG-103
1 2 1 ~ 7 9
Note t h e i n t e r s e c t p o i n t o f t h e
a i r c r a f t horsepower 1 i m i t l i n e and
the engine temperature 1imit 1ine.
T h i s e n g i n e c o u 1 d p r o v i d e t h e 700
horsepower the a i r c r a f t needed a l l
t h e way f r om a low a l t i t u d e c o 1 d
c o n d i t i o n u p t o a much h i g h e r
a l t i t u d e o r warm a i r c o n d i t i o n
before t would becom e t e m p e r a t u r e
limited. This i s a tremendous
advantage in performance for the
a i r c r a f t t o be a b l e t o u t i l i z e t h a t
k i n d o f power u p t o h i g h a l t i t u d e s .
f1at rated engine thus increases
the a1 titu d e performance o f the
aircraft. I t i s a1so easy to see
t h a t when t h e e n g i n e h a s b e e n
designed to perform to the
thermodynamic r a t i n g has been
c e r t i f i e d to a l e v e l something l e s s
t h a n thermodynamic and t h e n t h e
a i r c r a f t manufacturer 1imits t to
something l e s s than c e r t i f i c a t i o n
t h e l i f e o f t h e e n g i n e wi11 be
materially affected. The t i m e
b e t w e e n o v e r h a u l s would r e f 1 e c t a
1ower c o s t o f o p e r a t i o n b y
e s s e n t i a l 1 y wor king an o v e r s i z e d
e n g i n e t o l o w e r power r e q u i r e m e n t s .
You w i 1 1 r e c a 1 1 from t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
ratings discussion ear1ier in t h i s
book t h a t t h e 331-10 E n g i n e h a s a
thermodynamic r a t i n g o f 1 000 s h a f t
horsepower. I t is c e r t i f i e d as a
- 1 0 E n g i n e t o 900 h o r s e p o w e r u p t o
a n a m b i e n t c o n d i t i o n o f 80°F
outside a i r temperature. If this
engine i s i n s t a l l e d in an a i r c r a f t
This website stores data such as t h a t n e e d s o n 1 y 665 h o r s e p o w e r t o
cookies to enable essential site make t a k e o f f p e r f o r m a n c e the
functionality, as well as marketing, m a r g i n would be g r e a t a n d t wou1d
personalization, and analytics. You b e a b l e t o m a i n t a i n t h a t 665
may change your settings at any time horsepower to c onside ra ble a l t i t u d e
or accept the default settings. before reaching the engine
temperature l i m i t 1ine.
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3-26
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TSG-103
12-1-79
ENGINE P R METERS In a t y p i c a l a i r c r a f t usi ng the

TPE331 E n g i n e , e a c h e n g i n e w i l l h a v e
FU El the four instruments indicated
8
RPM
here. The t a c h o m e t e r , o r rpm
O
PEtD IIECESS IIY CONTROLLED instrument w i l l i n d i c a t e t h e speed
TO PRODUCE ENERGY TO i n p e r c e n t m a i n t a i n e d by t h e e n g i n e
POWER ENGINE
which i s n e c e s s a r y to produce t h e
power. The f u e l f l o w g a g e w i l l
POWER HE T i n d i c a t e i n pounds p e r hour t h e
v
amount o f e n e r g y t h e o p e r a t o r i s
O
f :\ RODUCED
ITHOUT EXCEEDING
TURBINE TEMP
putting into the engine.
t orquemet er, o r horsepower gage,
The
SH H POWER UMITS
will i n d i c a t e t h e s h a f t power
being produced. Units of
o.108 31 measurement w i l l v a r y w i t h a i r c r a f t .
81 Horsepower, f o o t / p o u n d s , and p e r
c e n t o f power, a r e t y p i c a l examples.
The t e m p e r a t u r e g a g e w i l l i n d i c a t e
in degrees Celsius the heat energy
leaving the turbine section of the
engine. The t o r q u e m e t e r a n d t h e
t u r b i n e temperature gage w i l l have
red l i ne l i m i t s as previously
mentioned.
IN NORM L ENGINE The m a i n t e n a n c e m e c h a n i c who

T IIORM L RPM
NO LESS TH N RE SON BLE recognizes the relationship of these
TEMP LIMIT FUEL FLOW
en g in e i n s t r u m e n t s under normal
() operating conditions i s i n an
e x c e l l e n t p o s i t i o n t o use the se
i n d i c a t i o n s a s a means o f
t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g when t h e r e i s a
problem. The d e f i n i t i o n o f n o r m a l
This website stores data such as i n t h i s case i s t h a t a t a normal
cookies to enable essential site rp m, a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, temperature l i m i t a normal f u e l
personalization, and analytics. You flow should produce the r a t e d
may change your settings at any time torque. No t i c e t h a t no r e f e r e n c e
or accept the default settings. t o s p e c i f i c n u m b e r s i s made a t t h i s
H
TT OOlB 32
point. You may b e s u r p r i s e d a t how
much t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g y o u c a n d o
Privacy Policy 82 w i t h o u t knowing t h e s p e c i f i c
numbers a t t h i s time.
Marketing
The n e x t s e r i e s o f e x a m p l e s w i l l
Personalization show y o u how h e l p f u l y o u r knowledge
Analytics of operational theory of the
c o n s t a n t speed turboprop engine w i l l
be i n t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g from t h e
Save Accept All
cockpit.
3-27
TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
WH T IS INDIC TED Y .... ? N o t e t h a t i n t h i s examp1e t h e rpm

NORM L NORM L LOW NORM L i s norma1, t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s
n o r m a 1 , b u t t h e f u e 1 f 1ow i s 1 o w e r
t h a n norma1. Yet, the torquemeter
i n d i c a t e s norma1 p o we r i s b e i n g
produced. Obvious1y, i n t e r n a 1
d e t a i 1 s o f a d j u s t m e n t s o r component
o p e r a t i o n c a nnot be c o n s i d e r e d , b u t
w h a t do you t h i n k i s wrong w i t h t h i s
p a r tic u 1 a r engine in genera1?
L e t s review the fundamenta1s.
Remember t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e
engine as an energy c o n v e r t e r ? Its
function is to take a chemical
e n e r g y f u e l and c o n v e r t i t i n t o
83 useable horsepower. Since t h i s
c o n v e r t e r i s n o t 100 efficient 1
some e n e r g y w i l l b e c o n v e r t e d a n d
l o s t as he a t energy. I f we l o o k a t
t h e i n s t r u m e n t r a t i n g s we s e e t h a t
t h e e n g i n e i s r u n n i n g a t its c o r r e c t
speed. The i n s t r u m e n t i n d i c a t e s
l e s s than normal f u e l flow to t h e
e n g i n e , y e t t o r q u e i s normal and
normal h e a t e ne rgy i s goi ng o u t o f
the exhaust. Does t h i s s o u n d
logical? O bviously, an engine t h a t
could produce i t s r a t e d torque with
l e s s t h a n normal f u e l , would be
desirable, wouldn t it? But it s
certainly not logical. There must
b e t h e r i g h t a mo u n t o f f u e l f l o w t o
t h i s engine in order to produce t h e
r i g h t torque and t h e r i g h t he a t
energy. It can be immediately
suspected t h a t t h e f u e l flow
i n d i c a t i o n system i s malfunctioning.
In r e a l i t y , t h e r e must be a normal
This website stores data such as a mo u n t o f f u e l i n t o t h e e n g i n e t o
cookies to enable essential site produce t h e normal t o r q u e and normal
functionality, as well as marketing, temperature.
may change your settings at any time T h i s s e e ms t o b e a n o v e r s i m p l i f i e d
or accept the default settings. p r o c e d u r e a n d , i n some r e s p e c t s , may
be. Ho we v e r, a l l t o o o f t e n f u e l
c o n t r o l s a r e r e p l a c e d and o t h e r
Privacy Policy components a re changed without t h e
mechanic r e a l i z i n g t h a t it i s
Marketing impossible that the fuel control
could be t h e cause o f t h i s problem.
Personalization
Analytics
3-28
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-1-79
WH T IS INDIC TED Y .... L e t s examine a n o t h e r s e t o f

NORM L OV LO V LO IV circumstances. I n t r y i n g t o make
()
t a k e o f f power, rpm i s norma1, y e t
t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s t o o 1ow, f ue1
f1ow i s t o o 1ow a n d t h e t o r q u e i s
t o o 1ow. Think ag ain o f t h e e ne rgy
conversion concept.
It i s a p p a r e n t t h a t i f t h e f u e 1 f1ow
i s t o o 1ow, o b v i o u s 1 y , t h e e n g i n e
c a n n o t p r o d u c e t h e norma1 t o r q u e o r
temperature it should. The f a c t
t h a t a l 1 t h r e e i n d i c a t i o n s a r e low
would i n d i c a t e o n l y t h a t t h e e n g i n e
H is fuel limited. It i s u n i m p o r t a n t
TT 0608 3<
a t t h i s point to attempt to determine
84 t h e d e t a i 1 e d pr ob1em w i t h i n t h e f u e l
system, b u t g e t t i n g t h e s e gage
i n d i c a t i o n s and ana1yzing t h i s s e t
o f circu m s tan ces can be va1uable in
d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h e prob1em i s i n
t h e f u e l system and n o t i n t h e
p r o p e lle r governing system, torque
in d ic a tio n system o r in other
devices. The n e x t s t e p w o u l d b e t o
troub1eshoot t h e fue1 system.
WH T IS INDIC TED BY ? Under t h i s s e t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e

NORM L LOW NORM L NORM L rpm i s n o r m a l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s
1 o w e r t h a n n o r m a 1 , t h e f u e l f1ow i s
a 1s o norma1, and t h e e n g i n e i s
g p r o d u c i n g t h e r i g h t am ount o f t o r q u e .
Consider these in d icatio n s for a
This website stores data such as moment a n d d e t e r m i n e w h a t t h e b a s i c
cookies to enable essential site prob1em i s .
functionality, as well as marketing, It s apparent tha t the temperature,
personalization, and analytics. You f u e 1 f1ow , a n d t o r q u e i n d i c a t i o n s
may change your settings at any time are very close1y related. It i s
or accept the default settings. obvious tha t these indications,
w h e r e f u e 1 f1ow a n d t o r q u e a r e b o t h
H norm a1 a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s
Privacy Policy TJ- )600-35
abnorma1, do n o t f o l 1 o w t h e o r y o f
85 operation of energy conversion. If
Marketing t h e r i g h t amount o f f u e l i s p u t i n t o
Personalization t h e en g i n e and t h e r i g h t amount o f
torque i s produced, t h e engine must
Analytics t h en be p ro d u ci n g t h e r i g h t amount
o f temperature.
Save Accept All
3-29
[ ] TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
I f the i n d i c a t o r does not agree

then the indicator is a t fau1t.
Though i t i s c o n c e i v a b 1 e t h a t b o t h
t h e f u e 1 f1ow a n d t h e t o r q u e m e t e r
i n d i c a t o r systems might be
m a 1func t i oni ng and t h a t t h e e ngi ne
i s rea11y running a t a fue1 1imited
condition the possibi1ity is very
remote. The f a c t t h a t f u e 1 f 1ow
a n d t o r q u e a r e b o t h norma1 i n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h e e n g i n e i s d o i n g its j o b i n
c o n v e r t i n g t h e r i g h t a mo u n t o f f u e l
i n t o t h e r i g h t a mo u n t o f t o r q u e a n d
consequent1y must be p u t t i n g t h e
r i g h t a mo u n t o f h e a t e n e r g y o u t t h e
exhaust. In t h i s c a s e the
ma1function i s most 1ike1y t h e
temperature indication system.
WH T IS INDIC TED BY ? In t h i s i n s t a n c e the r pm i s n o r m a 1 ,

NORM L NORM L NORM L LOW t h e t e m p e r a t u r e i s norma1, t h e fue1
f1ow i s n o r m a 1 , b u t t h e t o r q u e m e t e r
r e a d s be1ow n o r m a 1 . U s i n g t h e sam e
th o u g h t p ro ces s as you d i d i n t h e
p r e v i o u s e x a m p 1 e s , y o u s h o u 1 d come
to the conc1usion tha t the
torquemeter i s reading improper1y.
Again, i t h e f u e 1 f1ow i s w h a t i t
shou1d be and t h e h e a t energy i s
what it shou1d b e then obvious1y
t h e p o we r b e i n g p r o d u c e d t o t h e
p r o p e 1 1 e r i s norma1 a n d t h e
t o r q u e m e t e r h a s a m a 1 f u n c t i o n i n its
T 0600 36 i n d i c a t i o n system.
86
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
3-30
Save Accept All

m TSG-103
12-1-79
WH T IS INDIC TED BY ow t h a t you have had a chance t o

NORM L LMT l W LOW become p r o f i c i e n t i n a n a l y z i n g t h e
engine instruments, l e t • s look a t
these final circumstances. In an
a t t e m p t t o m ak e t a k e o f f p o w e r , t h e
e n g i n e i s a t t h e c o r r e c t rpm a n d
has reached the temperature l i m i t ,
y e t t h e f u e l fl o w i s s l i g h t l y low
and t h e to rq u e i s co n s i d erab l y low.
Can y o u d e t e r m i n e w h a t t h e p r o b l e m
is?
Th e c o n c l u s i o n s h o u l d b e t h a t t h e
temperature in d icatin g system has
a malfunction t h a t causes it to
TT-{ 608-37
read too high. Let's analyze tha t.
87 Assuming t h a t an e r r o r in t h e
temperature indicating system is
causing the indicator to read
higher than it should, it i s
c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t as t h e power l e v e r
i s advanced t o p u t more f u e l i n t o
t h e engine to produce t a k e o f f power,
t h e gage would r e a c h a p o i n t where
it indicates t h a t the temperature
l i m i t has been reached. In
accordance with instructions, the
l e v e r w i l l n o t be advanced beyond
that point. Then, i t h e gage i s
reading higher than it should,
further increase in fuel into the
a
e
lensgsi n e h a s n b
o er m
e na l s. t o pCpoends eaqtu e n tpl y
o,i n t
than
t h e power b e i n g produced w i l l be
This website stores data such as l e s s than normal. So i you
cookies to enable essential site determined t h a t the p o s s i b i l i t y o f
functionality, as well as marketing, a temperature in d icatin g system
personalization, and analytics. You r e a d i n g t o o h i g h was t h e p r o b l e m ,
may change your settings at any time you a r e c o r r e c t . But w a i t a
or accept the default settings. minute Is there anything else
t h a t would g i v e t h i s s e t o f
indications?
Privacy Policy C o n s i d e r f o r a m o m en t t h e p o w e r
conversion p r in cip le. Th e f u e l
Marketing
energy into the engine is converted
Personalization e i t he r into torque or heat energy
out of the exhaust.
Analytics
Save Accept All

3-31
ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
I f the e f f i c i e n c y o f t h a t engine
has been reduced then greater
s h a r e o f t h a t f u e 1 e n e r g y wou1d g o
o u t the t a i 1 p i p e t o be recorded a s
he a t energy ra the r than converted
i n t o useab1e horsepower. T h i s means
t h a t a t some p o i n t 1 e s s t h a n norma1
f u e 1 f1ow t h a t e n e r g y h a s r e a c h e d
the temperature 1imit. These
c o n d i t i o n s o f l e s s e f f i c i e n t power
c o n v e r s i o n cou1d a1so be a s
i n d i c a t e d on t h e i n s t r u m e n t s . This
p a r t i c u 1 a r c a se cou1d i n d i c a t e t h e
r e 1 a t i v e 1 y simp1e prob1em o f t h e
temperature i n d i c a t i n g system
needing a t t e n t i o n o r it could a1so
indicate deterioration in the
performance o f t h e engine as an
energy converter. t is important
tf o
o r hath
ve en
e a dg
d ii n
t ieo n
maa1i n tt e
ronu
anbcl e moeoc thianngi c
esh
too1s a t his disposa1. The d e c i s i o n
to fix the temperature indicating
s y s t e m o r t o re mo v e t h e e n g i n e a n d
send it to the major r e p a i r f a c i l i t y
represents substantial dollar
difference.
L a t e r o n i n t h e book t h e r e wi11 b e
additiona1 cockpit troub1eshooting
t o show t h e m e c h a n i c t h a t
d e c i s i o n c a n b e made r e a d i 1 y w i t h o u t
even l e a v i n g t h e c o c k p i t . This
series of cockpit instrument
indication ana1ysis i s intended to
show t h e t r o u b 1 e s h o o t i n g m e c h a n i c
t h a t he should n o t over1ook t h e
obvious. n indication of the
This website stores data such as c o c k p i t i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n c a n many

cookies to enable essential site times reduce t h e time and d o l l a r s
s p e n t in so1vi ng t h e prob1ems t h a t
m y occur with the engine. These
e x e r c i s e s emphasize the importance
or accept the default settings. o f the basic concept o f energy
c onve r si on and recognition that
these engine instrument indications
Privacy Policy are r e la te d to each o t h e r.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
3-32
Save Accept All

ffi TSG-103
4-1-80
SUBJECT: WORK OOK EXERCISE 2

SECTION 3 THEORY OF
OPERATION
1. The m ai n r o t a t i n g g r o u p o f the TPE331 e n g i n e c o n s i s t s o f :

a. A three-stage a x i a l compressor s e c t i o n and a tw o - sta g e
radial turbine section.
)(. A two-stage c e n t r i f u g a i (radial) i m p e l l e r cornpressor
s e c t i o n and a t h r e e - s t a g e a x i a l turbine s e c t i o n .
c. A three-stage centrifugai (radial) cornpressor s e c t i o n
and a two-stage a x i a l t u r b i n e s e c t i o n .
2. The d e v i c e t h a t c o n v e r t s m e c h a n i c a l e n e r g y i n t o p n e u m a t i c e n e r g y
is called:
a. A turbine.
b. A combustor.
c. A gearbox.
9 ::: A compressor.
3. The g e a r s e c t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e c o n v e r t s h i g h rprn-low t o r q u e t o
low r p m - h i g h t o r q u e .
3;::: True.
b. False.
4. Correct operating t e c h n i q u e w o u l d a l l o w a d v a n c i n g t h e power l e v e r

unti l:
a. The t u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t i s r e a c h e d .
b. The a i r c r a f t t o r q u e l i m i t i s r e a c h e d .
Either a or b, whichever occurs f i r s t .

cookies to5 enable
. L aessential
b y r i n tsite
h s e a l s p r e v e n t a i r le a ka ge between s t a g e s w i t h i n t h e
functionality, as e n gas
well e during operation.
i nmarketing,
personalization,);and. analytics.
T r u e . You
may change your b .settings
F a latsany
e . time
6. Airflow through the compressor d i f f u s e r dive rge nt duc t:

Privacy Policy
Rem ai ns a t c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y a n d d e c r e a s e s s t a t i c p r e s s u r e .
a.
Marketing
~ D e c r e a s e s v e l o c i t y and i n c r e a s e s s t a t i c p r e s s u r e .
c.
Personalization I n c r e a s e s v e l o c i t y and s t a t i c p r e s s u r e .
Analytics
Save Accept All

3-33
m TSG-103
4-1-80
WORK OOK EXERCISE
7. The p r e s s u r e a n d t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r as t passes through

the two-stage compressor s e c t i o n will:
Increase.
~ ·
b. Decrease.
c. Pressure will ris e but temperature will r e m a i n t h e sam e.
d. Temperature w i l l r i s e but pressure will r e m a i n t h e sam e.
8. The p r e s s u r e r a t i o a c r o s s a c o m p r e s s o r s e c t i o n when o p e r a t i n g
a t a s t a n d a r d s e a l e v e l a m b i e n t and p r o d u c i n g a P3 p r e s s u r e o f
135 p s i g would b e :
a. .098:1
~ 10.2:1
c. 9.2:1
d. .109:1
9. The a i r p r e s s u r e a t S t a t i o n T h r e e would b e :
a. Less than S tation 2.1.

b. Less than S tation 4.
c. Less than ambient but a t a g r e a t l y inc re a se d v e l o c i t y .
~ The p o i n t o f h i g h e s t a i r p r e s s u r e w i t h i n t h e e n g i n e .
10. The v e l o c i t y o f t h e g a s e s a t S t a t i o n F o u r would b e :
a. Less than a t S tation 3.

~ Gr eat e_r t h a n a t S t a t i o n 3 .
c. Equal to t h a t a t S t a t i o n 3.
11. The a i r f l o w t h r o u g h a s t a t o r n o z z l e i n t h e t u r b i n e s e c t i o n :
This website stores

a. data
Remsuch
ai nsas a t a c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y b u t changes p r e s s u r e .
cookies to enableb . essential
D e c r esite
ases in velocity.
functionality, : as
2 ~ ~ well I
asn marketing,
creases in veloci ty.
1 2 . the The
or accept emp erat u re and p r e s s u r e o f ga se s a s t h ey p a s s thr ough t h e
defaulttsettings.
three-stage turbine section will:
/a:
Privacy Policy Decrease.
b. Increase.
Marketing
c. Remain u n c h a n g e d .
Personalization
Analytics
3-34
Save Accept All

[ffi TSG - 103

4-1-80
HORKBOOK EXERCISE
t Jhen s t u d y i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e T PE 331, i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e m e m b e r
that i e n g i n e s p e e d (rpm) i s t o r e m a i n c o n s t a n t , p o w e r t o t h e
prope11er and prope11er 1oad must be equa1. The fo11ow ing q u e s t i o n s
are d i r e c t e d toward t h i s 1oad/powerjrpm re1ationship.
13. I f prope 11e r 1oad remains c o n s t a n t and power i s increased, what

w i 1 1 h a p p e n t o r pm ?
a. T he rpm w i 1 1 d e c r e a s e .
The rpm w i 1 1 i n c r e a s e .
c. T he rpm w i 1 1 n o t c h a n g e .
14. I f power i s increased, what must happen to prope1ler 1oad i rpm
is to remain constant?
a. Prope11er 1oad must d e c r e a s e .
· Prope11er 1oad must i n c r e a s e .
c. P r ope11er 1oad must n o t change.
15. I f power remains c o n s t a n t and p r o p e 1 l e r 1oad i s incréased, what

w i 1 l h a p p e n t o r pm ?
T he rpm w i 1 1 d e c r e a s e .
b. The r pm w i 1 1 i n c r e a s e . ·
c. T he rpm w i 1 1 n o t c h a n g e .
16. I f prope11er load remains constant, and power i s decreased, what

w i 1 l h a p p e n t o rpm?
T he rpm w i 1 1 d e c r e a s e .
b. T he r pm w i 1 1 i n c r e a s e .
c. T he r pm w i 1 1 n o t c h a n g e .
17. I f prope11er load is increased, what must happen to power i rpm
i s to remain constant?
a . settings.
Power m u s t d e c r e a s e .
Power must i n c r e a s e .
c. Power m ust n o t change.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
18. I f p r o p e 1 1 e r 1oad i s d e c r e a s e d , what must happen t o power i rpm
i s to remain constant?
Personalization
:h- Power must d e c r e a s e .
Analytics
b. Power must i n c r e a s e .
c. Power must n o t change.
Save Accept All
3-35
[ffi} TSG 103

4 1 80
WORKBOOK EXERCISE
The f o 1 1 o w i n g q u e s t i o n s a r e a n e x e r c i s e i n c o c k p i t t r o u b 1 e s h o o t i n g
u s i n g t h e e n g i n e p a r a m e t e r s as disp1ayed on t h e c o c k p i t i n d i c a t o r s
Select from t h e fo11owing list the answer t h a t d e s c r i b e s t h e problem
area
a Fuel f 1ow i n d i c a t i o n s y s t e m p r o b l e m .
b Te m p e ra t u re i n d i c a t i o n s ys tem prob1em.
c Torque i n d i c a t i o n system problem.
d. Low e n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y
ANSWER
NORMAL LOW NORMAL NORMA L
rT\
19.
8 G
NORMAL NOR MAL NORMAL LOW
0 9 rT\
20.
NORMAL NORMAL LOW NORMAL
:\
21.
9 G
personalization, and analytics.
NORMALYou LOW LOW LIMI T
9
Privacy Policy
22.
Marketing
G
Personalization
Analytics
3 36
Save Accept All

TSG-103
4-1-80
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 2
The fo11owing c h a r t a n d a s s o c i a t e d q u e s t i o n s w i 1 1 r e 1 a t e t h e e f f e c t
o f changes i n ambient t e mp e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e a 1 t i t u d e on e n g i n e
performance. The a i r c r a f t i n q u e s t i o n i s e q u i p p e d w i t h - 1 0 e n g i n e s
f 1 a t r a t e d t o 825 s h a f t h o r s e p o w e r a t 100 rpm o n a 35°C
sta nda rd se a 1eve1 p r e s s u r e a 1 t i t u d e day.
NOTE: ENGINE AT 100 RPM
900 '.l J::/Ijp i

....... ENGINE CERTIFIED HORSE POWER LIMIT
::r: ~ ' . l [ J J ? e
U)
825 -t.rflt.r'.l
:: AIRCRAFT TORQUE METER RED LINE
[i:
[i:
U)
::
o FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES ONLY,
::r:
USE FOR QUESTIONS 23 THROUGH 26.
E1
li
t<
::r:
U)
15°C 35°C
AIR DENSITY
(OAT/PA)
23.
personalization, Assum i ng aYous e a 1 e v e 1 p r e s s u r e a 1 t i t u d e w i t h a n a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
and analytics.
may change your 25°Cat any
o fsettings 1 1 t a k e o f f power b e 1 i m i t e d b y t o r q u e o r t u r b i n e
w itime
t e m settings.
or accept the default perature?
Torque 1 i m i t .
b. Turbine temperature 1imit.
Privacy Policy
c. Both 1 i m i t s wi11 be reached a t t h e sa n e time.
d. N e i t h e r 1 i m i t can be reached.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

3-37
TSG-103
4-1-80
WORK OOK EXERCISE 2
24. After takeoff, with the c onditions s e t f o r t h in que stion 23, a

g i v e n t o r q u e v a 1 u e was m a i n t a i n e d w h i 1 e c 1 i m b i n g t o a 1 t i t u d e .
What e f f e c t wou1d t h i s have on t u r b i n e te mpe r a tur e ?
a. Turbine te mp e r a tu r e wi11 d ecreas e as a 1 t i t u d e i n c r e a s e s .

b. T u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e wi 11 n o t c h a n g e u n 1 e s s t h e p i 1 o t m akes
a c h a n g e i n f u e 1 f1ow .
Turbine te mp e r a tu r e wi11 i n c r e a s e as a 1 t i t u d e i n c r e a s e s .
25. A t t h e t i m e o f d e p a r t u r e f r om t h e s e c o n d a i r p o r t , a m b i e n t
t e m p e r a t u r e i s 45°C w i t h a p r e s s u r e a 1 t i t u d e h i g h e r t h a n s e a
1eve1 s t a n d a r d . To e s t a b 1 i s h t a k e o f f p o w e r , t h e p i 1 o t s h o u 1 d
advance t h e power 1 e v e r :
a. To to r q u e me te r r e d 1 i n e and n o t e t h e t u r b i n e te mp e r a tu r e
reading.
: tl::. To t u r b i n e te mp e r a tu r e 1 i m i t and n o t e t h e to r q u e me te r
-,,
reading.
26. The p i 1 o t o f t h e a i r c r a f t d e s c r i b e d p r i o r t o q u e s t i o n 23
d e c i d e d t o demand 900 SHP f o r t a k e o f f o n a s t a n d a r d s e a 1 e v e 1
ambient day. H i s a c t i o n s may r e s u 1 t i n :
Damage t o t h e a i r c r a f t b y e x c e e d i n g t h e a i r c r a f t
\
ma n ufa c ture r s torque 1 i m i t recommendations.
b. Damage t o t h e e n g i n e t u r b i n e s e c t i o n b y e x c e e d i n g
temperature 1imits.
c. Damage t o t h e g e a r b o x s e c t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e b y e x c e e d i n g
engine torque 1imits.
d. None o f t h e a b o v e . I t s a11 r i g h t u n d e r any c o n d i t i o n t o
t a k e t h e maximum power t h e e n g i n e i s c e r t i f i e d t o p r o d u c e .

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
3-38
Save Accept All

r
H L G
0
H\ 3

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
PISTON ENG IN CONTROLS This p i c t u r e reminds us o f the four

t y p i c a 1 c o n t r o 1 s found in
reciprocating engine cockpit
PROP MIXTUR quadrants.
First, there i s a t h r o t t 1 e used to
c ont r o1 fue1. Next i s a p r o p e 1 1 e r
' ' ( } - ~ ' ' ' cont ro1 used t o a d j u s t the
prope11er governor. Third1y, a
mixture contro1 i s used to vary the
mix tu re o f a i r and fue1 to t h e
OUR ONTROLS PER ENGINE
carburetor. Fina11y, a carburetor
heat 1ever prevents icing of the
=
c a r b u r e t o r d u r i n g power 1etdown o r
T 0609 3 when f 1 y i n g i n known c a r b u r e t o r
icing conditions.
#91
tcan r e a d i 1 y be seen t h a t f our
contro1s per engine resu1ts in a
very busy quadrant.
TPE33 COCKPIT CONTROLS n TPE331 Powered A i r c r a f t , t h e

c o c k p i t q u a d r a n t c o n t a i n s o n 1 y two
e n g i n e c o n t r o 1 s - - t h e Power L e v e r
and t h e Speed L e v e r .
The power 1 e v e r - - w h i c h i s t o t h e
1 e f t in t h i s drawing--re1ates to
the thrott1e in reciprocating
engines. B u t t h i s 1 e v e r d o e s mo re
than contro1 fue1. The power 1 e v e r
a1so gi ves the p i 1 o t contro1 over
prope11er t h r u s t dur i ng ground
TWO ONTROLS PER ENGINE
operation.
cookies to enable essential site The s p e e d 1 e v e r - - s o m e t i m e s c a 1 1 e d
functionality, as well as marketing, TT-«>09-4 Condi t i o n 1 e v e r - - i s shown t o t h e
personalization, and analytics. You#92 r i ght in t h i s picture. t primari1y
may change your settings at any time c o n t r o 1 s t h e s e 1 e c t i o n o f e n g i n e rpm
or accept the default settings. the pi1ot desires.
In those a i r c r a f t a pp1ic a tions in
which t h e speed 1ever i s r e f e r r e d
Privacy Policy
to as a Condition Lever, it a c t s
Marketing a s an emergency s h u t o f f 1e ve r, a s
we11 a s , a s p e e d c o n t r o 1 . To
Personalization m a i n t a i n c o n s i s t e n c y , we wi11 u s e
the term Speed Lever throughout
Analytics
t h i s book.
Save Accept All

4-1
[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
7-l-80
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS As c a n b e s e e n i n t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n ,
t h e engine i n s t ru men t s on t h e
l e f t - - r e p r e s e n t i n g f u e l , horsepower
o~
a
rend
l a teexd gea s p o
h atuos t t h t ewm
e rp ebreaitnugr ep-r-oadr u
eced
by t h e e n g i n e , o r t h e power l e v e r .
T he s p e e d l e v e r , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,
NO is essentially responsible for
s e l e c t i n g rpm, a s i n d i c a t e d on t h e
Oru
engine tachometer.
ENGINE RPM
POWER
TT-0609-5
#93
LEVER OPER TING R NGES T h e s e tw o d r a w i n g s i n d i c a t e t h e

power and s pe e d l e v e r p o s i t i o n s a s
POWER LE VER SPEED LEVER i d e n t i f i e d on t h e c o c k p i t q u a d r a n t .
S t a r t i n g w ith t h e l e f t s i d e drawing
o f t h e p o w e r l e v e r p o s i t i o n s , we
U
TO
see there are four. The f u l l b a c k
p o s i t i o n - - t h e p o s i t i o n in which t h e
T XI lever i s pulled c l o s e s t toward the
p i l o t - - i s i d e n t i fi e d as Reverse.
Going f o r wa r d , t h e n e x t p o s i t i o n
labeled is Ground I d l e . Forward
LIMITS f POWER LEVER LIMITS f SPEED LEVER of ground i d l e i s t h e Flight Idle
TRA VEL l fUGHT TRA VEL IN FLIGHT
position. The f u l l f o r w a r d
H
TT 11609 7 position--in the direction farthest
away f r o m t h e p i l o t - - i s u s u a l l y
#95 called Maximum.
cookies to enable essential site As se e n by lo o k in g a t t h e a r r o w s ,
functionality, as well as marketing, power l e v e r t r a v e l i n normal f l i g h t
personalization, and analytics. You o p e r a t i o n i s from f l i g h t i d l e t o
may change your settings at any time maximum. T he a i r c r a f t m u s t b e o n
or accept the default settings. the ground before the p i l o t can
b r i n g t h e power l e v e r f a r t h e r b ack
than the f l i g h t i d l e p o s i t i o n . t
Privacy Policy is for t h i s reason t h a t the f l i g h t
idle position is a hard stop.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-2
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-1-79
t c o n t a i n s a d e t e n t and t h e p i l o t
m u s t make a s p e c i f i c e f f o r t t o move
t h e p o we r l e v e r o u t o f f l i g h t i d l e
i n t o ground i d l e o r r e v e r s e .
The s p e e d l e v e r m a r k i n g s a r e
i l l u s t r a t e d on the r i g h t s i d e
picture. The f u l l b a c k p o s i t i o n i s
identified as Taxi. T he n e x t
p o s i t i o n forward i s a d e t e n t marked
Cruise, w h i c h i s t h e minimum
c r u i s e rpm s p e e d . The f u l l f o r w a r d
position is labeled Takeoff, o r in
some a i r c r a f t , Takeoff and Landing.
The d o t t e d l i n e s a n d a r r o w s r e f l e c t
tf h to
l ieg h t ta
bel tw
sp en
ee e d t hl e t roafv
e v tear k e f e al n d
in
cruise positions. The a i r c r a f t
s h o u l d be on t h e ground b e f o r e t h e
p i l o t b r i n g s the speed l e ve r back to
the taxi position.
W i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n we h a v e a t t h i s
p o i n t , we w i l l now g o t h r o u g h a
complete cycle o f engine ope ra tion
to discover what happens i n t he
positionin g of these levers.
PREST RT S e v e r a l items should be checked

b e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h e TPE331 E n g i n e .
I E V ~ I I U In a d d i t i o n t o the o i l l e v e l , fue l
. _ _ _ _ _ _P _O W _E _I _. _~ _
f V _E _
R - _- _
- ._ t y r m ~ supply, and a r e a around t h e
~ l ~ J ; O [ - - p r o p e l l e r , t h e i n l e t and exhaust
SP O lEVfl
This website stores data such as d u ct s must be checked f o r
cookies to enable essential site obstructions. Also, the p r o p e l l e r
functionality, as well as marketing, must be a t a f l a t p i t c h p o s i t i o n
personalization, and analytics. You pr ior to st art i ng, in order to
may change your settings at any time reduce the load t h a t the s t a r t e r
or accept the default settings. h a s t o overcome d u r i n g c r a n k i n g .
Privacy Policy
RP P ll l
o
GT
This f l a t p itch p o s itio n of the
propeller prior to s ta r ting is
referred to as the propeller being
Tl C609 8 On The L o c k s .
Marketing
#96 L ock p i n s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e h u b
Personalization area of the propeller. Their
function is to prevent the feather
Analytics
s p r i n g s from d r i v i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r
to the feathered pos ition.
Save Accept All
4-3
ffi TSG-103
REVISE
2-1-81
I f the p r o p e l l e r were in a
f e a t h e r e d p o s i t i o n , it would c r e a t e
an o v e r l o a d t h a t would r e s i s t
cranking. Another a r e a t h a t needs
pr e f light attention is the battery.
There must be adequate cranking
power to s t a r t t h e e n g i n e . The
p r o p e r a u x i l i a r y p o we r u n i t c a n
a l s o be used to ensure an adequate
s u p p l y o f 24 v o l t p o w e r .
Looking a t t h e i l l u s t r a t i o n la be le d
Prestart, we s e e t h e p o s i t i o n o f
the engine control levers in
preparation for a st ar t . The p o w e r
lever is placed a t, or near, flight
i d l e so t h a t the p r o p e l l e r i s on
the s t a r t locks. The s p e e d l e v e r
i s p l a c e d in t h e low rpm, o r t a x i
position.
Notice a l s o t h e gage read i n g s

across the bottom o f t h i s
illustration. All are a t zero
e x c e p t f o r t h e temperature gage.
t should read approximately
ambient tem p eratu re.
CR NKING As t h e e n g i n e s t a r t s w i t c h i s moved
STARTER·GENERATOR ....
to the On position, the a i r c r a f t
r e l a y s w i l l be p u l l e d in to supply
a s o u r c e o f 24 v o l t s t o t h e s t a r t e r
B TTERY
generator. T h i s 24 v o l t s w i l l a l s o
be ap p l i ed to t h e o i l v e n t v al v e,
which i s v i s i b l e in the upper r i g h t
corner of t hi s
hand drawing.
The p u r p o s e o f t h e o i l v e n t v a l v e
o o
This website stores data such as i s to r e l i e v e t he l o ad c r e a t e d by
functionality,P as well as marketing,
P FUEL
.O
EGT
t h e o i l pumps d u r i n g a l l s t a r t i n g
conditions.
personalization, and analytics. You As t h e e n g i n e s t a r t s to rotate, the
may change your settings at any time TT 0609 9
rpm g a g e w i l l s t a r t t o s how a
or accept the default settings. #97 s l i g h t u p wa rd r i s e f r o m z e r o .
T h e r e a r e no n o t i c e a b l e c h a n g e s i n
the other indicators a t t hi s time.
Privacy Policy t is important a t t h i s point in
t h e o p e r a t i n g c y c l e t h a t no f u e l be
Marketing introduced into the engine. Fuel
Personalization in the engine d u r i n g c r a n k i n g could
r e s u l t in a flaming s t a r t .
Analytics
4-4
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
T h i s i s p r e v e n t e d by t h e p u r g i n g
a c t i o n o f t h e c om pre ssors, which
draw i n o u t s i d e a i r , compress it
and fo rce it through t h e t u r b i n e s
and ex h au st.
Fuel is not introduced into the
engine until the ten per cent
switch i s activated.
LIGHTOFF AT 10 RPM By t h e t i m e t h e e n g i n e r e a c h e s t e n
p e r c e n t rpm, t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t
a i r f l o w t h r o u g h t h e power s e c t i o n
t o s u s t a i n combustion. T he e n g i n e
s t a r t control system w i l l receive
a si gna l in d icatin g the engine
speed. When t h i s t e n p e r c e n t
signal is received, the control
system w i l l accomplish several
tasks. T he s y s t e m w i l l o p e n t h e
0 0 HP
u ' 8
fuel shutoff valve to allow fuel
to be i n t ro d u ced i n t o the
combustion s e c t i o n . It w i l l a l s o
•
PM FU L GT
actuate the i g n i t i o n system, causing
I o609 IO
the i g n i t o rs to give o f f the spark
98 tha t will light the fuel. This
i s commonly c a l l e d Lightoff. T he
ten per cent signal also energizes
the P r i m a r i e s Only So l e n o i d open.
e w i l l see l a t e r - - i n the fuel
system d i s c u s s i o n --t h e purpose o f
this solenoid.
This website stores data such as Shortly after passing ten per cent
cookies to enable essential site rpm, a sudden i n c r e a s e w i l l
functionality, as well as marketing, r e g i s t e r on t h e f u e l flow i n d i c a t o r .
personalization, and analytics. You Accompanying t h i s i n c r e a s e i n f u e l
may change your settings at any time flow w i l l be a r a p i d r i s e in
or accept the default settings. temperature.
This in d ic a te s t h a t l i g h t o f f has
been accomplished. From t h i s p o i n t
Privacy Policy
on, the temperature in d ic a to r w i l l
Marketing be t h e i m p o r t a n t gage t o watch.
Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t s m u s t n o t
Personalization be exceeded. Rpm m u s t a l s o b e
m onitor ed f o r a smooth r a t e o f
Analytics
acceleration.
Save Accept All

4-5
TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
I f t h e sudden i n c r e a s e in f u e l
flow and temperature does n o t
occur, the s t a r t should be aborted,
corrective action taken.
and
CCELER TION Besides a c t i v a t i n g the fuel s h u t o ff

M NU L - - - - o - C > - - - - - ~ v alv e and i g n i t i o n system, the
engine speed s ig n a l to the auto
s t a r t computer a l s o en erg i zes an
automatic fuel enrichment system.
This system w i l l normally supply
whatever fuel is necessary to
main tain an accep t ab l e r a t e o f
acceleration without exceeding a
preset safe temperature limit.
t) Q . T h i s e n r i c h m e n t s y s t e m may b e
manually overridden i necessary.
RPM HP FU L GT H The i n s t r u m e n t i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t
TT 0ò09 ll would a p p e a r a t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e
o p e r a t i o n a l c y c l e a r e show n a l o n g
99 the bottom of t h i s p i c t u re . The
rpm w i l l now b e i n c r e a s i n g w i t h o u t
hesitation.
T he t o r q u e m e t e r w i l l s t a r t t o
indicate a slight increase. T he
f u e l f l o w i n d i c a t i o n may t y p i c a l l y
g o u p t o a b o u t 250 p o u n d s p e r h o u r .
T e m p e r a t u r e may b e n e a r 7 0 0 °
Celsius. o n o t e x c e e d t h e maximum
EGT o f 7 7 0 ° f o r o n e s e c o n d . During
this period of operation, the pi l ot
r e a l l y h a s n o t h i n g m ore t o d o t h a n
monitor these gages. Acceleration
i s completely automatic as a
r e s u l t o f a P3 a i r s i g n a l
This website stores data such as r e c e i v e d by t h e f u e l c o n t r o l .
functionality, as well as marketing, As the engine increases in speed,
personalization, and analytics. You compressor d is c h a r g e - - P 3 ) - - a ir
may change your settings at any time pressure increases. This pressure
i n c re a s e causes a s i g n a l t o be
sent to the fuel control for
additional fuel. T he m o r e f u e l
energy put into the engine, the
Privacy Policy
higher the turbine temperature
Marketing w i l l be.
Personalization
Analytics
4-6
Save Accept All

m TSG-103
12-1-79
C o n s e q u e n t l y , g r e a t e r power i s
extracted resu1ting in greater
speed o f the compressors. The
inc re a se in compressor speed causes
a n i n c r e a s e i n P3 a n d t h e whole
cyc1e r e p e a t s i t s e l f .
The p i 1 o t n e e d s o n 1 y t o m o n i t o r
the instruments n o t i n g any
a b n o r m a 1 i t y t h a t wou1d c a u s e h im
to abort the s t a r t cyc1e. These
are primariiy high temperature
o r a s1ow r a t e o f a c c e i e r a t i o n
t h a t may d e i a y t h e a c c e i e r a t i o n
t h r o u g h a c r i t i c a l f r e q u e n c y rpm
range.
CRITIC L SPEED R NGE The c r i t i c a l s p e e d r a n g e o f t h e

TPE331 E n g i n e i s i n t h e I 8 t o 28
AVOlO OPER TION IN THE 8 · 28 RPM R NGE p e r c e n t rpm r a n g e . Proionged
o p e r a t i o n in t h i s speed range
should be avoided. As t h e e n g i n e
acce1erates t shouid increase in
speed smoothiy through t h i s range.
This picture i i 1 u st ra t e s the
c o n s e q u e n c e s o f k e e p i n g t h e TPE331
E n g i n e i n t h e I 8 t o 28 p e r c e n t
rpm r a n g e . The r o t a t i n g g r o u p w i i l
begin t o v i b r a t e and e v e n t u a i
H
physical deformation o f the pa rts
fT- )609-12
100 o r metai to metal contact could

result.
cookies to enable essential site I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o re me mb e r t h a t
functionality, as well as marketing, t h e c r i t i c a i speed range i s beiow
personalization, and analytics. You t h e normai o p e r a t i n g speed range.
may change your settings at any time I t i s o f prime concern oniy dur i ng
or accept the default settings. t h e s t a r t s e q u e n c e t h a t we m a i n t a i n
a good r a t e o f a c c e i e r a t i o n
through the c r i t i c a i range. If the
Privacy Policy i n c r e a s i n g rpm a p p e a r s t o h a n g
in t h i s range, the engine stop
Marketing switch shouid be a c t i v a t e d thus
aborting the engine s t a r t .
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

4-7
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
60 RPM sthe a uto s t a r t computer se nse s

START{R-&ENERATOR----... ~ -..
t h a t t h e e n g i n e h a s r e a c h e d t h e 60
p e r c e n t rpm p o i n t relay action
within the a i r c r a f t system
de-energizes the s ta rte r generator
a n d a t 60 p e r c e n t the engine is
self-sustaining. The o i l v e n t
v a lv e w i l l a l s o be c l o s e d and t h e
i g n i t i o n system de -e ne rgiz e d since
o
the f i r e f o r combustion has been
established.
b PM
8 HP
8FUEL EGT
Note t h e c o c k p i t gage r e a d i n g s
shown i n t h i s p i c t u r e . The rpm i s
i n c r e a s i n g above t h e 60 p e r c e n t
IT <>609 13
rpm p o i n t . The t o r q u e m e t e r r e a d i n g
#101 is also increasing. Fuel flow i s
s t l l i n t h e 250 p o u n d r a n g e a t
this point in acceleration. The
temperature however, i s s t a r t i n g
to decrease because o f the g r e a t e r
supply o f a i r to t h e engine caused
by t h e i n c r e a s i n g s p eed .
ONSPEED Up t o t h i s p o i n t t h e e n g i n e h a s
b e e n a c c e l e r a t i n g b e c a u s e o f a P3
O -.:.,
SPEED L Vfl
Hl
- - - - - - - - -- - · ~ ai r signal to the fuel control
PNDEISPEED OYERNOR
requesting additional fuel. Since
N FUEL CONTROL
the fue l energy going i n t o the
e n g i n e e x c e e d s t h e am ount n e c e s s a r y
to carry the load of the propeller
on t h e s t a r t l o c k s t h e rpm
increases.
Remember, when t h e e n g i n e was
( ) nE) ' o ' 8•

started t h e p r o p e l l e r was o n t h e
s t a r t l o c k s a t a v e r y l ow p i t c h
PM
P FUEL GT blade angle.
r
cookies to enable essential site D 6 0 9 J ~
When the s p e e d l e v e r was p l a c e d i n
#102 the low rpm o r t a x i p o s i t i o n a
personalization, and analytics. You c o n n e c t i o n f r om t h e s p e e d l e v e r t o
may change your settings at any time the fuel control adjusted the
or accept the default settings. s p r i n g v a l u e on a g o v e r n a r . This
governar i s called the Underspeed
G o v e r n a r ~
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-8
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-1-79
The a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e u n d e r s p e e d
g o v e r n o r s p r i n g r e p r e s e n t s a n rpm
o f a p p r o x i m a t e 1 y 65 t o 75 p e r c e n t ,
d e p e n d i n g on t h e a i r c r a f t
insta11ation. (The s p e e d 1 e v e r
p o s i t i o n s the underspeed governor
in the fuel control to stop the
a c c e l e r a t i o n when rpm r e a c h e s t h i s
adjustment point. As t h e e n g i n e
speed approaches t h i s p o i n t , the
governor wi1l begin to reduce the
fue1 so t h a t t will ultimately
p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y am ount o f
fuel to carry the propeller load a t
tr h
eeq urpm
ested th . a t Tthhie
s c oopned i or n h a
r ai tt o i ss c a l l e d
the On Speed c o n d i t i o n and i s
i l l u s t r a t e d in t h i s pi c t ur e .
Note t h e c o c k p i t i n s t r u m e n t
indications. The rpm h a s s t o p p e d
a t 73 p e r c e n t . The t o r q u e m e t e r
s t l l r e a d s l ow s i n c e t h e p r o p e l l e r
i s o n t h e l o c k s and n o t much l o a d
can be produced. Fuel has been
r e d u c e d by t h e a c t i o n o f t h e
u n d e r s p e e d g o v e r n o r and w i l l s t o p
a t a b o u t 100 p o u n d s p e r h o u r . GT
has dropped because fuel has been
reduced.

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

4-9
TSG-103
12-1-79
REQUIRED FUEL In t h i s c u r v e f u e l flow i n

p o u n d s /p er hour and en g in e spe e d i n
p e r c e n t o f rpm a r e c o m p a r e d .
I f you l o o k a t t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n
O-
; line you s e e t h a t f u e l s t a r t s t o
e:
f l o w a t a b o u t t e n p e r c e n t rp m.
;:;: As we f o l l o w t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n l i n e
we s e e t h e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g P3
;:;:j \\<~. -
-'- :~ '
air. The P3 a i r s i g n a l t o t h e f u e l
:::::::::_- ·: - ' \ \~ control causes a s u f f i c i e n t quantity
o f f u e l t o b e a d d e d t o make t h e
1 73 97 engine accelerate. N o t i c e a s we
RPM a p p r o a c h t h e 73 p e r c e n t rpm p o i n t
the dotted l i n e representing fuel
TT 0609 15 l
drops and i n t e r s e c t s a l i n e
#103 i d e n t i f i e d as R e q u i r e d . To R u n .
This drop r e f l e c t s the a c t i o n o f the
underspeed governor.
As
to h e pg
t73 eor vcee
rn t r rpsm,
no enset
s tsht e
ara t sp p tro
oach
meter the fuel. The u n d e r s p e e d
governor r e s t r i c t s fuel to only
that quantity necessary to carry the
l o a d o f t h e e n g i n e a t 73 p e r c e n t .
As we h a v e a l r e a d y d i s c o v e r e d this
t o o k a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 p o u n d s p e r
hour.
The d o t t e d l i n e t h a t we h a v e
followed i s a function o f the speed
l e v e r b e i n g s e t a t t h e l o w e r rpm
position. I f t h e en g in e were
started inadvertently with the
s p e e d l e v e r a t t h e h i g h rpm p o s i t i o n
t h e unde rspe e d g o v ern o r would be
c a l i b r a t e d t o 97 p e r c e n t and t h e
en g in e would c o n t i n u e t o a c c e l e r a t e
This website stores data such as a t t h e f u e l f lo w i n d i c a t e d by t h e
cookies to enable essential site acceleration curve. Eventually the
functionality, as well as marketing, unde rspe e d governor would s en s e t h e
personalization, and analytics. You a p p r o a c h t o t h e 97 p e r c e n t rpm
may change your settings at any time p o i n t a n d t h e amount o f f u e l w o u l d
or accept the default settings. b e r e d u c e d t o o n l y t h a t a mo u n t
necessary to carry the load of the
p r o p e l l e r o n t h e l o c k s a t 97 p e r
Privacy Policy c e n t rp m, w h i c h , i n t h i s c a s e
w o u l d b e a b o u t 200 p o u n d s o f f u e l .
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-10
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
S t a r t i n g the engine wi t h the speed

1 e v e r a t t h e h i g h rpm p o s i t i o n
would n o t be de t r i m e nt a 1 t o t h e
engine. The i d e a o f s t a r t i n g a t
1ow rpm i s recommended b e c a u s e t h e
noise of the propel1er is reduced
d u r i n g t h e s t a r t and ground
operation.
CONST NT SPEE This p i c t u r e reminds us a ga i n o f

t h e ba sic c onsta nt speed princip1e.
You w i l l r e c a 1 1 t h a t i n t h e T h e o r y
of O
we d epsecrraitbi o
end s
thee
c t iboanl a n
ocfeth book
o if s power
and 1 o a d a t a n y g i v e n rpm. In t h a t
d i s c u s s i o n , we r e f e r r e d t o 100 p e r
c e n t speed on1y. Ho we v e r t h i s
p r i n c i p 1 e h o ld s t r u e a t any s p eed .
I n t h e c a s e o f s t a r t i n g , we h a v e
s e l e c t e d 73 p e r c e n t rpm a s t h e
T HOUl SPEED CONSTANT EXCESS TURBINE POWER MUST EQUAl PROPHlER lO fl s p e e d we w i s h t o r u n t h e e n g i n e .
H T h a t s why t h e f u e l c o n t r o l r e d u c e d
TT 0609 16
t h e f u e l t o o n l y t h e a mo u n t
104 necessary to carry the load of the
propeller a t 73 p e r c e n t rpm.
The s e l e c t i o n o f p o i n t s b e t w e e n t h e
73 p e r c e n t a n d 97 p e r c e n t rpm
values is actual1y unlimited. The
speed l e v e r co u ld be p1aced a t any
p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e low a n d t h e
h i g h s p e e d p o i n t and t h e g o v e r n a r
wou1d r e g u l a t e t h e f u e 1 t o m a i n t a i n
t h a t speed. The ow s p e e d p o s i t i o n
i s normally s e 1 e c t e d to keep t h e
p r o p e l l e r n o i s e down.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

4-11
~ TSG-103
12-1-79
PROP LOCKS RELE SED When t h e e n g i n e h a s a c c e 1 e r a t e d t o

an 0n Speed
11
c o n d i t i o n , m ore power
11
i s needed to produce t h r u s t .
PIT H ONTROL _
O b v i o ubs e1 yd
, io
f fbitcaui n g i tt h
1 it n w h i st h et h r u s t
- . ~
~
I V _____
II X - - ~ - - - - - - . ·. ·:. __
wou1d
OWER LEVEI I
p r o p e 1 1 e r h e 1 d a t a f i x e d 1ow p i t c h
b1ade ang1e. In o rd e r to t a k e t h e
prope11er off the 1ocks, it i s
n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p i 1 o t t o move
t h e power 1 e v e r toward t h e r e v e r s e
( ) '8 " 8 '(:)

position. As h e d o e s t h i s , h e
changes a p i t c h contro1 p o si t i o n
c a u s i n g o i 1 t o f1ow i n t o t h e
RPM HP FUEL GT l ll p r o p e 1 1 e r w h i c h moves i t t o w a r d a
TI 0609 17 r e v e r s e b1ade ang1e. T h i s a11ow s
105 the s t a r t 1ocks to r e t r a c t . The
p r o p e 1 1 e r b 1 a d e a n g 1 e s a r e now
m oveab1e t o a n y p o s i t i o n t h e p i 1 o t
dem ands.
N o t i c e t h a t t h e rpm h a s d r o p p e d
f r om 73 p e r c e n t t o 72 p e r c e n t .
This r e f 1 e c t s t h e 1oad t h a t t h e
p i 1 o t i s p u t t i n g on t h e e n g i n e ,
which c a use s a s 1 i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n
rpm. In response to t h i s
r e d u c t i o n , t h e f u e 1 f1ow i n c r e a s e s
s1ight1y as a res u1t o f the
underspeed g o v e r n o r s e f f o r t to
k e e p t h e e n g i n e r u n n i n g a t 73 p e r
cent. I n c r e a s e i n f u e 1 c a u s e s an
increase in temperature and, of
c o u r s e , h o rse p o we r goes up s 1 i g h t 1 y
as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e 1oad p1aced
on t h e e n g i n e . It can be se e n a t
this point, that the pi1ot is

c o n t r o 1 1 i n g prope11er b1ade ang1e
b y t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e power 1 e v e r .
N o t i c e t h a t t h e power 1 e v e r i s
positioned behind the f 1 i g h t id1e
hard stop. Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s ,
a b 1 a d e a n g 1 e a11 t h e way f r om
some d e g r e e o f r e v e r s e t o a
p o s i t i v e b1ade ang1e can be
se1ected through the action of the
pitch contro1.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-12
Save Accept All

ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Since the prope11er i s being

c o n t r o 1 1 e d b y t h e power 1 e v e r , t h e
speed 1ever i s contro11ing the
speed o f the engine. The s p e e d i s
being maintained a t approximately
73 p e r c e n t by t h e action of the
fue1 c o n t r o l underspeed governor.
Under ground o p e r a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s ,
i t becom es e v i d e n t why t h e p o w e r
1ever is not ca1led a Thrott1e.
T h i s i s t r u 1 y a s i n g 1 e power 1 e v e r
contro1 system, not j u s t a t h r o t t 1 e .
~ T X I · LOW RPM Even t h o u g h t h e TPE331 E n g i n e i s a
-
smo tm
LO ONTROL c o n s t a n t speed e n g i n e and i s
~
FUH
~ UNDEISPHD 6 VERNOR
d e s i g n e d t o o p e r a t e a t o r n e a r 100
I PITCH ONTROL p e r c e n t rpm f o r maximum e f f i c i e n c y ,
R V \; ._ a
i t becom es e v i d e n t t h a t i n a f i x e d
POWER L V I
s h a f t en g i n e, t h e p r o p e l l e r would
make c o n s i d e r a b l e n o i s e t u r n i n g a t
100 p e r c e n t rpm , e v e n w i t h l ow
pitch. t is for t h i s reason t h a t
t h e s p e e d i s a d j u s t e d down a s l ow
b
a s 65 t o 75 p e r c e n t .
~ PM
8 HP
' € ) FUEL GT
Notice t h a t in t h i s i 1 l u s t r a t i o n ,
t h e s p e e d 1 e v e r r e m a i n s i n t h e 1ow
Tl.. )6 )9-18
or taxi rpm p o s i t i o n . If the pi1ot
wishes to t a x i the a i r c r a f t , he
106
moves t h e power l e v e r f o r w a r d f o r
forward t h r u s t , o r a f t f o r r e v e r s e
thrust. The g r o u n d i d l e p o s i t i o n
This website stores data such as i s the zero t h r u s t position in
cookies to enable essential site which t h e bla de i s a t t h e f 1 a t t e s t
functionality, as well as marketing, p i t c h it can be.
As t h e p i l o t moves from g r o u n d i d 1 e
back towards r e v e r s e , he can
l i t e r a 1 l y back up t h e a i r c r a f t o r
he can use r e v e r s e t o br a ke t h e
a i r c r a f t 1 s forward motion. When
Privacy Policy
t h e p i l o t a d v a n c e s t h e power l e v e r
Marketing forward o f ground i d l e , the blade
w i l l assum e a p o s i t i v e p i t c h a n g l e
Personalization and c r e a t e t h e t h r u s t t h a t moves
the a i r c r a f t in a forward d i r e c t i o n .
Analytics
Notice the instrument indications.
The rpm i s s t a y i n g c l o s e t o t h e 73
Save Accept All per cent reading.
4-13
~ TSG-103
12-1-79
The o n 1 y r e a s o n f o r t o r q u e fuel
f1 o w, a n d GT t o v a r y i s a s a
ref1ection of changing load
conditions as v r i o ~ s b1ade ang1es
are se1ected.
Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w i t h a q u i e t
prope11er, the p i l o t can t a x i out
to the takeoff area. Shou1d t h e
a i r c r a f t be he a vi l y 1oaded, o r t h e
ramp a r e a s h a v e a n u p h i 1 1 g r a d e ,
t h e p i 1 o t shou1d be aware o f t h e
tendency to over1oad the engine a t
a low s p e e d . He c a n a d v a n c e t h e
s p e e d l e v e r t o w h a t e v e r rpm i s
n e c e s s a r y b e t w e e n t h e 73 a n d 97 p e r
c e n t range, to c a r r y whatever 1oad
is necessary.
The p i 1 o t d o e s n o t h a v e to taxi at
ow He
o r even co
c e n t rpm. 97u 1p
d e sr e c
1e c tt 80
en i
per
necessary.
80 RPM Even t h o u g h t h e p i l o t h a s b e e n
LO lf::. l
t a x i i n g a t a 1ow s p e e d t o k e e p t h e
SP O L V R - - f . 3 _ . ~ p r o p e 1 1 e r n o i s e down, h e m u s t
advance t h e spe e d 1ever t o t h e h ig h
rpm o r t a k e o f f p o s i t i o n p r i o r t o
takeoff. This reca1ibrates the
fue1 cont ro1 unde rspe e d gove rnor to
97 p e r c e n t . The f u e 1 c o n t r o 1
su p p 1 ies t h e a d d i t i o n a 1 fue1 t h a t
c a u s e s e n g i n e a c c e 1 e r a t i o n t o 97
p e r c e n t rp m. The power l e v e r
u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s wou1d b e a t
G 'D RPM
HP FU L
ò
GT H
TT o609 19
ground i d 1 e keeping a f l a t b1ade
ang1e and p ro d u c i n g no t h r u s t i n
either direction.
functionality, as well as marketing,107 As the engine accelerates past the
personalization, and analytics. You 80 p e r c e n t rpm p o i n t the speed
may change your settings at any time signa1 to the computer wi1l cause
or accept the default settings. a n u mb e r o f e v e n t s t o t r a n s p i r e .
The c o m p u t e r w i l l a c t i v a t e t h e
single red line GT s y s t e m . More
Privacy Policy wi11 b e s a i d a b o u t t h i s i n a 1 a t e r
section. The c o m p u t e r s i g n a 1 wi11
Marketing a1so d e a c t i v a t e t h e p r i m a r i e s on1y
Personalization so1enoid.
Analytics
4-14
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Look a t t h e i n s t r u m e n t i n d i c a t i o n s
now t h a t t h e e n g i n e h a s a c c e l e r a t e d
t o 97 p e r c e n t rpm . S l i g h t l y m ore
torque is indicated the fuel
necessary to carry the engine with
t h e p r o p e l l e r a t a f 1 a t b1ade a n g le
t o t h a t s p e e d i s now i n d i c a t e d
and t h e r e s u l t i n g temperature w i l l
be i n d i c a t e d on t h e GT g a g e .
It i s normal to e x p e r i e n c e a sudden
change in the GT r e a d i n g a s t h e
80 p e r c e n t p o i n t i s p a s s e d . When
the sing1e red 1ine system i s
turned on, it w i l l r e c a l i b r a t e the
GT indicating signa1.
M X POWER · T KEOFF You w i l l r e c a l l t h a t a s t h e a i r c r a f t

s a t a t t h e end o f t h e runway, t h e
SP J ~ P O W f l fUfl CONTIOL
s p e e d l e v e r was moved t o a h i g h rpm

l _-;-Hl IEV • II I . p o s i t i o n and t h i s a c t i o n c a 1 i b r a t e d
J
---·d: \ - ~ t h e underspeed governor to run the
L
e n g i n e a t 97 p e r c e n t . The power
lever remained in ground i d l e
p o s i t i o n w i t h a v e ry f l a t b1ade
angle. When t h e s p e e d l e v e r was
moved t o t h e f u l l f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n
G•w Q
it also recalibrated the propeller
eo
g o v e r n o r s p r i n g t o 100 p e r c e n t rpm.
558
G
RPM HP FU L ElìT U As t a k e o f f i s i n i t i a t e d t h e power
l e v e r i s a d v a n c e d f r om t h e g r o u n d
TT <l609 20
This website stores data such as id1e p o si t i o n --p a st the f l i g h t idle

108 d e t e n t - - a n d pushed towards the
functionality, as well as marketing, maximum p o s i t i o n . As we p a s s f 1 i g h t
personalization, and analytics. You idle t h e power l e v e r c o n t r o l s f u e 1
may change your settings at any time through a linkage to the fue1
or accept the default settings. control. As m o r e and m ore f u e 1
enters the engine t h e rpm s t a r t s
t o i n c r e a s e f r o m 97 p e r c e n t t o 100
Privacy Policy per cent. The p r o p e 1 l e r g o v e r n o r - 
s e n s i n g t h e 100 p e r c e n t r p m - - t a k e s
Marketing c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o p e l 1 e r and h o ld s
t h e e n g i n e s p e e d a t 100 p e r c e n t
Personalization
c a u s i n g t h e p r o p e l 1 e r t o t a k e on a
Analytics greater blade angle. As a d d i t i o n a l
f u e 1 and b 1 a d e a n g l e a r e p r o v i d e d ,
Save Accept All an i n c r e a s e i n t h r u s t r e s u 1 t s which
wi 11 c a u s e t h e a i r c r a f t t o a c c e l e r a t e
down t h e r u n w a y .
4-15
TSG-103
12-1-79
Note t h e i n s t r u me n t r e a d i n g s a t
this point. The rpm i s now b e i n g
h e 1 d a t 100 p e r c e n t b y t h e
prope1ler governar. The
torquemeter w i l l be approaching
t h e maximum r a t e d power r e a d i n g .
The f u e 1 , o f c o u r s e , i s
i n c r e a s i n g by t h e a c t i o n o f t h e
power l e v e r . The t e m p e r a t u r e
reading also r i s e s .
You w i l 1 rem em ber t h a t i n t h e
T h e o r y o f O p e r a t i o n s e c t i o n , we
d i s c u s s e d t h e maximum p o w e r t h a t
we c a n t a k e f r om t h e TPE33l E n g i n e
as being l i m i t e d to e i t h e r a
torque o r temperature l i m i t ,
w h i c h e v e r comes f i r s t . The t o r q u e
l i m i t w i 1 l be i n d i c a t e d by a r e d
l i n e on t h e t o r q u e m e t e r . The
temperature limit, with the single
red l i n e system i n o p e r a t i o n , wi1l
b e 650° C e l s i u s . Sin ce most o f
the engine applications are f l a t
r a t e d , t h e t o r q u e l i m i t wou1d b e
reached before the temperature
l i m i t f o r t a k e o f f under normal
ambient conditions.
RUISE The e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e 3 3 l E n g i n e i s
maintained under f l i g h t conditions
by o p e r a t i n g t h e e n g i n e v e r y c l o s e
t o 100 p e r c e n t rpm. There i s a
small four per cent variation to
allow operation o f the prope11er
a t a s l o w e r rpm f o r r e d u c e d n o i s e .
This website stores data such as The maximum c r u i s e rpm i s 100 p e r

cookies to enable essential site c e n t a n d t h e minimum c r u i s e rpm i s
396
GLIMIT
personalization, and analytics. You 3475 96 p e r c e n t . T h e s e num ber s a r e
ref1ected in the P i l o t s Flight
or accept theRPMdefault settings.
P FU L
G '
GT
O p e r a t i n g Handbook.
o establish the cruise condition,
t h e p i l o t wou1d f i r s t pu11 t h e
0609 21
109 power 1 e v e r b a c k t o r e d u c e t h e
Privacy Policy temperature. e wou1d t h e n move
t h e s p e e d 1 e v e r f r om h i g h rpm ,
Marketing t a k e o f f p o s i t i o n , back towards the
Personalization c r u i s e p o s i t i o n , which i s marked
on most q u a d r a n t s .
Analytics
4-16
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
He w o u l d o b s e r v e t h e t a c h o m e t e r a n d
l i m i t t h e movement o f t h e s p e e d
lever to obtain the desired cruise
rpm b e t w e e n 96 t o 100 p e r c e n t , b u t
h e c a n o p e r a t e n o l o w e r t h a n 96 p e r
cent in the a ir.
Once t h e s p e e d h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d
by r e c a l i b r a t i n g t h e p r o p e l l e r
g o v e r n a r , t h e power l e v e r w o u l d
th e n be advanced t o t h e d e s i r e d
c r u i s e EGT c o n d i t i o n s . Notice the
instruments. Now t h a t 96 p e r c e n t
rpm h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d , t h e
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n o r w i l l t a k e on t h e
load necessary to hold the engine
a t that point. The power l e v e r
w i l l be p o s i t i o n e d t o provide t h e
f u e l flow t h a t w i l l r e s u l t i n t h e
d e s i r e d EGT. Normally a t c r u i s e
conditions, a t a l t i t u d e , the engine
w i l l b e EGT l i m i t e d a n d t o r q u e w i l l
be l e s s than the l i m i t . As we
learned in previous discussions,
t h i s i s i n f l u e n c e d by p r e s s u r e
a l t i t u d e , a i r speed and o u t s i d e
a i r temperature.
PPRO CH DESCENT The P i l o t s O p e r a t i n g Handbook

i n s t r u c t s a l l o p e r a t o r s t o move t h e
s p e e d l e v e r t o t h e h i g h rpm p o s i t i o n
pr ior to landing. On m o s t
quadrants, this position is
This website stores data such as identified as the takeoff/landing
cookies to enable essential site position. I t is necessary to
functionality, as well as marketing, r e t u r n t h e e n g i n e t o t h e 100 p e r
personalization, and analytics. You c e n t rpm p o s i t i o n f o r l a n d i n g s o
may change your settings at any time t h a t the speed w i l l be t h e r e t o
è) C5
or accept the default settings.25 p r o d u c e t h e power s h o u l d t h e p i l o t
Privacy Policy RPM

· C b e waved o f f a n d h a v e t o a p p l y f u l l
power. The power l e v e r i s r e t a r d e d
HP FU L GT in order to maintain the a irc ra ft
TI-0609-22 d e s c e n t r a t e and speed i d e n t i f i e d
Marketing by t h e p i l o t s o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s .
110
Personalization Take a look a t t h e i n s t r u m e n t s .
Analytics The rpm i s b a c k t o t h e 100 p e r c e n t
reading. As t h e p i l o t r e t a r d s t h e
power l e v e r a n d r e d u c e s t h e f u e l
Save Accept All
flow, a re d u c t i o n i n to r q u e and
EGT c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h a t f u e l
d e c r e a s e can be seen.
4-17
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
FL RE ON L NDING As the a i r c r a f t approaches the end

of the runway, t h e speed 1 e v e r
shou1d be in t h e t a k e o f f and 1anding
h
s hi g
oh rpm
u1d b e p roestiat ri d
oend
. to
The pow
the f 1eirg h
1et ver
i d 1 e h a r d s t o p d e t e n t on t h e
quadrant. This i s the 1imit point
POWER LEVERS FLIGHT IDLE a t which t h e p i 1 o t can r e t a r d t h e
• PROP BL DE HGLES M TCH power 1 ev er whi1e t h e a i r c r a f t i s
sti11 in the a i r .
9
1
As t h e a i r c r a f t f 1 a r e s f o r 1 a n d i n g ,
t h e change i n 1oad on t h e
RPM HP FUEL EGT
p r o p e 1 1 e r s , as a r e s u l t o f a change
in t h e prope11er b1ade ang1e o f
lT 0609 23
a t t a c k , wi1 1 c a u s e t h e e n g i n e t o b e
#111 1 o a d e d be1ow t h e p o w e r p r o d u c i n g
c a p a b i 1 i t y o f t h e fue1 provided w ith
t h e p o we r 1 e v e r a t t h e f 1 i g h t i d 1 e
position.
As t h e a i r c r a f t t o u c h e s down, 1 i g h t s
on the c oc kpi t pane1--ca11ed Beta
L i g h t s - - w i 1 1 come o n i n d i c a t i n g t o
t h e p i 1 o t t h a t h e i s now a t a p o i n t
where he can t a k e ground c o n t r o 1 o f
t h e prope11er w i t h t h e power 1ever.
As t h e a i r c r a f t t o u c h e s down, t h e
rpm w i 1 1 d r o p be1ow t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r
governar s e t t i n g to the high s e t t i n g
of the underspeed governar. This
a c t i o n , a1ong w i t h t h e b e t a 1 i g h t s
i11uminating, i n d i c a t e s to the
p i 1 o t t h a t h e i s now i n a g r o u n d
mode o f o p e r a t i o n .

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-18
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
REVERSE THRUST · BR KING D u r i n g t h e h i g h s p e e d r o l l down t h e

• O ~ SPUD L[V[
runway, i t i s recommended t h a t t h e
U s p e e d l e v e r b e l e f t a t t h e h i g h rpm
~ I I X ~ ~ ~ ; c ; . ~ o ~ ~ = l = : t 1 position. This is necessary to
· e n s u r e t h a t power i s a v a i l a b l e if
POW R L V R
needed during reverse blade angle
operation. Reverse b l ad e angle
r e s u l t s in a re ve rse t h r u s t , which
-
aids in braking the a i r c r a f t s afely
to a stop.
0 RPM
G 0 HP FU L
0
GT
The d e g r e e o f r e v e r s e u t i l i z e d
should be considered in l i g h t o f
t h e r u n w a y l e n g t h a n d runw ay
conditions. I f necessary, full
T T ~ O é 0 9 2 4
r e v e r s e may selected,
#112 t h i s should b e reserved fo
be ho r wtehvoesre,
c o n d i t i o n s when i t b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y
t o p r e v e n t t h e a i r c r a f t f r om g o i n g
o f f t h e end o f t h e runway. If full
re ve rse i s used u n n e c e s s a r i l y , it
can shorten the l i f e of the engine
b y b l o w i n g d e b r i s o f f t h e r unway
i n t o t h e p a t h o f t h e e n g i n e where
it could be i nge s t e d. Pilot s
Op eratin g Manuals w i l l p r o v i d e
guidance in t h i s area, indicating
t h a t the degree of reverse should
be l i m i t e d t o t h e amount r e q u i r e d
under e x i s t i n g c ondi t i ons .
Observe t h e i n s t ru men t i n d i c a t i o n s .
The e n g i n e was r u n n i n g a t 97 p e r
c e n t on t h e u n d e r s p e e d g o v e r n o r
This website stores data such as setting. As t h e p r o p e l l e r i s
cookies to enable essential site moved t o r e v e r s e 1 horsepower
functionality, as well as marketing, increases. Whether t h e p r o p e l l e r
personalization, and analytics. You blade angle is positive or negative,
may change your settings at any time it still represents a load.
The i n c r e a s e i n l o a d r e s u l t s i n a
d r o o p i n s p e e d f r om 97 p e r c e n t t o
Privacy Policy p erh ap s 96, o r even 95. It s t h i s
droop in speed t h a t s i g n a l s t h e
Marketing underspeed governor to increase
t h e supply o f f u e l , and t h i s , o f
Personalization c o u r s e , r e s u l t s i n h i g h e r EGT.
Analytics N o r m a l l y , a o n e o r tw o p e r c e n t
decrease i n rpm , o r Droop, can
be ex p ected as a r e s u l t o f t h i s
Save Accept All load.
4-19
TSG-103
12-1-79
We n e e d n o t b e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t
exceeding the engine temperature
limits i t h e d r o o p i n rpm d o e s n o t
exceed these values. I f f o r some
r e a s o n , t h e rpm would d r o o p
s u f f i c i e n t l y b e l o w 95 p e r c e n t
t h e n we c o u l d e x p e c t t o s e e a r a p i d
i n c r e a s e i n EGT. This over1oading
o f t h e en g in e below s a f e l i m i t s i s
often re fe rre d to as Bog Down.
.-
SPEEDLEVEI ~ T X I LOW RP The p i 1 o t may move t h e s p e e d l e v e r
=jl Hl fU l CDNTROL t o t h e 1ow rpm o r t a x i p o s i t i o n
_ r ~ UNDUSPEED GOV RNOR a f t e r t u r n i n g o f f t h e r unway o r
R V \. II X PITCH CONlROL ..... , h e may d o i t w h i 1 e h e i s s t i 1 1 o n
P o w r a i : E i . : l - - - f ' - 7 ± - - - - . - ~
l A> \ r.-= :
,., .. ... '_ t h e r unway o n c e a t norm a1 t a x i
speed, i he i s firm1y cornmitted
to the ground. As l o n g a s t h e r e
i s any chance t h a t t h e p i l o t may
have to a pply t a k e o f f power, t h e
speed 1 e v e r shou1d be k e p t a t t h e
~
h i g h rpm p o s i t i o n .
~ n 8PM HP
' 8 FU L GT H
When t h e s p e e d l e v e r i s r e t a r d e d t o
t h e l ow rpm p o s i t i o n t h e underspeed
TT-Qé09-IB
g o v e r n a r i s r e s e t t o 73 p e r c e n t
rpm. The p i l o t may now t a x i b a c k
#113 t o t h e t e r m i n a 1 a r e a by manipu1ation
o f t h e power l e v e r a s p r e v i o u s 1 y
described. The p i l o t may move t h e
power l e v e r e i t h e r forward o r a f t
of the ground i d l e p o s i t i o n to
control the a i r c r a f t during a
taxi operation.
T o r q u e m e t e r , f u e l f 1ow, a n d
te mp e r a tu r e wi11 r e f l e c t t h e changes
This website stores data such as i n l o a d c a u s e d by t h e p o s i t i o n o f
cookies to enable essential site t h e power l e v e r .
personalization, and analytics. You The s p e e d o f t h e e n g i n e d u r i n g
may change your settings at any time t h i s t a x i o p e r a t i o n may b e s e l e c t e d
or accept the default settings. a t a n y p o i n t f r om 73 p e r c e n t t o 97
per cent d e p e n d i n g on a i r c r a f t
w e i g h t a n d ramp c o n d i t i o n s .
Privacy Policy N o r m a l l y , t a x i i n g a t t h e low s p e e d
w i l l p r o v i d e a d e g u a t e power f o r
Marketing handling the a i r c r a f t s a f e l y under
t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w i t h t h e added
Personalization
a d v a n t a g e o f low p r o p e l l e r n o i s e .
Analytics
Save Accept All 4-20

ffi]
TSG-103
REVISED
5-1-81
SHUTDOWN PROP ON LO KS Once t h e a i r c r a f t h a s a r r i v e d a t

MIN COOI DOWH PERIOD · ACTIVATE ST P SWITCH
the parking 1ocation the pi1ot
i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h s h u t t i n g down
the engines. One o f t h e m o s t
important operating procedures the
conscientious p i l o t observes to
a s s u r e t h e long l i f e and t r o u b 1 e -
free operation of his turboprop
engine i s t o a11ow f o r a t h r e e
m i n u t e cooldown p e r i o d . This
[ 888
reduction of the turbine
t e m p e r a t u r e s p r i o r t o shutdown
w i l l minimize such possib1e
RPM HP FU L GT
prob1em s a s c a r b o n d e p o s i t s o n
TT 11609 25
114 se
a s ad
1 si s and
t o r t iio
nn f u
an l n
ed reoszuz 1
1 teisn, g a c
sra
wceklsl
i n h o t end components.
I f the p i l o t has tax ied under
normal l i g h t 1oad c o n d i t i o n s he
may c o n s i d e r h i s t a x i t i m e a s p a r t
o f t h e t h r e e m i n u t e coo1down
period. P r i o r t o s h u t t i n g down t h e
e n g i n e , t h e p i 1 o t m u s t rem em ber
t h a t he wants t o r e t u r n t h e
prope11er to the s t a r t locks in
preparation for the next s t a r t .
This i s accomplished as the stop
s w i t c h i s a c t i v a t e d and t h e e n g in e
s p e e d d e c r e a s e s t o a b o u t 50 p e r
cent. During t h i s p e r i o d t h e
p i l o t w i l 1 move t h e power 1 e v e r
towards t h e r e v e r s e p o s i t i o n which
This website stores data such as p u t s t h e p ro p e1 1 er i n back o f t h e
cookies to enable essential site s t a r t locks. When t h e e n g i n e
functionality, as well as marketing, d e c a y s i n rpm t o l e s s t h a n 15 p e r
personalization, and analytics. You cent t h e s t a r t locks w i l l have
may change your settings at any time extended. The p i 1 o t may t h e n
or accept the default settings. r e t u r n t h e power 1 e v e r t o t h e
f1ight id1e position. T h i s rem oves
t h e o i 1 p r e s s u r e f r om t h e p r o p e 1 l e r
Privacy Policy and al1ows t h e f e a t h e r i n g s p r i n g
to take the propeller against the
Marketing
lock pins. (NOTE: W i t h a Dowty
Personalization prope1ler h o l d in reverse unti1
rpm i s b e l o w 10 in order to ensure
Analytics
t h a t locks are engaged.)
Notice the instrument indications.
Save Accept All
As t h e f u e l was s h u t o f f rpm
s t a r t e d to decrease.
4-21
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Torquemeter and f u e l flow dropped

to zero a t the time the stop switch
was a c t i v a t e d . The EGT r e a d i n g
w i l l also decrease as the
temperature drops.
I f the p i l o t d e s i r e d t o immediately
r e s t a r t t h e e n g i n e he would b e
c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e r e s i d u a l EGT
reading. His P i l o t s Operating
M a n u a l s w i l l i n s t r u c t him t h a t t h e
EGT s h o u l d b e b e l o w a g i v e n v a l u e
before in itia tin g a re s ta rt. On
a t y p i c a l EGT s y s t e m t h e r e s i d u a l
temperature should be l e s s than
200° C e l s i u s b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g a
restart.
ou h a v e now b e e n e x p o s e d t o t h e
e v e n t s t h a t o c c u r from i n i t i a l l y
o ntsh, e l aen
s toanrdt ii tni g
c ndgii n
nge a
t hnrdo ueg
nhg i nf e
light
shutdown. o not be concerned i
you d o n t u n d e r s t a n d e v e r y s i n g l e
d e t a i l o f t h e O p e r a t i o n a l Sequence
a t this point. This is j u s t a
f i r s t e x p o s u r e a n d a s we g e t i n t o
t h e i n d i v i d u a l systems and c o n t r o l s ,
you w i l l b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e
e v e n t s t h a t we h a v e j u s t d e s c r i b e d .

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
4-22
Save Accept All

Ot
H G
0
1 =
H

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
YOU MUST M N GE e have seen t h a t t h e co n t ro 1 s in

::::: t h e c o c k p i t s e r v e a dua1 p u r p o s e
: ; d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n o f t h e 331. There
• •
a r e t i m e s when e i t h e r t h e p o w e r o r
speed 1 e v e r c o n t r o 1 s fu e 1 , and t i m e s
when e a c h 1 e v e r c o n t r o 1 s p r o p e 1 1 e r
b1ade ang1e.
This p i c t u r e reminds us t h a t under
a11 c o n d i t i o n s o f ground o r f 1 i g h t ,
t h e two i t e m s t h a t m u s t b e
contro11ed are the fue 1--t o produce
POWER LOAD
FUEL)
power--and the prope11er--to
PROPELLERJ
regu1ate 1oad
•
T <l610 3 The s u b j e c t o f Pow er M anagem ent
#117 r e f e r s to the appropriate contro1
o f power and 1oad by t h e c o r r e c t
c o c k p i t 1ever p o s i t i o n under any
condition of operation. The b a s i c
o b j e c t i v e we a r e s t r i v i n g f o r i n
t h i s system i s simp1ic ity o f
o p e r a t i o n from t h e p i 1 o t s
standpoint.
It has been s a i d t h a t t h e power
1ever provides a sing1e 1ever
contro1. T h i s becom es e v i d e n t a s
we review the Operationa1 Sequence.
Once t h e rpm h a s b e e n s e t b y
p o s i t i o n i n g the speed 1 ev er, the
p i 1 o t c a n c o n t r o 1 e i t h e r t h e power
necessary i n f 1 i g h t , o r t h e power
and t h r u s t d i r e c t i o n r e q u i r e d on
t h e g r o u n d , by k e e p i n g h i s h a n d s on
t h e power 1 e v e r s o n 1 y . This
great1y simp1ifies the p i 1 o t s job.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

5-1
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
POWER M N GEMENT COMPONENTS Recognizing t h a t each l e v e r must

control either fuel or propeller
PROPELLER GOVERNOR IPG
load under given conditions of
METERS PROP CONTROL OIL S FUNCnDN OF RPM IN
f l i g h t o r g r o u n d o p e r a t i o n , we c a n
NORM L FLIGHT R NGE i d e n t i f y t h e f o u r major components
PROPELLER PITCH CONTROL IPPCJ r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s power
METERS PROP CONTROL OIL WIIEH RPII IS BfLOW PROP m anagem ent s y s t e m t o f u n c t i o n .
GOVERNOR CONTROL R NGE
T h e r e a r e two d e v i c e s i n v o l v e d i n
MANUAL FUEL VALVE IMFVJ
propeller control, the Propeller
IN RESPONSE TO POWER LEVER DEM NDS
METERS FUEL
Governor and t h e Propeller Pitch
FOR HIGH POWER
Control. The p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n o r
UNDERSPEED GOV RNOR IUSG meters the propeller control o i l
TO M INT IN MINIMUM RPII a s a f u n c t i o n o f rpm i n n o r m a l
•
METERS FUEL SELECTED
I 0610 4
f l i g h t range. The p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
control meters the propeller
#118
c o n t r o l o i l when t h e rpm i s b e l o w
the p r o p e l l e r governor c o n t r o l
range.
T
r ehsepr e
o nasri e a l sf o
ble o r tw
fuo ed
l ec
voi cnetsr o l , the
Manual F u e l V a l v e and t h e
Underspeed Governor. manual
fuel valve in the fuel control
m e t e r s f u e l i n r e s p o n s e t o power
l e v e r dem ands f o r h i g h p o w e r . The
underspeed governor--which i s a l s o
part of the fuel control--meters
f u e l t o m a i n t a i n a s e l e c t e d minimum
rpm.

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
5-2
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
FUEl/PROP CONTROlS Two o f t h ef o u r power management

devices previously mentioned are
located in the fuel control. The
fuel control is depicted in the
middle o f t h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n .
Notice tha t h a s two s h a f t s .
it The
s h a f t on t h e l e f t o p e r a t e s t h e
manual f u e l v a l v e MFV). The
s h a f t on t h e right adjusts the
u n d e r s p e e d g o v e r n a r (USG).
The p i c t u r e o n t h e l e f t i s t h e
PROP PITCH CONTROL p r o p e l l e r gove rna r and t h e p i c t u r e
GOV RNOR
PROP
in the ri g h t corner is the
•
T -0610-5
propeller pitch control. T h e s e two
119 d
ceov
nitcr eosl l ianr g
e p
r er s
oppoenl lsei b
r le
b l af d
oer angle
during the appropriate period of
operation.
FUGHT OPER TION In your p a s t experience with

piston-powered a i r c r a f t y o u may
h a v e become a c c u s t o m e d t o a t h r o t t l e
~ O W J I L Y R Jl IROTIU fUN TIONJ
function co n tr o llin g fuel to cause
t h e e n g i n e to pr oduc e power. With
t h e 331, t h i s t h r o t t l e i s t h e power
l FUH l CONTROLS fUEL TO PRODUCE POWER
lever. t is connected to the
manual f u e l v alv e s h a f t on t h e f u e l
SPEED lEVER IPROP FUNCTIONI c o n t r o l a n d p r o v i d e s t h e same
\\ t h r iont t l e f u n c t i o n t h a t y o u a r e u s e d
\\ to flight. Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n
[jROPEllER l
of operation t ~ speed le v e r
This website stores data such as CONTROLS LO D TO M INT IN RPM
provides the typical propeller
control function through connection
functionality, as well as marketing, =
T 0610 6
to an a dj us t a bl e propeller governar.
may change your settings at any time 120 T he p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r o p e r a t e s i n
or accept the default settings. p r i n c i p l e i n t h e T P E 3 3 l t h e sam e
way i t d o e s i n t h e r e c i p r o c a t i n g
engine by a d j u s t i n g t h e b l a d e
Privacy Policy angle o f the p r o p eller to maintain
t h e s e l e c t e d rpm.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
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5-3
TSG-103
12-1-79
GROUND OPER TION Two d e s i r a b l e ground operation

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 331 P o w e r e d
Aircraft are indicated here. One
TPE33 PROVIDES: is th
rpm oen aa nb iel n
i tgyi n e r eadt u c
to t h ise e
bnag
s ii n
c ea l l y
designed f o r c o n s t a n t speed
• LOW ENGINE RPM TO REDUCE PROP NOISE DURING TAXI
operation. This action r e s u l t s in
a desirable reduction in noise
• REVERSE THRUST CONTROL FOR
PROP
from t h e p r o p e l l e r . Secondly, it
BRAKING THE AIRCRAFT i s ve r y advantageous to be a ble t o
TAXI CONTRDL reverse the propeller blade angle
on t h e g ro u n d . This causes a
re ve rse t h r u s t t h a t can be used in
=
T 0610 7
s a f e l y b rak i n g and t a x i i n g t h e
aircraft. T h i s f e a t u r e becom es
121 p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e when t h e
r unway i s c o v e r e d w i t h i c e or
when o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s make b r a k e
operation less effective.
REVERSE BL DE NGLE· · The TPE331 E n g i n e u t i l i z e s a

A GOVERNOR CAN NOT O T•
conventional variable pi t c h
constant speed p r o p e l l e r . The
PROP GOYERNOR p r o p e l l e r i s o p e r a t e d p r i m a r i l y by
i n c r e a s i n g and d e c r e a s i n g o i l
p r e s s u r e from t h e g o v e r n o r . The
governor i s a s t a n d a r d simple
flyweight metering valve.
• A G VERNOR METERS DIL TD THE PROP Flyweights w h i c h move OUt a s a
AS A FUNCTION OF RPM ONLY re sul of centrifugal force oppose
• A SEPARATE PITCH CONTROL IS NECESSARY a Speeder spring. When t h e s e
TO OBTAIN A NEGATIVE BLADE ANGLE forces are balanced, the posi tion
o f t he metering v a l ve w i l l a llow
TT 0610 sR o il t
122 th
b y e t hceo rp
re cp
ro t ellerp
. ressure to be f e l
This website stores data such as A characteristic of t h i s governor

cookies to enable essential site i s t h a t it responds to a change in
functionality, as well as marketing, rpm . t h a s n o way o f r e c o g n i z i n g
personalization, and analytics. You what b l ad e a n g le e x i s t s and i n which
may change your settings at any time d i r e c t i o n the t h r u s t i s being
or accept the default settings. provided. t r e s p o n d s o n l y t o rpm.
Since the propeller governor i s
attached to and d r i v e n by, t h e
Privacy Policy accessory section of the engine, the
speed o f the engine i s the speed
Marketing t h a t the governor se nse s.
Personalization
Analytics
5-4
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
I f a d d i t i o n a l f u e l were p u t i n t o
the engi ne causi ng an i n c r e a s e i n
speed t h a t i n c r e a s e in speed would
in turn, cause the flyweights to
move o u t by an i n c r e a s e i n
centrifugai force. The f l y w e i g h t s
are p i v o t ed to compress t he spring.
This p i v o t would change t h e m e t e r i n g
v a l v e p o s i t i o n and reduce t h e o i l
pressure to the propeller. This
w o u l d a l l o w t h e p r o p e l l e r t o move
towards higher blade angle
c a u s i n g a n i n c r e a s e i n l o a d and
hol di ng t h e speed from f u r t h e r
increase.
It is obvious t ha t since the
propeller governar i s not capable
o f r e c o g n i z i n g blade angle and
selecting reverse thrust
condition, s e p a r a t e system w i l l
be r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n negative
blade angle. The d e v i c e t h a t
performs t h i s function i s referred
to as Pitch Control.
BASIC POWER MANAGEMENT L e t ' s assume for purposes o f

i l l u s t r a t i o n , t h a t t h e 331 E n g i n e
and i t s p r o p e l l e r a r e c o n t r o l l e d
~ L V I ~ H L V I
b y two s e p a r a t e l e v e r s , o n e
\ t ____ connected t o propeller pitch

l c o n t r o l a n d one c o n n e c t e d t o t h e
such as l
l
This website stores data FUEU l
l
manual f u e l v a l v e in t h e f u e l
cookies to enable essential site l
l
control. Assume t h a t t h e p i t c h
functionality, as well as marketing, l e v e r was moved t o position to
TPE
personalization, and analytics. You s e l e c t some g i v e n b l a d e a n g l e , and
may change your settings at any time t h e bl a de a ngl e would remain a t
or accept the default settings. that point. Remembering w h a t we
have p r e v i o u s l y l e a r n e d i n the
c o n s t a n t speed engine the ory, as
Privacy Policy TT 061Q 9
a d d i t i o n a l f u e l i n c r e a s e s power
123 w h i l e c a r r y i n g t h e same l o a d , t h e
Marketing rpm a l s o i n c r e a s e s . C o n v e r s e l y if
t h e f u e l l e v e r was r e t a r d e d and t h e
Personalization f u e l flow reduced with the p i t c h
Analytics control maintaining fixed blade
a n g l e , t h e rpm would d e c r e a s e .
Save Accept All
~
[ffiJ TSG-103
12-1-79
I f the operator of this fictitious

engine were s k i l l f u l enough, it i s
c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t he could advance
b o t h t h e f u e l l e v e r and t h e p i t c h
lever a t identical ra t e s causing
an i n c r e a s e i n p r o p e l l e r p i t c h t o
ab s o rb t h e i n c r e a s e d power w h i l e
m a i n t a i n i n g t h e same r p m . This
o b v i o u s l y would be v e r y d i f f i c u l t
to do.
POWER LEVER C MS I n s t e a d o f r e l y i n g on s k i l l f u l
o p e r a t i o n o f tw o s e p a r a t e l e v e r s
i t i s f e a s i b l e t h a t cams c o u l d b e
\:)---------------------1 designed i n t o t h e manual f u e l v a l v e
i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l and t h e
1 IAAXQ f
R V
0 propeller pitch control. T h e s e cams
POW R ; E ~ - --, f could be shaped as d e s i r e d to give
U H ~ the necessary response to these
devices. B o t h cams c o u l d t h e n b e
i c o n n e c t e d t o one power l e v e r . As
TP
t h e p o w e r l e v e r moved f r o m o n e
position to another it could cause
t h e s e s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d cams t o
•
T D610 IO
provide the desired s ignal to the
f u e l and p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l .
124 As an example o f t h i s o p e r a t i o n
let s assume t h a t t h e power l e v e r
is a t the flight idle detent. As
t h e power l e v e r i s advanced f or wa r d
o f f l i g h t i d l e t o make t a k e o f f
power, t h e d es i g n o f t h e p r o p e l l e r
p i t c h c o n t r o l cam r e s u l t s i n t h e
propeller pitch control holding the
propeller a t a fixed blade angle
momentarily.
I f a t t h e sam e t i m e the design of
t h e cam i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l w o u l d
c a u s e an i n c r e a s e i n f u e l we w o u l d
now r e c o g n i z e t h a t w i t h t h e same
load b u t an i n c r e a s e i n f u e l
p r o d u c i n g e x t r a p o w e r , rpm w o u l d
increase. This i s an example o f
how t h e cams a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l
Privacy Policy
components can be shaped t o c a use
Marketing t h e d e s i r e d a c t i o n when t h e p o w e r
l e v e r i s moved.
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TSG-103
12-1-79
SPEED ONTROL Let's now a d d a s e c o n d l e v e r t o t h e

system. The s p e e d l e v e r i s
:ì------------------ -------- connected to the underspeed
g o v e r n a r i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l and
·· -~-- ll
the propeller governar in the
p r o p e l l e r c o n t r o l l i n g system.
speed l e v e r r e c a l i b r a t e s each o f
The
t h e s e governors to t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e
UEl• l points. As t h e p i l o t a d v a n c e s t h e
l
i speed l e v e r to the t a k e o f f o r high
~
· ·-
rpm p o s i t i o n , t h e m e c h a n i c a l
- l :
l i n k a g e from t h a t l e v e r w i l l
lO
TP
L. ....J
SPEE lfV I : - - - - - - - - c a l i b r a t e the underspeed governar

t o 97 p e r c e n t rpm a n d t h e
rr-4610-11 p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r t o 100 p e r c e n t
125 rpm. The u n d e r s p e e d g o v e r n a r w i l l
cause additional fuel to enter the
e n g i n e t o i n c r e a s e t h e s p e e d t o 97
per cent. The p i l o t woul d now b e
ready for takeoff.
With t h e g o v ern o rs c a l i b r a t e d t o
t h e p o i n t s i n d i c a t e d , and t h e
e n g i n e r u n n i n g a t 97 p e r c e n t , t h e
power l e v e r would be advanced
toward takeoff p o s i t i o n . As t h e
rpm i n c r e a s e s a b o v e 97 p e r c e n t , t
approaches the s e t t i n g of the
propeller governar. When t h e
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r s e n s e s 100 p e r
c e n t r pm , t will take control of
t h e p r o p e l l e r and c a u s e a b l ad e
a n g l e i n c r e a s e t o h o l d t h e rpm
This website stores data such as by i n c r e a s i n g l o a d . From t h i s
p o i n t on t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l i g h t , t h e
power l e v e r i s c o n t r o l l i n g f u e l .
The p r o p e l l e r i s b e i n g c o n t r o l l e d
by t h e p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r a t t h e
rpm s e t u p b y t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e
speed l e v e r . This i s called
P r o p e l l e r G o v e r n i n g Mode o f
Operation.
Privacy Policy
D u r i n g p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r mode, t h e
Marketing underspeed g o v e r n a r and t h e
Personalization p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l s e r v e no
control function.
Analytics
Assume now t h a t t h e a i r c r a f t h a s
landed. The p i l o t h a s b r o u g h t t h e
Save Accept All power l e v e r b a c k t o r e d u c e f u e l .
5-7
ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
When t h e p o i n t i s reached where the

fue1 i s no 1 o n g e r capab1e o f
maintaining the rpm c a 1 i b r a t e d i n
the prope11er governor t h e rpm w i 1 1
dr op u n t i 1 it r e a c h e s the s e t t i n g
o f the underspeed governor. At t h i s
point the pi1ot is contro11ing the
p o s i t i o n o f t h e prope 11e r by t h e
p o w e r 1 e v e r movement o f t h e
prope11er pitch contro1. The s p e e d
o f the engine is a function of the
underspeed governor providing
adequate fue1 to p rev en t t h e engine
s p e e d f r o m d r o p p i n g be1ow t h e
s e t t i n g r e p r e s e n t e d by the speed
1ever position. T he name
Underspeed Governor is
appropriate1y se1ected. t 1imits
t h e 1ow s p e e d a t w h i c h t h e e n g i n e
can run.
Remember t h a t t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r
governor i s an upper speed 1 i m i t i n g
device and the underspeed governor
i s a 1ow s p e e d 1 i m i t i n g d e v i c e .
Two t e r m s wi11 be us e d t h ro u g h o u t
t h e r e s t o f t h i s book t o i d e n t i f y
the two c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n t r o 1 we
have j u s t disc usse d. Prope11er
G o v e r n i n g Mode o c c u r s when t h e
power 1 e v e r i s f or wa r d o f f 1 i g h t
id 1 e co n tro 1 1 in g t h e fue1 and t h e
prope11er governor i s in contro1
o f engine speed. Beta ode o f
O
o ppeerraa tt ii o
onn. id
Ine nbt e
i ft a m ogdreo, u n
ies thde
underspeed governor contro1s the
spe e d o f t h e en g in e by r e g u 1 a t i n g
fue1 and t h e p ro p e1 1 er p i t c h
functionality, as well as marketing, mechanism c o n t r o 1 s b1ade ang1e
personalization, and analytics. You t h r o u g h p i 1 o t movement o f t h e power
may change your settings at any time 1ever. Beta i s an engineering
or accept the default settings. term used to describe prope11er
b1ade ang1e. t has been s e 1 e c t e d
a s t h e name f o r t h i s g r o u n d
Privacy Policy operating condition because the
pi1ot i s manua11y c o n t r o 1 1 i n g t h e
Marketing
b1ade ang1e.
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5-8
Save Accept All

TSG -I03
I2-I-79
POWER M N GEMENT DV NT GE The a d v a n t a g e g a i n e d b y h a v i n g

single lever control over the
en g in e and p r o p e i i e r d u r i n g t h e
ONTROLS POWER FLIGHT :;.
l
I
c r i t i c a i Ianding period i s obvious.
POWER CONTROLS POWER ON GROUHD t r v :l~ II X
When t h e p i l o t h a s t h e p o w e r l e v e r
LEVER (DIRECTIONAL THRUSTl
forward o f f i i g h t i d i e he i s
REV
f
c o n t r o i i i n g power in f i i g h t a s a
function of the fuei a typicai
PllOT HAS SINGLE lEVER CONTROl FOR
throttle operation. The same
EACH ENGINE S POWER FOR FUGHI OR
I e v e r c o n t r o i s t h r u s t on t h e g r o u n d
GROUND OPERATION POWER LEVER when moved a f t o f f i i g h t i d i e .
This singie Iever control
SPEED LEYER AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLS RPM Y EITHER FUEL OR PROPELLER eliminates the need for the p i i o t
t o b e m o v i n g h i s h a n d s f r om c o n t r o l
T 0610 12
to controi during c r i t i c a i
periods. Ianding
126
The p o w e r I e v e r r e p r e s e n t s a
p r i o r i t y t h a t can be s e l e c t e d by
the piiot. F o r e x a m p i e , when h e
decides to controi fuei for takeoff
h e c a n move t h e p o w e r I e v e r u p i n t o
the p r o p e i i e r governing range o f
operation. When h e d e c i d e s t o t a k e
c o n t r o i o f t h e p r o p e i i e r on t h e
ground, he can do so by moving t h e
power l e v e r ba c k i n t o t h e b e t a
range. So t h e p i i o t h a s t h e o p t i o n
to d ecid e which f u n c t i o n he wants
to control. The s p e e d I e v e r w i i i
automaticaliy take care o f the
other needs.

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5-9
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
PROP GOVERN ING MODE • FLIGHT Let s review p r o p e l l e r (or Prop )

POWER LEVER
g o v e r n i n g mode o n c e m o r e .
Recognize t h a t t h e power l e v e r h a s
U
b e e n moved f o r w a r d o f f l i g h t i d l e ,
a s shown i n t h i s d r a w i n g . The
BEV
c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e power l e v e r t o
MFV = CONTROLS FUEL FUGHT IDLE T M X
t h e manual f u e l v a l v e p ermi t s
INCREASED FUEL DRIVES ENGINE RPM UP T PROP GOVERNOR control of increasing or decreasing
amounts o f f u e l t o t h e en g i n e. The
CRUISE increasing fuel condition will
TO
d r i v e t h e e n g i n e rpm u p i n t o t h e
range of the propeller governar.
PR P GOVERIIOR = COIITROLS PROPELLER The s p e e d l e v e r w i l l s e l e c t t h e
96 T 100 RPM
D calibration point of the propeller
TT..Q610-13 g o v ern ar d e s i r e d by t h e p i l o t .
#127 The t o t a l r a n g e o f s p e e d s e l e c t i o n
i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e p o s i t i o n o f
t h e s p e e d l e v e r f r o m 96 t o 1 0 0
p e r c e n t rpm . Dur ing any p r o p e l l e r
g o v e r n i n g mode o f o p e r a t i o n , t h i s
four per cent difference represents
the t o t a l speed adjustment
available to the pilot. t is
c le a r tha t the engine operates a t ,
o r v e r y c l o s e t o , i t s maximum
efficiency rpm .

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TSG-103
12-1-79
BET MODE GROUND A P i 1 o t s O p e r a t i n g Handbooks

POWER LEVER
c a u t i o n t h a t t h e p i 1 o t shou1d n ev er
b r i n g t h e power 1 e v e r i n t o t h e b e t a
Il l
ran g e on m u 1 t i - e n g i n e a i r c r a f t
u n 1 e ss t h e a i r c r a f t i s on t h e
· i-
i- - - - - P P C CONTROLS PROPELLER FLIGHT I LE TO REVERSE ground.
REDUCED FUEL DROPS ENGINE RPM ELOW PROP GOVERNOR When t h e pi1ot desires to contro1
SPEED LEVER p ro p e 1 1 e r b1ade ang1e to r e g u 1 a t e
the d i r e c t i o n o f t h r u s t on t h e
TO g r o u n d , t h e power 1 e v e r i s b r o u g h t
behind the f1ight id1e detent.
TAXI From f 1 i g h t i d 1 e b a c k t o r e v e r s e ,
...._- - - USG COHTROLS FUEL 73 lO 97 RPM
t h e p i 1 o t i s c o n t r o 1 1 i n g t h e b1ade
•
T 0610 14
a n g 1 e a11 t h e way from a p o s i t i v e
f 1 i g h t id 1 e b1ade ang1e back t o a
128 p r e s e t negative p i t c h ang1e.
R e t a r d i n g t h e power 1 e v e r b e h i n d
the f 1 i g h t id1e d e t e n t a1so reduces
t h e fue1 t h a t it had been p ro v i d i n g
v i a t h e manua1 f u e 1 c o n t r o 1 . So
t h e rpm d r o p s be1ow p r o p e 1 1 e r
governor a u t h o r i t y and t h e fue1 i s
now a f u n c t i o n o f t h e u n d e r s p e e d
g o v e r n o r a s c a 1 i b r a t e d by t h e
p o s i t i o n o f the speed 1ever.
The u n d e r s p e e d c a 1 i b r a t i o n r a n g e
v a r i e s f r om t h e t a x i o r 1ow rpm
p o s i t i o n t o t a k e o f f , t y p i c a 1 1 y 73
per cent. T a x i rpm v a r i e s w i t h
a i r c r a f t insta11ations. t may b e
a s ow a s 65 p e r c e n t .
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5-11
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
LINK GE INTERCONNECTION t is necessary for each cockpit
L PROP GOVERNINO MO E BET MO E

l e v e r t o have connections with both
f u e l and p r o p e l l e r g o v ern in g
POWER cornponents. This chart i l l u s t r a t e s
LEVER \ \ _ ~ ~ FUEL) t h e p o w e r l e v e r c o n n e c t i o n s t o tw o
s u c h d e v i c e s t h e rnanual f u e l v a l v e
l
_.:. _ _ _ _ _ _ PPC
PROP) i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l and t h e
propeller pitch control. Also
• PROP GOV shown a r e t h e s p e e d l e v e r
SPEED \ : ~ P R O P ) connections to a propeller
LEVE H
l
c o n t r o l l i n g g o v e r n o r and a f u e l
-- L SG controlling underspeed governor.
FUEL)
=
1 1'-0610-15
The c o l u r n n s o n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f
t h i s c h a r t i n d i c a t e t h e cor nponent s
#129 that are responsible for propeller
or fuel control in ei t her propeller
g o v e r n i n g o r b e t a mode.
Although t h i s systern rnight a p p e a r
sornewhat cornplex a t t h i s p o i n t it
s h o u l d b e rernernbered t h a t t h e
advantages it provides through the
s i n g l e l e v e r c o n t r o l systern r e s u l t
i n rnuch s i r n p l e r a n d s a f e r o p e r a t i o n
for the pilot. As s h o u l d b e e v i d e n t
b y now, t h e s e a d v a n t a g e s a r e : the
a b i l i t y t o a d j u s t a c o n s t a n t speed
engine to lower speeds to provide
quieter propeller operation and
the option of selecting a reverse
blade angle.

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5-12
Save Accept All

ffi] TSG-103
4-1-80
SUBJECT:
SEC TION
SECTIO N 4 OPERATIONAL SE
SEQU
QUENC
ENCE
E WORKBOOK EXERCISE 3
SECTION 5 POWER MANAGEMENT
l The b a s i c function of the speed 1ever i s :

To s e 1 e c t t h e o p e r a t i n g s p e e d o f t h e e n g i n e i n t h e a i r and on
the ground.
b. To c o n t r o 1 t h e p o w e r p r o d u c e d a t a g i v e n e n g i n e s p e e d .
2. T he b a s i c function of t h e power 1 e v e r i s :
a. To s e 1 e c t t h e o p e r a t i n g s p e e d o f t h e e n g i n e i n t h e a i r and on
the ground.
:hl To c o n t r o 1 t h e p o w e r p r o d u c e d a t a g i v e n e n g i n e s p e e d .
3. During norma1 i n - f 1 i g h t o p e r a t i o n t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r w ou1d b e

o p erat ed between which o f t h e s e p o s i t i o n s ?
a. F1ight id1e to reverse.

F 1 i g h t i d 1 e t o maximum.
c. G r o u n d i d 1 e t o maximum.
d. R e v e r s e t o maximum.
4. Be fore making a gr ound s t a r t the p r o p e 1 1 e r shou1d b e :

a. In the feather position.
On t h e s t a r t 1 o c k s .
c. In the reverse position.
d. At t h e f1ight id1e position.
5. The p o s i t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e c o n t r o 1 1 e v e r s f o r a n o r m a 1 0 r o u n d
This website storess tdata
a r tsuch
i sasb e s t d e s c r i b e d b y w h i c h o f t h e f o 1 1 o w i n g ?
cookies to enable aessential
. T he sites p e e d 1 e v e r a t h i g h r p m a n d t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r s 1 i g h t 1 y
behind ground id1e.
personalization, and
b. analytics.
The You s p e e d 1 e v e r a t 1ow r p m a n d t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r midway
may change your settings b eatt w
any
e etime
n f 1 i g h t i d 1 e a n d maximum.
_f \·
settings.
The s p e e d 1 e v e r a t 1ow rpm a n d t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r s 1 i g h t 1 y
behind f1ight id1e.
d. The s p e e d 1 e v e r m u s t b e a t 1ow rpm but the position of the
Privacy Policy power 1 e v e r i s not important .
Marketing
Personalization
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.5 - 1 3
[ffi] TSG-103
4-1-80
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 3
6. D u r i n g n o r m a l s t a r t i n g , when a r e f u e l a n d i g n i t i o n s u p p l i e d t o t h e
engine?
) . Automatically at 10%.
b. The i g n i t i o n s y s t e m i s a c t u a t e d when t h e s t a r t e r i s e n e r g i z e d
a n d f u e l i s s u p p l i e d a t 10%.
c. E o t h f u e l a n d i g n i t i o n a r e a c t u a t e d when t h e s t a r t e r i s
energized.
d. Automatically at 18 to 28 .
7. W h i l e m aki ng a n e n g i n e s t a r t , what provides indication of

lightoff ?
a. 10 rpm i n d i c a t i o n .
b. A sudden i n c r e a s e in f u e l flow.
c. Audible i g n i t i o n .
~l . A r i s e in turbine temperature.
8. A f t e r l i g h t o f f and d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n , which o f t h e fo l l o w i n g
i n d i c a t o r s would be o f p ri m a ry c o n c e r n t o t h e o p e r a t o r ?
G A c
\:__
D E F
· Indicators C and A.
b. Indicators B a n d D.
c. Indicators E and F.
9. Which o f t h e following b e s t describes the events t h a t occur a t

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 rpm ?
a. The s t a r t e r i s d e - e n e r g i z e d .
b .
This website stores The data i t i oasn i s s h u t o f f .
i g nsuch
cookiescto . enable o i l vsite
Theessential ent valve closes.
'ìC /
functionality,
/ ~ ? c . • A well
as ll o t h e above.
asf marketing,
1or
0 .accept
As thet h e e nsettings.
default g in e a c c e l e r a t e s and a pproa c he s a s t a b i l i z e d o n -sp eed
c o n d i t i o n , t h e o p e r a t o r would o b s e r v e :
a. A reduction in fuel f l o w d u e t o t h e c h a n g e i n P3 p r e s s u r e .
Privacy PolicyA r e d u c t i o n i n f u e l f l o w due t o t h e a c t i o n o f t h e u n d e r s p e e d
, . %,
governar.
Marketing
c. No c h a n g e i n f u e l f l o w b e c a u s e o f t h e d e c r e a s e d P 3 p r e s s u r e .
d . An i n c r e a s e i n t u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e due t o a d e c r e a s e i n
Personalization
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Analytics
5-14
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m TSG-103
4-1-80
WORK OOK EXERCISE 3
11. A f t e r r e a c h i n g t h e recom m ended s t a b i 1 i z e d o n - s p e e d c o n d i t i o n to

r e 1 e a s e t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r s t a r t 1 o c k s , t h e o p e r a t o r w ou1d:
a. Move t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r t o w a r d s maximum.
b. Move t h e s p e e d 1 e v e r t o h i g h rpm.
Move t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r t o w a r d s reverse.
d. Do n o t h i n g . wi11 r e 1 e a se a u t o m a t i c a 1 1 y
The s t a r t 1 o c k s
once an on-speed c o n d i t i o n has been reached.
F o r e a c h c o m b i n a t i o n o f p o w e r 1 e v e r a n d s p e e d 1 e v e r p o s i t i o n s a s shown
i n q u e s t i o n s 12 t h r o u g h 16, i n d i c a t e wh ich co m p o n en ts wi 11 b e
contro11ing fue1 pow er) a n d p r o p e 1 1 e r 1oad) b y s e 1 e c t i n g y o u r
a n s w e r f r o m t h e 1 i s t be1ow .
a. PG a n d PPC
b. MFV a n d PG
c. MFV a n d USG
d. USG a n d PPC
Pow er L e v e r Speed Lever A nsw er
2. FI
>-t-----FI
13.
functionality, 4 FI
as. well as marketing,
.F I
15.
Privacy Policy
Marketing >-t-----
FI
16.
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

5-15
TSG 103
4 1 80
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 3
17. The p o w e r 1 e v e r i s mechanica11y connected to the :

a PPC a n d PG
) [. MFV a n d PPC.
c MFV a n d USG
d. PG a n d USG
18. The s p e e d 1 e v e r i s m e c h a n i c a 1 1 y c o n n e c t e d t o the:
a PPC a n d PG.
b. MFV a n d PPC.
c USG a n d MFV
USG a n d PG
·
19. The p r i o r i t y o f w h e t h e r t h e p o w e r 1 e v e r c o n t r o 1 s e i t h e r fue1

o r p r o p e 1 l e r i s d eterm in ed by t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e :
a Speed l e v e r
Pow er 1 e v e r
/c Both 1 ev ers

Privacy Policy
Marketing
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5 16
Save Accept All

D
M
E
0
0
S
H N OS

Privacy Policy
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Personalization
Analytics
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Marketing
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ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
5-1-81
In the f i r s t five section s of t h i s

b o o k we h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d w i t h
e s t a b 1 i s h i n g t h e t h e o r y and b a s i c
f u n d a m e n t a 1 s o f TPE331 E n g i n e
operation. The a b i 1 i t y t o
e f f e c t i v e 1 y mai n t ai n and
troub1eshoot the engine i s heavi1y
d e p e n d e n t upon a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
individua1 systems within t h e
e n g in e and t h e i r components.
B e g i n n i n g w i t h t h i s s e c t i o n we
wi11 examine t h e d e t a i 1 s o f t h e s e
v a r i o u s s y s t e m s and t h e i r
components.
PROPULSION SYST M I t i s obvious t h a t the engine by

PROPELLER CONVERTS SH FT HP TO THRUST itse1f does not provide the
t h r u s t n e c e s s a r y t o move t h e
aircraft. The e n g i n e p r o d u c e s t h e
power b u t t h a t power must be
absorbed and c o n v e r t e d i n t o t h r u s t .
Q T h i s i s w h e r e t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r com es
in. The p r o p e 1 1 e r c o n v e r t s t h e
rotationa1 torque energy of the
engine output s h a f t i n t o usab1e
t h r u s t t o move t h e a i r c r a f t .
PROPELLER ENGINE
POWER BSORPTION POWER PRODUCER
T 0611 3
134

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6-1
TSG-103
12-1-79
In orde r to e s t a b l i s h a c o n s i s t e n t
PITCH NGLE
b a s e f o r f u t u r e d i s c u s s i o n o f th
th e
p r o p e l l e r , it w i l l be u s e f u l to
define a n d d e s c r i b e some o f t h e
terms and b a s i c o p e r a t i o n s involved
in the p r o p e lle r system.
The p r o p e l l e r b l a d e , a s shown h e r e
in c r o s s s e c t i o n , c o n s t i t u t e s an
l
l
l
/
l
l
airfoil. t o p e r a t e s v e r y much
/ :_. PLANE OF ROT TION
l i k e t h e wing o f t h e a i r c r a f t . The
\
P I T C H ~
d i s t a n c e ov er the t o p , o r forward
edge, o f the blade is g re a t e r than
the di s t a nc e over the bottom. The
l
increase in velocity of a i r over
Tf..().;ll-4
the front face of the blade creates
#135 the lift t h a t causes t h r u s t to be
produced.
The Chord L ine i s an i m a g i n a r y
c e n t e r l i n e t h a t g o e s f r om t h e
c e n t e r o f t h e l ead i n g edge to the
cen ter o f the t r a i l i n g edge.
The Pitc h Angle represents the
angle in degrees between a l i n e
representing the plane of rotation
and t h e c h o r d l i n e . n increase
i n p i t c h a n g l e would c a u s e a
g r e a t e r d e g re e o f t h r u s t and a
r e d u c t i o n i n p i t c h a n g l e would
r e s u l t in l e s s t hr us t .
I f an e x c e s s i v e l y h i g h p i t c h a n g l e
i s s elected , the blade can actually
s t a l l l i k e an a i r p l a n e would s t a l l
if t h e r e l a t i v e a n g l e o f t h e
w e r e i n c r e a s e d b e y o n d t h e c a pw
aibnigl i t y
to keep t h e a i r p l a n e f l y i n g . The
This website stores data such as p r o p e l l e r c o n t r o l system l i m i t s
the tr a ve l o f the propeller blade
functionality, as well as marketing, to a given range o f p i t c h angle.
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Save Accept All 6-2

[ffi] TSG - 103

12-l-79
PROPELLER THRUST R NGE The maximum s e l e c t e d r a n g e o f b l a d e

p i t c h angle i s a function o f
internal stops within the propeller.
POWER LEVER
POSffiDH REVERSE GROUND WLE T KEOFF T h e s e a n g l e s r a n g e a l l t h e way
from a f u l l r e v e r s e negative
blade angle to a f u l l y streamlined
_ feathered position.
o a t t e m p t w i l l b e made i n t h i s
s e c t i o n t o cover t h e maintenance
{ actions involved in i n t e r n a l
PITCH
NIÌLE NEG TIVE ZERO POSITIVE n ~ U ~ o construction of the propeller.
FEATHEREDl These i n s t r u c t i o n s should o b v i o u s l y
THRUST
EFFECT REVERSE MINIMIIM FORW RD ZERO b e o b t a i n e d from t h e a i r c r a f t
n maintenance manual.
IT 0611 5
Across the top o f t h i s p i c t u r e the

136
power l e v e r p o s i t i o n s a r e i n d i c a t e d .
You c a n s e e t h a t when t h e power
lever is in the fu ll reverse
position the pitch angle created
w i l l be n e g a t i v e . The t h r u s t
c r e a t e d by a b l a d e a t t h i s an g l e
would be in a r e v e r s e t h r u s t
direction obviously not to be
used in f l i g h t . Before looking a t
t h e power l e v e r p o s i t i o n e d a t
ground i d l e remember t h e d e f i n i t i o n
of idle. When t h e t u r b o p r o p e n g i n e
is at idle t means t h e e n g i n e i s
a t minimum l o a d . At ground i d l e
t h e p i t c h angle would be a s c l o s e
to zero as p r a c t i c a l and t h e
This website stores data such as t h r u s t w o u l d b e a t a minimum.
cookies to enable essential site This i s the t y p i c a l p o s i t i o n of
functionality, as well as marketing, t h e p r o p e l l e r when t h e a i r c r a f t i s
personalization, and analytics. You s i t t i n g s t a t i o n a r y on t h e g r o u n d .
may change your settings at any time As t h e power l e v e r i s moved t o w a r d
or accept the default settings. the takeoff position the propeller
blade angle goes in a p o s i t i v e
direction c r e a t i n g a forward
Privacy Policy t h r u s t t h a t moves t h e a i r c r a f t .
Marketing Under c o n d i t i o n s o f e m e r g e n c y
shutdown i n t h e a i r the propeller
Personalization
b l a d e a n g l e g o e s t o a maximum p i t c h
Analytics a n g l e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 d e g r e e s .
With t h e e n g i n e s h u t down t is
Save Accept All important to streamline the blade

to the direction of flight.
6-3
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
This is the feathered position

a n d r e s u l t s i n a minimum d r a g .
Since the propeller i s mechanically
c a p a b l e o f o p e r a t i n g anywhere i n
this f u l l range--from full reverse
to f e a t h e r - - i t i s now n e c e s s a r y t o
review t h e t y p i c a l key p o s i t i o n s
u t i l i z e d d u r in g f l i g h t and ground
operations.
TYPIC L KEY POSITIONS This c h a rt i n d i c a t e s t ypi c a l p i t c h

a n g le s under given c o n d i t i o n s and
the devices re sponsi bl e for each
REVERSE l GRND IDI E LDCKS l FLIGHT IDLE l POWER FEATHER
position. In the f a r l e f t portion
o f t h i s diagram, reverse blade
tt d t d
a ngle has been s e l e c t e d . The
t dt t ~ internal propeller stop i s
~ ~
-2 lo a•
io· lo 2•
: ~ :
10 10 12°
:;tt l
2 lo 35•
J
85 lo s •
responsible for limiting full
r e v e r s e t r a v e l from two t o e i g h t
degrees negative. This value i s
d e t e r m i n e d by t h e a i r c r a f t
INTERNAL POWER PROP POWER PROP INTERNA m a n u f a c t u r e r , and t h e p r o p e l l e r
PROP STOP LEVER START L V R GOVERNOR PROP STOP internal stops are adjusted
=
POSITION LOCKS POSITION
accordingly.
T 0611 6
When minimum t h r u s t is desired

137 t h e power l e v e r i s moved t o t h e
ground i d l e p o s i t i o n .
During s t a r t the propeller blade
a n g l e w i l l be h e l d by b l a d e s t a r t
locks. Typically these start
loc ks w i l l be a d j u s t e d to m a inta in
a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e t o two d e g r e e s
positive blade angle. This resul t s
i n a minimum l o a d b u t st ll
This website stores data such as provides airflow across the engine
cookies to enable essential site nacelle for cooling purposes.
functionality, as well as marketing, When the propeller is taken off
personalization, and analytics. You the 1 o c k s , a n d t h e power 1 e v e r i s
may change your settings at any time a t f1ight id1e p o si t i o n t h e b1ade
or accept the default settings. a n g 1 e wi 11 b e a b o u t 10 t o 1 2 d e g r e e s
positive. The f 1 i g h t i d 1 e b 1 a d e
ang1e f o r any given a i r c r a f t
Privacy Policy a p p 1 i c a t i o n i s d eterm in ed by t h e
a i r c r a f t manufacturer during
Marketing
f1ight tests.
Personalization
Analytics
6-4
Save Accept All

m TSG-103
REVISE
2-1-81
As t h e power l e v e r i s a d v a n c e d f o r
takeoff the increased fuel flow
to the engine w ill increase engine
speed eventually reaching the
p r o p e l l e r governor s e t p o in t. The
blade angle w i l l then be a func t i on
o f the propeller governor. Of
course t h i s i s a r a t h e r wide
r a n g e d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e power
be ing produced.
The f i n a l p o s i t i o n - - s h o w n i n t h e
far right portion of this picture-
i s t h e r e s u l t o f an emergency
shutdown. I f a malfunction should
necessitate stopping the engine the
a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t r o l s a r e moved
i n t h e c o c k p i t and t h e e n g i n e i s
shut off. The p r o p e l l e r i s a l l o w e d
t o go t o a f u l l f e a t h e r e d p o s i t i o n .
This p o s i t i o n i s l i m i t e d by t h e
internal stop within the propeller
itself. The s p e c i f i c a n g l e t h a t
t h e p r o p e l l e r w i l l assume i n a
fully feathered position i s again
the resul t of flight testing the
aircraft. The p i t c h a n g l e s e l e c t e d
s h o u l d r e s u l t i n a minimum d r a g
but t s h o u l d n o t go to a p o i n t
t h a t would c a u s e r e v e r s e r o t a t i o n
of the engine.

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Save Accept All

6-5
[ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
This curve represents typical

TYPIC L HP vs PITCH NGLE power demand from t h e e n g i n e t o
support the various blade pitch
angles. t can be seen t h a t t h e
minimum h o r s e p o w e r r e q u i r e d i s a t
the ground i d l e p o s i t i o n where,
obviously the pitch angle i s a t
P
minimum p o i n t . As f u l l r e v e r s e
i s s e l e c t e d we c a n s e e t h a t t h e
torquem eter i n d i c a t e s an i n c r e a s e
in horsepower. As t h e power l e v e r
i s moved from g r o u n d i d l e through
flight idle towards t a k e o f f
REV GH I LE Fl. Il X
condition notice t h a t the blade
angle i s gre a te r requiring
T·0611 7
g r e a t e r horsepower.
138 In previous section westated
t h a t maximum power i s limited in
t o r q ut ue r boorp rt o p e n g i n e b y e it t h
the er
emperature. can be
s e e n f r o m t h i s c u r v e t h a t we d o
not expect to approach those torque
o r temperature l i m i t s in full
reverse operation. This i s
normally pe rtine nt only in
condition of takeoff. Typically
the horsepower r e quir e m e nts in f u l l
r e v e r s e would be l e s s t h a n h a l f o f
t h a t in takeoff. Of c o u r s e this
is function of the degree of
bla de angle t h a t has been s e l e c t e d
by t h e a i r c r a f t m anufacturer f o r
full reverse operation.

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ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
ANGLE OF TT C K P i t c h a n g l e w as p r e v i o u s l y d e f i n e d
as the angle between the chord l i n e
o f t h e p r o p e l l e r blade and t h e
plane of rotation. Now we n e e d t o
NGLE BETWEEN BL DE CHORD UNE
NO REL TIVE WIND
define another term, Angle o f
Attack. The a n g l e o f a t t a c k i s
t h e angle between t h e blade chord
l i n e and t h e r e l a t i v e wind t h a t
CHORD LINE passes over the blade.
To u n d e r s t a n d t h e p a r t a n g l e o f
,.
attack plays in propeller operation,
NGLE OF
-· \~ /
:_
REL TIVE WIND
t h i n k o f the following example.
TT CK
Assume t h a t y o u r a i r c r a f t h a d a
f i x e d p i t c h wooden p r o p e l l e r . The
T ll6ll 8
•
p i t c h a n g l e o f t h i s p r o p e l l e r would
139 a lways remain t h e same. When t h e
a i r c r a f t i s s i t t in g a t t h e end o f
t h e ru n wa y r e a d y f o r t a k e o f f , t h e
r e l a t i v e wind t h a t su rro u n d s t h e
aircraft is stationary. The a n g l e
o f a t t a c k would be e s s e n t i a l l y t h e
sam e a s t h e p i t c h a n g l e . As t h e
brakes a r e r e l e a s e d and t h e a i r c r a f t
s t a r t s t o move f o r w a r d , t h e a n g l e
o f a t t a c k would d e c r e a s e , due t o
t h e forward motion o f t h e a i r c r a f t
r e s u l t i n g in a change in the
r e l a t i v e wind a n g l e . The r e d u c t i o n
i n l o a d on t h e p r o p e l l e r w hic h
would r e s u l t from t h i s d e c r e a s i n g
angle o f a t t a c k would, in t u rn ,
c r e a t e i n c r e a s e d rpm o n t h e f i x e d
This website stores data such as pitch prop eller application.
cookies to enable essential site During an appr oach i n t h i s a i r c r a f t ,
functionality, as well as marketing, t h e p i l o t would r e t a r d t h e power
personalization, and analytics. You l e v e r t o t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t would
may change your settings at any time r e s u l t in a normal r a t e o f d e s c e n t .
or accept the default settings. As t h e a i r c r a f t d e s c e n d e d , t h e
an g le o f a t t a c k would be v e r y low,
as a r e s u l t of the a i r c r a f t speed.
Privacy Policy As t h e n o s e o f t h i s a i r c r a f t i s
p u l l e d up d u r i n g f l a r e f o r l a n d i n g ,
Marketing
an i n c r e a s e i n p r o p e l l e r an g l e o f
Personalization a t t a c k would r e s u l t . From t h e
f u r t h e r red u ct i o n in forward speed,
Analytics
t hoiusl d i n reased angle of attack
w ccre a t e an i n c r e a s e d lo ad
Save Accept All c a u s i n g t h e e n g i n e t o d r o p i n rpm.
6-7
m TSG-103
12-1-79
The n u m b e r s o n t h i s c h a r t c a n b e
CONST NT LO D vs INCRE SED IRSPEED
used to i l l u s t r a t e t y p i c a l p i t c h
PROP BL DE CHORD LIME angle changes t h a t occur as the
24° 21 3 ° 33° a i r c r a f t increases or decreases in
l
TYPIC L
PITCH NGLE
.........
speed in an e f f o r t to m a inta in a
c o n s t a n t a n g l e o f a t t a c k and a
c o n s t a n t l o a d on t h e e n g i n e . T he
p r o p e l l e r we a r e now c o n s i d e r i n g
is obviously not a fixed pitch
REL TIVE
propeller. t is a typical
Wl NO
hydromechanical, c o n s t a n t speed,
TT CK o 2 2 2 2
NGLE governor-operated propeller.
IAS O W ~ ~ o F ST
On t h e bottom o f t h e c h a r t you can
see t h a t i n d i c a t e d a i r speed i s
lT 0611 9
r e p r e s e n t e d a s movement f r o m a
140 slow f l i g h t c o n d i t i o n to a f a s t e r
condition. The a n g l e s i n d i c a t e
t hat , in order to maintain a
c o n s t a n t two d e g r e e s o f a t t a c k , a n d
the subsequent constant load, the
p r o p e l l e r c o n t r o l system would have
t o change t o an i n c r e a s i n g p i t c h
angle condition as the a i r c r a f t
increased in speed. Remember a g a i n
the fundamentals o f a constant
speed engine. When t h e l o a d m a t c h e s
t h e p o w e r , rpm r e m a i n s c o n s t a n t .
L e t s assume t h a t t h e a i r c r a f t i s
f l y i n g s t r a i g h t and l e v e l a t
altitude. The p i l o t h a s s e t t h e
speed l e v e r t o c a l i b r a t e the
propeller governor to maintain
100 p e r c e n t rpm. He h a s a l s o s e t
t h e power l e v e r t o t h e d e s i r e d
power i n d i c a t e d b y t h e t o r q u e o r
temperature gage.
This website stores data such as I f the p i l o t does not change the
cookies to enable essential site s e t t i n g s o f t h e power l e v e r o r
functionality, as well as marketing, s p e e d l e v e r , b u t moves t h e a i r c r a f t
personalization, and analytics. You c o n t r o l forward to drop t h e nose
may change your settings at any time of the airplane, obviously the
or accept the default settings. speed o f the a i r c r a f t w i l l i n c r e a s e .
This w i l l r e l i e v e the load of the
p r o p e l l e r by r e d u c i n g t h e a n g l e o f
Privacy Policy a t t a c k with the i n c r e a s e in forward
speed.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All 6-8

m TSG-103
12-1-79
T h i s , i n t u r n , would t e n d to
i n c r e a s e t h e rpm o f t h e e n g i n e a n d
wou1d n e c e s s i t a t e t h e p r o p e l 1 e r
governar se l e c t i o n o f a higher
p i t c h angle to hold the engine a t
100 p e r c e n t rpm.
Converse1y, if t h e p i l o t r a i s e s
the nose o f the a i r c r a f t , the
a n g l e o f a t t a c k and t h e lo ad wi11
increase, resu1ting in a reduction
o f rpm. The p r o p e 1 1 e r g o v e r n o r
would re duc e t h e p i t c h ang1e t o
m a i n t a i n 100 p e r c e n t rpm. This
i s a n examp1e o f t y p i c a l p r o p e l l e r
governor operation. The b l a d e
p i t c h ang1e i s a d j u s t e d i n an
attempt to maintain a constant
1oad, r e s u l t i n g in a c o n s t a n t
engine speed.
PROP SYSTEM OMPONENTS In o rd er to u n d erstan d t h e

propel1er contro1 system, it i s
helpfu1 to be fami1iar w ith the
components w i t h i n t h a t system.
__ SI U AtTIK PIOPULU S t a r t i n g a t t h e uppe r 1 e f t , you
see the typica1 single a c t i n g
prope11er. Since t h a t propel1er
i s o p e r a t e d by o i l p r e s s u r e , i t i s
BETA
n eces s ary to have an o i1 t r a n s f e r
/PIESSURE
SWIT H tube connecting it to the contro1
devices. This tube i s ofte n
This website stores data such as referred to as the Beta Tube.
cookies to ELECTIU:
enable essential
UNFEATHERUI6 P U Isite
IP
The b e t a t u b e i s i n s e r t e d i n t o a
functionality, as well as marketing, device ca1led a Prope1ler Pitch
personalization, and analytics. You Tl 0611 10
Contro1. On t h e 1 e f t s i d e o f t h e
may change your settings at any time p r o p e 1 l e r p i t c h c o n t r o 1 you c a n
#141
or accept the default settings. se e t h a t a s o u r c e o f o i l from t h e
o i l tank can be provided to t h e
p r o p e 1 1 e r by t h e a c t i o n o f an
Privacy Policy a i r c r a f t insta11ed E1ectric
U n f e a t h e r i n g Pump.
Marketing
In t h e uppe r r i g h t hand c o r n e r you
Personalization can see the propel1er governar t h a t
r e c e i v e s t h e suppl y o f o i1 from t h e
Analytics
engine 1 u b r i c a t i o n system and
provides it past the Feathering
Save Accept All Valve, to the prope11er p itch
control.
6-9
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
B et ween t h e f e a t h e r i n g v a l v e a n d
t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l i s an
o i l operated Beta Pre ssure
Switch. This switch illuminates
a beta l i g h t in the cockpit panel.
These a re t h e major components i n
the p r o p e l l e r c o n t r o l system.
The m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s o f a t y p i c a l
SINGLE ACTING PROPELLER single acting propeller are
lOW Oll PRESSURE i n d i c a t e d in the upper p o r t i o n o f
t h i s drawing. The p i s t o n or
movable p a r t i s sometimes
SPRIH referred to as the Dome. The
ACTUATION FORCES
FLYWEIGHT/ piston operates in conjunction
SPRIHG t l YWEIGHTS = HIGH AHGLE
with a cylinder t h a t i s bolted to
Oll PISTON AREA = LOW
PRESSURE x AHGLE
the propeller shaft. This drawing
HIGH Oll PRESSURE i n d i c a t e s a large heavy s p r i n g
• w i t h i n t h e p i s t o n and c y l i n d e r
arrangement. t also reveals at
the blade connection to the
propeller a flyweight attached to
TT 0611 11
t h e hub o f t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e .
To t h e r i g h t we c a n s e e a n e n t r y
#142
o f o i l p r e s s u r e made a v a i l a b l e t o
t h e p i s t o n and c y l i n d e r a re a
within the propeller.
In the c e n t e r o f t h i s drawing the
actuation forces t h a t cause the
p r o p e l l e r b l a d e t o move a r e l i s t e d .
The h e a v y s p r i n g w i t h i n t h e
p r o p e l l e r t e n d s t o move t h e
propeller blade into a high p i t c h
angle. T h i s f o r c e i s a s s i s t e d by
t h e c e n t r i f u g a i a c t i o n on t h e
This website stores data such as flyweights attached to the blade.
cookies to enable essential site The c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s p r i n g f o r c e
plus the flyweight force attempts
personalization, and analytics. You t o move t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e t o w a r d s
the high angle. I f these forces
a re unopposed, the p r o p e l l e r w i l l
go t o a f u l l f e a t h e r e d p o s i t i o n .
The b o t t o m h a l f o f t h e f o r m u l a
reveals t h a t o i l pressure times
Privacy Policy
the effective area of the piston
Marketing a t t e m p t s t o move t h e b l a d e t o a lo w
pitch angle.
Personalization
Analytics
6-10
Save Accept All

m TSG-103
12-1-79
Notice tha t high oi1 pressure i s

being introduced i n t o the piston
and cy 1 in d er f o r c i n g t h e c y l i n d e r
to extend to the l e f t . The b l a d e
w i l l r o t a t e t o w a r d a 1ow p i t c h
ang1e. Wh e n e v e r t h e s p r i n g p 1 u s
fl y w ei g h t fo rce i s e q u a l e d by t h e
oi1 pressure times the piston area
the propel1er blade angle will
stay a t t h a t given position.
As we e x a m i n e t h e s e f o r c e s we c a n
see t h a t t h e one e1ement o f t h e
e n t i r c formula t h a t can be
a d j u s t e d by t h e c o n t r o l system i s
o the top p i c t u re
i li1l u s t r a t e s
pressure.
whens t h e o il pressure
i s low, t h e p r o p e l 1 e r blade wi1l
move t o w a r d s a h i g h e r p i t c h a n g l e .
When t h e o i l p r e s s u r e i s h i g h the
p r o p e l l e r b l a d e w i l l move t o w a r d s
a 1ow p i t c h a n g l e . t shoul d be
obvious then t h a t contro1 of the
p ro p e1 l er invo1ves a c o n t r o l system
that adjusts o i l pressure.
ST RT LOCKS In t h e s t a r t sequence s e c t i o n you

1earned t h a t t h e p r o p e l l e r must be
h e 1 d a t a v e r y low b l a d e a n g l e i n
o rd e r fo r t h e engine to be s t a r t e d
satisfactori1y. T h i s lo w b l a d e
angle reduces the load requirement
This website stores data such as on t h e e l e c t r i c s t a r t e r motor and
cookies to enable essential site allows e a s i e r engine acceleration
functionality, as well as marketing, to governed o p e r a t i o n . If a start
personalization, and analytics. You i s attempted with the propel1er in
a fully feathered position
may change your settings atSTany time
RT LOCK PIN
PIH-SPRIHG HOUSING
or accept the default settings. e x c e s s i v e 1oad wil1 r e s u l t i n
ROT TE PROP TO REVERSE TO OROP PIN IN FRONT OF TIIE Pl TE extremely high temperatures in the
a turbine section.
Privacy Policy TT-0611-13
T h i s d i a g r a m sh o ws t h e m a j o r
144 components o f t h e s t a r t 1ock system.
Marketing p l a t e i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e hub
Personalization section of the propel1er blade. The
s t a r t lock pin i s in a pin spring
Analytics
h oeu sp
i ni n
g ai sn d b n this illustration
, e ii n
th g he1d a g a i n s t t h e
Save Accept All p l a t e by t h e s p r i n g w i t h i n t h e
housing.
6-11
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Each b l a d e o n t h e p r o p e l l e r h a s
t h e same a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e s t a r t
l o c k p i n i n its h o u s i n g and a
p l a t e a t t a c h e d t o t h e hub o f t h e
blade. I f the p r o p e l l e r were
r o t a t e d to reverse under these
conditions t h e p l a t e would r o t a t e
to the r i g h t u n t i l the pin could
be extended i n f r o n t o f the edge
of the plate. When t h e f o r c e t h a t
moves t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e t o
r e v e r s e i s removed, t h e heavy
feather spring in the piston causes
the p r o p e l l e r to r o t a t e towards a
high angle o r feathered position.
When t h e e n d o f t h e p l a t e c o n t a c t s
the pin the limit of travel is
reached. This p o s i t i o n would hold
t h e b l a d e a n g l e a t o n e t o tw o
d e g re e s p o s i t i v e b l a d e a n g l e and
would r e p r e s e n t a v ery l i g h t lo ad
on t h e en g i n e.
TO PUT PROP ON THE LOCKS A i r c r a f t maintenance manuals f u l l y

describe the procedure for
i n s t a l l i n g o r removing a p r o p e l l e r
~ M X PUT POWER LEVER
IN REVERSE POSITION
from t h e e n g i n e . The H a r t z e l l
p r o p e l l e r i s always i n s t a l l e d o r
REYEi} r em oved w i t h t h e b l a d e s i n a
O
feathered position. This prevents
TURN ON THE UNFE THER
t h e load o f t h e heavy f e a t h e r
PUMP
ff
s p r i n g from d i s t o r t i n g t h e s t a r t
lock arrangement.
WHEN PROP BL DES TURN OFF PUMP In t h e case o f a n e w l y - i n s t a l l e d

RE CH REVERSE l TO FLIGHT ID LE propeller or i t h e p i l o t had
This website stores data such as f a i l e d t o p u t t h e p r o p e l l e r on t h e
cookies to enable essential site •
T 0611 14
locks a t t h e l a s t shutdown, t h e
p r o p e l l e r must b e p u t on t h e l o c k s
145 before attempting a start. The
may change your settings at any time procedure for accomplishing t h a t
task is i l l u s t r a t e d here.
The power l e v e r i s p l a c e d i n t h e
r e v e r s e p o s i t i o n and t h e
Privacy Policy u n f e a t h e r i n g pump i s t u r n e d o n .
This supplies o i l pressure to the
Marketing propeller causing it to rotate to
the fu l l reverse position.
Personalization
Analytics
6-12
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-1-79
In t h e p r o c e s s o f moving t o r e v e r s e
t h e p l a t e s on t h e hub o f t h e
propeller blade w ill r ota te pas t
t h e s t a r t lock p o s i t i o n and t h e
pins w i l l be extended. Once t h e
propeller reaches f u l l reverse
t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump i s t u r n e d o f f
a n d t h e p o we r l e v e r r e t u r n e d t o t h e
flight idle position.
The o i l w i l l l e a v e t h e p r o p e l l e r
and t h e f e a t h e r i n g s p r i n g w i l l t a k e
the blade towards a higher angle
unt i l it contacts the s t a r t locks.
As l o n g a s t h e p o we r l e v e r i s k e p t
forward o f ground i d l e the
p r o p e l l e r w i l l s t a y on t h e locks
during t h e s t a r t and a c c e l e r a t i o n
procedures.
UNFE THER To a c c o m p l i s h t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g
procedure j u s t de sc ribe d the
aircraft installed electric driven
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump w as u t i l i z e d .
T h i s pump p r o v i d e s o i l f r o m t h e
engine o i l supply tank through the
p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l and b e t a
t u b e t o t h e p i s t o n a s s e m b l y on t h e
propeller. This actio n drives the
po
p rosp e .r t oTw
i tei loln h ai sr d u
s ntfheea t h
reev
r ienr g
se system
i s a l s o u s e d t o s t a r t a 331 E n g i n e
This website stores data
ELE TII such as P U P
UIFE THEIIIIC
while the a i r c r a f t i s in the a i r .
functionality, as well as marketing, l In a normal ground s t a r t c o n d i t i o n
t h e s t a r t i n g p o we r i s p r o v i d e d b y
IT 0611 15
may change your settings at any time 146 an e l e c t r i c s t a r t e r motor. You
or accept the default settings. will recal l that the propeller a t
t h a t t i m e i s on t h e l o c k s a n d
offers very littl resistance to
Privacy Policy being turned. I f t h e engine were
s h u t down i n t h e a i r a n d t h e
Marketing p r o p e l l e r a l l o w e d t o go t o t h e
f u l l feathered position it is
Personalization
obvious t h a t the s t a r t e r motor
Analytics could not p ro v i d e enough power to
crank the engine with the p r o p e l l e r
in such a p o s i t i o n .
Save Accept All
6-13
TSG-103
12-1-79
Therefore the normal s t a r t i n g

procedure in the a i r involves the
u s e o f t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump t o
previde a supply of o i l through the
p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l and t h e
beta tube to the propeller that
w i l l s t a r t movi ng t h e p r o p e l l e r
out of feather. s the propeller
moves o u t o f f e a t h e r the blades
w i l l be r o t a t e d by t h e w i n d m i l l i n g
action o f the a i r stream flowing
across the propeller. This a c t i o n
provides a cranking torque to the
engine. With t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
control settings the engine w i l l
light off accelerate and be back
in operation.
To s u m m a r i z e , t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g
s y s t e m i s u s e d f o r two p r i n c i p a l
operations. First it puts the
p r o p e l l e r on t h e l o c k s u n d e r a
s t a t i c c o n d i t i o n on t h e g r o u n d .
Second, it s used t o u n f e a t h e r t h e
propeller to previde the cranking
power n e c e s s a r y f o r a n a i r s t a r t .
ST RT LOCKS ENG GED

This p i c t u re i l l u s t r a t e s lock pin
position during s t a r t lock
engagement.
SH FT
At t h i s point in time the lock
FE THER SPRING
l D
p i n i s extended and b e a rs a g a i n s t
t h e end o f t h e p l a t e . T he s t r o n g
feather spring in the propeller
assembly i s t r y i n g t o t ak e the
p r o p e l l e r toward the high bla de
angle. This force i s r e f l e c t e d in
a s h e a r l o a d on t h e s i d e o f t h e p i n
t h a t keeps the loc ks engaged even
d u r in g t h e engine s t a r t i n g and
acceleration procedures.
may change your settings at any time TT 06tl 16

147 As l o n g a s t h e power l e v e r i s
forward of the ground i d l e
position the locks w i l l remain
Privacy Policy engaged a t any speed.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
6-14
Save Accept All

TSG-103
12-l-79
T he s m a l l h o l e l o c a t e d i n t h e l e f t
side of the lock pin housing can
be used in c e r t a i n maintenance
operations to locate pin tha t
w i l l keep the lock p i n r e t r a c t e d
so t h a t t h e p r o p e l l e r can be
operated through ts f u l l range o f
cy cl e during such maintenance
a c t i v i t i e s as ground checking the
blade angle.
A ft e r the engine has been s t a r t e d

TO TAKE PROP OFF THE LOCKS
and has a c c e l e r a t e d t o governed
WITH EHGINE RUNHING ABOVE 85 RPM. s p e e d , t h e p r o p e l l e r may b e t a k e n
MOVE P L TOWAROS REVERSE o f f t h e l o c k s by m e r e l y moving t h e
power l e v e r towa r ds t h e r e v e r s e
~ position. This can be done a t any

s p eed , b u t most a i r c r a f t
- m a n u f a c t u r e r s w i l l recommend i n t h e
P i l o t ' s O p e r a t i n g Handbook t h a t t h e
REVERSE speed l e v e r be advanced t o above
85 p e r c e n t rpm b e f o r e a t t e m p t i n g
FEATHER SPRING SHEAR LOAD REMOVAL
to take the propeller o ff the locks.
ALLDWS CENTRIFUGAL FORCE TO
This assures adequate o i l pressure
•
RETRACT START LOCK PIN
which, o f co u rs e, i s function of
TT-0611-17 t h e s p e e d o f t h e pum ps.
148 The o i l p r e s s u r e i n t h e p r o p e l l e r
w i l l move t h e b l a d e s t o w a r d
r e v e r s e , removing t h e s h e a r l o a d
t h a t ha s been a p p l i e d by t h e
feather spring. As s o o n a s t h e
This website stores data such as s h e a r load i s removed, c e n t r i f u g a
cookies to enable essential site f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e mass o f t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, s t a r t lock p i n w i l l overcome t h e
personalization, and analytics. You small spring in the s t a r t lock
may change your settings at any time housing and r e t r a c t t h e p i n .
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-15
B2] TSG-103
REVISED
5-1-81
ST RT LOCKS DISENG GED T h i s c e n t r i f u g a 1 f o r c e wi 11 b e

sufficient1y strong to hold the pin
PROP BLADE FREE j r< J / \ in the r e tr a c te d p o si t i o n under al1
engine operating conditions. There
TO ROTATE ~ ~ i > ~\~\_\_ *'\_'\'] f j PROP SHAFT
i s n o p o s s i b 1 e way t h a t t h e p i n c a n
PLATE___ /
LOCK P I N ~
1~ be reengaged whi1e t h e e ngine i s
sti11 running.
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE :
As t h e e n g i n e c o a s t s down i n s p e e d
after shutoff t h e rpm m u s t b e 1 e s s
t h a n 25 p e r c e n t rpm b e f o r e t h e
s p r i n g f o r c e w i 1 1 b e s t r o n g enough
t o o v e r c o m e c e n t r i f u g a 1 f o r c e and
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE STRONGER THAN SPRING DOWN
TO ABOUT 25 RPM
=
T-0(11-18
extend t h e p i n i n t o p o s i t i o n on t h e
Hartze11 prope11er.
149 I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o remember t h a t
1ock p i n s shou1d n e v e r be o i 1 e d .
They s h o u 1 d ~ k e p t c1ean and f r e e
so the y can ope ra t e without binding.
The u s e o f o i l i s d e t r i m e n t a l
because t may c o 1 1 e c t d e b r i s w h i c h
can cause t he loc k pi n to s t i c k in
a given position.
The p r o p e 1 1 e r g o v e r n o r c o n t a i n s a
GROUND OPER TION ·BET MODE
pump t h a t t a k e s 1 u b r i c a t i o n o i 1
from t h e e n g i n e s y s t e m a n d b o o s t s
PROPHUR\OVERNOR t to the pressure necessary to
operate the propel1er. This oi1
p r e s s u r e i s made a v a i 1 a b 1 e t o t h e
p ro p e 1 1 e r p i t c h c o n t r o 1 and i s t h e n
metered to t h e prope l1e r t o o b t a i n
the desired action.
Located between the p r o p e l l e r
g o v e r n o r i sa n d
c o ~ t r ? t ~ e
the prope11er pitch
beta pressu:e switch.
-=-amuGHT ON Thls l S a n Ol 1 o p e r a t e d s w l t c h t h a t
== t u r n s on t h e c o c k p i t p an e1 b e t a
n o6n w 1 i g h t when i t s e n s e s h i g h o i 1
150
pressure. I n b e t a mode o f
operation t h e b e t a l i g h t wi11 be
on.
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Marketing
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ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
BET MODE I n t h e Power Management s e c t i o n o f

t h i s b o o k we d i s c u s s e d t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e power l e v e r i s m e c h a n i c a l l y
011 FROM PROP GOV PUMP
connected to both the propeller
p i t c h c o n t r o l and t h e manual f u e l
valve in the fuel control. This
picture identifies that physical
c o n n e c t i o n f r o m t h e power l e v e r
t o t h e cam w i t h i n t h e p r o p e l l e r
- pitch control.
........ l
l
t
Movement o f t h e p o we r l e v e r r e s u l t s
an _ \\ t
i n a r o t a t i o n o f t h e cam. The s l o t
~ ~ . . J
i n t h e cam i s a t t a c h e d b y v i r t u e
PPC FUNCTIONS S A V RI BLE LOW PITCH STOP J of a pin to a follower sleeve.
Tl 0611 20
The f o l l o w e r s l e e v e c a n b e made t o
151 extend or r e t r a c t within the
propeller pitch control as a r e s u l t
o f t h e cam r o t a t i o n .
The f u n c t i o n o f t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
c o n t r o l i n b e t a mode i s t o m e t e r
t h e o i l from t h e p r o p e l l e r gove rnor
pump i n t o t h e p r o p e l l e r t h r o u g h t h e
beta tube. This metering takes
place a t the point indicated in
t h i s drawing. The s e r i e s o f
i l l u s t r a t i o n s t h a t follows w i l l
i d e n t i f y how t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
control functions as a variable
lo w p i t c h s t o p . Remember t h a t a
propeller governor cannot sel ect
reverse blade angle because t
s e n s e s o n l y rp m. e w i l l now s e e
cookies to enable essential site how t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l i s
functionality, as well as marketing, able to s e le c t a reverse blade
personalization, and analytics. You a n g l e by l i m i t i n g t h e t r a v e l o f
may change your settings at any time t h e p r o p e l l e r in a low p i t c h
or accept the default settings. direction.
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Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-17
TSG-103
12-1-79
The a s s e m b l y o n t h e r i g h t s i d e o f
METERE PRESSURE HIGH
t h i s drawing r e p r e s e n t s a p o r t i o n
of the propeller pitch control. s
PROP GOV
PISTON
LOW MOVES
PITCH TOWARO
REVERSE) HIGH PRESSURE
n e a a rr reovw
ti h neo t p
ers eso s i tt h
ioen po w e r t hl e
and er is
e v cam
h a s moved t h e f o l l o w e r s l e e v e i n
the propeller pitch control to the
p o s i t i o n shown. Propeller governar
high pressure o i l is available to
the propeller pitch control as
i n d i c a t e d by t h e a rro w on t h e t o p
P l TOWARO REVERSE right side. The same p r e s s u r e i s
extended into the inside of the
fo l l o w er s l e e v e and t h ro u g h h o l e s
I l
TT 0611 21 within the beta tube.
152 The b e t a t u b e - - a c t i n g a s a n o i l
transfer tube--carries the o il
pressure to the l e f t into the
piston area of the propeller. You
will recall that the increase in
o i l pressure w ill cause the
p r o p e l l e r p i s t o n t o move t o t h e
l e f t and r o t a t e t h e b l a d e s toward
a l ow p i t c h a n g l e . In t h i s case
i t would c o n t i n u e o n u n t i l r e a c h i n g
the f u l l reverse position as
l i m i t e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r i n t e r n a l
reverse stop.
Notice t h a t the l e f t end o f the
beta tube is a threaded connection
attached to the piston of the
propeller. s the high o i l
p r e s s u r e c a u s e s t h e p i s t o n t o move
left i t would t h e n p u l l t h e b e t a
tu b e w i t h it Since the beta tube
is attached to the propeller it
This website stores data such as rotates with the propeller. The
cookies to enable essential site p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l does not
functionality, as well as marketing, rotate. Some o f t h e o i l w i l l
personalization, and analytics. You provide lubrication a t t h i s point
may change your settings at any time to p rev en t m e t a l - t o - m e t a l wear.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
12-1-79
L e t s assum e t h a t we h a v e s e 1 e c t e d
HYDR ULIC LOW PITCH STOP
a b1ade p o s i t i o n s h o r t o f t h e
interna1 reverse stop. As h i g h o i 1
BETA TUBE PORTS SEEK POSITION · · · p r e s s u r e moves t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r p i s t o n
to the 1 e ft , the beta tube a1so
moves, s i n c e t is attached to the
p i s t o n by t h r e a d s . As t h e b e t a
t u b e moves 1 e f t , a p o i n t i s
eventua11y re a c h e d where t h e ho1e
in the beta tube approaches the
se a 1 b u s h i n g i n t h e fo11ower s 1 e e v e .
T h i s p o s i t i o n i s shown h e r e .
· · · WHERE METERED PRESSURE B L NCES PROP FORCES
hen the metered oi1 pre s s ure i s
r e d u c e d t o t h e 1eve1 where o i 1
TT 0611 22
pressure times the e ffe c t i v e area

153 of the p i s t o n equa1s the f1yweight
and s p r i n g f o r c e , t h e p ro p e1 1 er
wi11 s t a y a t a ba1anced c o n d i t i o n .
Assume t h a t t h e power 1 e v e r h a s
METERED PRESSURE LOW
b e e n moved f o r w a r d . Due t o t h e
mechanica1 1inkage between t h e
PISTON MOVES TOWARD p o w e r 1 e v e r a n d t h e cam, t h e cam
HIGH PITCH
w i 1 1 r o t a t e a n d move t h e f o 1 1 o w e r
s1eeve to t h e r i g h t . This action
uncovers t h e ho1es in t h e b e t a
tube--as i11ustrated here--and the
oi1 pressure in the prope11er
piston area drains into the case
through the uncovered p o r t in the
beta tube. Loss o f t h a t oi1
This website stores data such as p r e s s u r e a11ow s t h e h e a v y s p r i n g s
cookies to enable essential site a n d t h e f 1 y w e i g h t s t o move t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, n-o611-23 prope11er piston to a r e t r a c t e d
personalization, and analytics. You 154 p o s i t i o n , towards the r i g h t . This,
may change your settings at any time i n t u r n , takes the b1ades toward
or accept the default settings. a p o s i t i v e b1ade ang1e.
The p r o p e 1 1 e r w i11 c o n t i n u e t o move

u n t i 1 the ho1es in t h e b e t a tu b e
Privacy Policy
1 i n e up w i t h t h e f o11ower s 1 e e v e
sea1 bushing in the prope11er pitch
Marketing
contro1. And a g a i n , t h e o i 1 w i 1 1
Personalization be metered t o j u s t t h e r i g h t amount
t o ho1d t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r in t h e
Analytics
se1ected position.
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6-19
ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
I t i s now e a s y t o s e e why t h e
p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l can be
referred to as a V a r i a b l e Low
P itch S
power l et v
oe yep
p r. b e t w e no sfi lt ii o
gnhitn g
i d tl h
ee
and r e v e r s e , t h e p i l o t can i n c r e a s e
o r decrease the length of the
follower sleeve. Wherever t h e
follower sleeve is put, the
p r o p e l l e r w i l l seek a balanced
position hydraulically.
T h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n show s t h e power
POWER M N GEMENT UNK GE
l e v e r mechanical connection to a
s h a f t on t h e f u e l c o n t r o l t h a t h a s
been i d e n t i f i e d in t h i s drawing as
the Manual F u e l V a l v e . Linkage
also connects t h i s shaft to the
PROP GOYERHOR ~ v _
propeller pitch control.
\
~ ~ ~ .
<
li
T h i s l i n k a g e f r om t h e power l e v e r
i s connected f i r s t to the propeller
V LVE
p i t c h c o n t r o l i n many i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
O p e r a t i o n i s t h e same i n e i t h e r
case.
REY .__. The s p e e d l e v e r i s m e c h a n i c a l l y
fE THER
PROP PITCH CONTROL
a connected to the underspeed
TT 0611 25
g o v e r n a r s h a f t on t h e f u e l c o n t r o l
#156 and t h ro u g h l i n k a g e t o t h e
propeller governar.

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Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
BEFORE TAKEOFF · BETA MODE L e t s review again what happens in

t h e t r a n s i t i o n from b e t a mode t o
\r=:r-rAI
fl
PC-MINIMUM THRUST fGII
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n i n g mode d u r i n g
takeoff. In t h i s p i c t u r e , the
cockpit control lever positions
I VUS
\
l indicate that the a irc ra ft is

W l
s i t t i n g a t t h e e n d o f t h e runway
:._ FCU IMFVI NO EFFECT
ready for takeoff. The power l e v e r
i s a t ground i d l e p o s i t i o n and t h e
FCU fUSGI FUEL FOR 97 RPM
s o l i d l i n e drawn h e r e i d e n t i f i e s
that the propeller pitch control
l
l
m a i n t a i n s a minimum t h r u s t
T XI L PROP GOV-SET FOR 1011 RPM propeller blade angle. During t h i s
NO EFFECT p h a s e o f o p e r a t i o n , t h e power l e v e r
TT <l6ll 26R to the fuel
cMFV)
o n n e cht a
i os n n o e f f e cm
t ,a nsuianlc e t h e vMFV
alve
157 i s a s k i n g f o r l e s s f u e l t h a n we
a c t u a l l y need.
The s p e e d l e v e r , a t t h e h i g h rpm
position, provides the necessary
f u e l t o r u n t h e e n g i n e a t 97 p e r
c e n t rp m a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s o l i d
line. The s p e e d l e v e r a c c o m p l i s h e s
t h i s through the action of the
underspeed governar in the fuel
control. That portion of the
speed l e v e r linka ge t h a t i s
connected to the propeller
governar has s e t t h e s p ri n g in the
g o v e r n a r r e p r e s e n t i n g 100 p e r c e n t
rpm.
t i s important to recognize a t
this point, that the propeller
g o v e rn a r would s e n s e an u n d e r s p e e d
c ondition sinc e it has been
c a l i b r a t e d t o h o l d 100 p e r c e n t ,
but the engine only has fuel
e n o u g h t o r u n a t 97 p e r c e n t . It
is necessary for the propeller
governar to sense underspeed in
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o r d e r t o b e i n b e t a mode.
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Personalization
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6-21
TSG-103
12-1-79
TAKEOFF · PROP GOVERNING MODE As t h e p i l o t moves t h e power l e v e r

forward f o r t a k e o f f the mechanical
o)--PPC-MOMENTARilY HOLOS l i n k a g e t o t h e cams i n t h e
POWER lEVER M X \ BLADES Al FUGHT IDLE p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l and f u e l
\\\
\ \, , , THEN, NO EFFECT WITH
c o n t r o l c a u s e s them t o r o t a t e . At
REVERSE
l P/l FORWARD.
the flight idle position t h e cam
· ~ J-F cU (MFV)INCREASES FUEl in the propeller pitch control is
FIXED LOAD ANO MORE FUEL NCREASING RPM designed to e s t a b l i s h the length
r -- FCU (USG) NO EFFECT o f the follower sleeve t h a t will
momentarily hold the blade a t a
/
l
, T.O. :
f l i g h t i d l e blade angle. At t h a t
T XI /
9

LSL PROP GOV-HOLDS SPEED AT
100 RPM
D
point
to the engine.
t h e cam i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l
w i l l increase the fuel being sent
u6ll 27
You w i l l r e c o g n i z e f r om y o u r s t u d y
158 of the constant speed engine
concept t h a t holding the load a t a
f i x e d p o i n t and a p p l y i n g more f u e l
d e v e l o p s more p o w e r a n d r e s u l t s i n
i n c r e a s i n g rpm. As t h e rpm
i n c r e a s e s f r om 97 p e r c e n t t
approaches the propeller governar
s e t t i n g o f 100 p e r c e n t . When t h e
propeller governar senses t h a t the
e n g i n e i s a t 100 p e r c e n t r p m , t h e
propeller governar w i l l then meter
o i l pressure to the propeller. It
i s a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t t h e change
f r om b e t a mode o f o p e r a t i o n t o
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n i n g mode o f
operation occurs. From t h i s p o i n t
on, the propeller p i t c h control
and b e t a t u b e s e r v e n o o t h e r u s e f u l
f u n c t i o n t h a n t o p r o v i d e a m eans
to get the propeller governar
m e t e r e d o i l i n and o u t o f t h e
propeller. The u n d e r s p e e d g o v e r n a r
This website stores data such as i n t h e f u e l c o n t r o l now h a s n o
cookies to enable essential site effect s i n c e t h e f u e l i s now b e i n g
functionality, as well as marketing, c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e power l e v e r
personalization, and analytics. You positioning of the fuel control.
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Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
12-1-79
T h e r e a r e two d e v i c e s t h a t c a n
METERED PROP OIL ONTROL
contro1 the metered oi1 pressure
BETA MODE to the prope11er: the prope11er
g o v e r n o r and t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r p i t c h
contro1.
In the top drawing which
~ < ; : ~ ~ E i11ustrates beta ~ o ~ of operation,
M ~ H P O I N T you can s ee t h a t 1 t 1 s n e c e s s a r y
P G MODE t h a t the prope11er governor sense
an underspeed c ondition. T h i s wi 11
c a use t h e governor to open wide
a n d a11ow t h e h i g h o i 1 p r e s s u r e t o
be f e l t a t t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
c o n t r o l , where i t w i l l b e m e t e r e d
6
- 28
to the propeller.
159 o make it e a s ie r for the p i l o t to
know t h i s b e t a c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s ,
t h a t h i g h o i l p r e s s u r e i s f e 1 t by
t h e b e t a switch and t u r n s t h e b e t a
l i g h t on. This indicates t hat the
pi1ot has contro1 over the
p r o p e l 1 e r b l a d e a n g l e b y movement
o f t h e power 1ever.
I n t h e p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n i n g mode
c o n d i t i o n , we s e e t h a t t h e
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n o r now s e n s e s a n
on speed c o n d i t i o n and has
p o s i t i o n e d its m e t e r i n g v a l v e t o
reduce the pre ssure to the
propeller. This r e s u l t s in a
higher blade angle position. Since
This website stores data such as the beta tube is attached to the
cookies to enable essential site p i s t o n , it w i l l push the holes in
functionality, as well as marketing, the beta tube inside of the
personalization, and analytics. You f o l l o w e r s l e e v e and frorn t h i s p o i n t
may change your settings at any time on the propel1er p i t c h co n tr o 1 s
or accept the default settings. o n l y p u r p o s e i s t o g e t o i 1 i n and
out of the propel1er. t has no
e f f e c t on t h e b l a d e a n g l e . Since
Privacy Policy the p ro p e l l e r governor metering i s
upstream o f the b e t a switch the
Marketing b e t a l i g h t w i l l be tu r n e d o f f .
Personalization This signals the point of
t r a n s i t i o n f r o m b e t a mode t o
Analytics p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n i n g mode.
Save Accept All

6-23
82] TSG-103
REVISED
7-l-80
PROP GOVERNING MO E I n p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n i n g mode, t h e

propeller governar i s c o n t r o l l i n g
or metering, the o i l pressure to
PROPEllER GOVERNOR
m a i n t a i n j u s t t h e r i g h t amount o f
\ o i l in the propeller to cause the
blade an g le t o l o a d t h e en g in e and
hold t a t t h e rpm s e l e c t e d . The
propeller pitch control in this
: ~ ~ s U R E c a s e a c t s a s n o t h i n g more t h a n p a r t
/swncu o f the plumbing. I t furnishes a
BET ucur way t o g e t t h e o l i n a n d o u t o f
the propeller.
The b e t a s w i t c h l o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e
G p r o p e l l e r g o v ern ar and p r o p e l l e r
TT 0611 29
p i t c h c o n t r o l would be s e n s i n g a
160 low o i l p r e s s u r e u n d e r t h e s e
conditions. The b e t a s w i t c h w o u l d
b e open a n d t h e b e t a l i g h t w o u l d
be o f f .
PROPEllER GOVERNOR All m o d e l s o f t h e TPE331 E n g i n e

u t i l i z e a propeller governar
SPRING W SHERS
p u r c h a s e d f r o m t h e Woodward Company
and--although the engine maintenance
manual d e a l s o n l y w i t h t h e r e m o v a l ,
installation and adjustm ent o f
t hi s c o n t r o l - - i t is necessary to
review the basic operation of the
propeller governar a t t h i s point.
T h i s knowledge w i l l a rm t h e
mechanic w i t h t h e background to
t r o u b l e s h o o t e f f e c t i v e l y and t a k e
appropriate corrective action.
DR IN a The Woodward p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r
u t i l i z e s a standard flyweight
TT 0611 31
This website stores data such162as

s p r i n g and metering valve o p e r a t i o n .
The c o n t r o l s h a f t o n t h e t o p o f
the governar is connected to the
personalization, and analytics. You speed l e v e r . In response to speed
may change your settings at any time l e v e r mo v e me n t, t h e s p e e d e r s p r i n g
or accept the default settings. w i l l be adjus ted. Since t h e main
s h a f t of the governar i s attached
to and d r i v e n by, t h e en g in e
Privacy Policy
accessory section engine r ot a t i on
Marketing w i l l r e s u l t in r ot a t i on of the
governar flyweights.
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
REVISE
7-1-80
As t h e s p e e d i n c r e a s e s ,
centrifugal action causes these
f l y w e i g h t s t o move o u t , o p p o s i n g
the force of the speeder spring.
When t h e f l y w e i g h t f o r c e a n d
speeder spring force are balanced,
it w i l l r e s u l t in the positioning
o f a metering valve to l i m i t the
c o r r e c t amount o f o i l p r e s s u r e t o
t h e p r o p e l l e r t o h o l d t h a t rpm .
In the base portion o f the governar,
y o u c a n s e e t h a t t h e same d r i v e
s h a f t w i l l d r i v e a tw o g e a r , s p u r
g e a r , h i g h p r e s s u r e pump. This
pump a c c e p t s l u b r i c a t i o n o i l f r om
t h e en g in e and p r e s s u r i z e s i t t o
a v al u e l i m i t e d by t h e r e l i e f v a l v e .
T h i s v a l u e i s t y p i c a l l y 300 t o 350
pounds above t h e l u b e p r e s s u r e f e l t
a t the inlet.
J u s t above t h e r e l i e f v a l v e a
manopole can be s e e n . The m a n o p o l e
i s a permanent magnet t h a t c o u n t s
the teeth of a very s p e c i a l gear,
p a s s i n g n e a r to it This gives a
speed s i g n a l t o the c o n t r o l system
f u n c t i o n s i n t h e computer and t o
p r o p e l l e r sync systems.
A t t h e t o p o f t h e Woodward p r o p e l l e r
g o v e r n a r , you w i l l n o t i c e a
special device called a Reset
This website stores data such as Piston. Notice t h a t the control
cookies to enable essential site s h a f t has a s e t o f coarse threads
functionality, as well as marketing, which w i l l c a u s e an i n c r e a s e o r
personalization, and analytics. You decrease in speeder spring value
may change your settings at any time as the control shaft is turned.
or accept the default settings. Surrounding those threads i s a
r e s e t p i s t o n mechanism t h a t has
some h e a v y b e l l e v i l l e s p r i n g
Privacy Policy w a s h e r s t r y i n g t o p u s h down t o a d d
to the speeder spring value. At
Marketing the upper r i g h t hand s i d e i s a p o r t
Personalization for high o i l pressure t h a t w i l l
push t h e r e s e t p i s t o n up,
Analytics the
c o m p
washers. r e s s i n g
It i s b
a te l tl h
e ivsi l p
l eo ssi p
t iroi n
ng
Save Accept All t h a t normal g o v ern ar o p e r a t i o n i s
maintained.
6-25
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s it is
desirable t o recalibrate the
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r a b o v e t h e 100
per cent t h a t it normally operates
at. Under t h o s e c o n d i t i o n s i the
reset oi l pressure is eliminated
t h e p i s t o n i s t h e n moved down b y
the strength of the b e l l e v i l l e
s p ri n g washers, thus adding to the
spring force o f the speeder spring
and e f f e c t i v e l y c a l i b r a t i n g t h e
propeller governar to approximately
105 p e r c e n t .
PROP GOVERNOR SCHEM TIC This schematic of the propeller

governor can be used to review t he
flow o f o i l through the governor.
RESET PISTON SPHO STOP
GEAR PUMP No t e , on t h e l e f t s i d e the entry
of lubrication oi l pressure into
SPH
the i n l e t side of the spur gear
___COHTROL type h i g h p r e s s u r e pump. Discharge
LEYER
o f t h a t pump i s f e l t o n t h e t o p
\
s i d e o f t h e check v a l v e opening
t h a t check v a l v e and pr oc e e ding
SPEEO STOP
downward t o t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e
r e l i e f valve. I f the r el i ef valve
TO PROPELLER
s e t t i n g i s exceeded, the r e l i e f
•
I Oòll 32
v a l v e moves t o t h e l e f t a n d b y p a s s e s
the excess o i l back to the i n l e t
s i d e o f t h e pump. That regulated
163
o i l i s t h e n a v a i l a b l e t o go up t o
the metering valve. At the present
time, the metering valve is
positioned to meter the o i l a t t h a t
point. As t h e f l y w e i g h t s a n d
s p r i n g f o r c e s may move t h e m e t e r i n g
This website stores data such as valve to the l e f t i t would a l l o w
cookies to enable essential site m ore o f t h a t o i l t o p a s s t h r o u g h
functionality, as well as marketing, the metering valve to the propeller.
may change your settings at any time Notice the drain l i n e a t the top of
or accept the default settings. the schematic t hat w ill allow t hat
o i l t h a t is in the flyweight
section to drain to the case.
When t h e g o v e r n o r s e n s e s o v e r s p e e d
Privacy Policy
a n d t h e f l y w e i g h t h a s moved o u t
Marketing m ovi ng t h e p i l o t v a l v e t o t h e r i g h t
w i l l allow the o i l in the propeller
Personalization to r e v e r s e flow back through t h a t
drain line into the case.
Analytics

ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
Of c o u r s e removing o i l p r e s s u r e
from t h e p r o p e l l e r w o u l d c a u s e i t
to take higher blade angle.
On t h e r i g h t s i d e o f t h e s c h e m a t i c
minimum a n d maximum s p e e d s t o p
a djustme nt screws can be seen. The
h i g h s p e e d s t o p i s s e t a t 100 p e r
c e n t rpm a n d t h e low s p e e d s t o p
would b e s e t a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 95
p e r c e n t rpm.
Also v i s i b l e i s the o i l p r e s s u r e
com i ng i n t o t h e p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r
reset piston area. The c h e c k v a l v e
s c h e m a t i icn i s n o r m a l l y o p e n u n d e r
located the center of the
propeller governar operation. t
is located in t h a t position to
c l o s e and p r e v e n t l o s s o f o i l
t h r o u g h t h e d r a i n l i n e s when t h e
o i l pressure is being provided to
t h e p r o p e l l e r by t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g
pump. L a t e r s c h e m a t i c s w i l l show
this application.
The f i n a l item to notice in this
schematic of the propeller
governar i s the source o f high
pressure o i l going to the TS
system. That high o i l pres s ure
i s from t h e p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r
pump o u t o f t h e b a s e o f t h e
governar through flow l i m i t i n g
o r i f i c e and check v a l v e . The
NTS or negative torque sensing
system w i l l be explained in l a t e r
pictures.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-27
TSG-103
12-l-79
PROP GOV RNOR R S T You h a v e a l r e a d y l e a r n e d t h a t i n

o rd e r to have b e t a c o n t r o l o f t h e
INST NT RESPONSE
p r o p e l l e r by t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
T BET CONTROL
control the propeller governor
must sense an underspeed c o n d i t i o n
and open i t s p i l o t v al v e t o allo w
t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e o i l t o b e made
available to the propeller pitch
control. That high pres s ure turned
on t h e b e t a l i g h t t o i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e p i l o t now h a s c o n t r o l o f t h e
p r o p e l l e r b y movement o f t h e power
lever.
This governar r e s e t system i s
designed to c r e a t e an i n s t a n t
TT 0611 33
164 response to beta control. This i s

particularly important during the
landing phase o f o p e r a t i o n . As
t h e a i r c r a f t ne a rs touchdown, t h e
p i l o t h a s r e t a r d e d t h e power l e v e r
to the flight idle position. As
s oon a s h i s wh e e l s a r e on t h e
g r o u n d , t h e p i l o t now d e s i r e s t o
take control of the propeller
causing reverse blade angle as
necessary to brake the a i r c r a f t .
As h e b r i n g s t h e power l e v e r b a c k
of flight idle he wishes to
r e c a l i b r a t e the p r o p e l l e r governor
much h i g h e r t h a n i t s n o r m a l 100
per cent to ensure that the
p r o p e l l e r governor w i l l s e n s e an
underspeed c o n d i t i o n and g iv e
immediate c o n t r o l to the p r o p e l l e r
pitch control. T h i s i s done b y t h e
r e s e t system.
This website stores data such as When t h e power l e v e r i s moved t o
cookies to enable essential site t h e p o s i t i o n in back o f f l i g h t
functionality, as well as marketing, idle t will rotate the shaft in
personalization, and analytics. You the propeller pitch control. At
may change your settings at any time t h e top end o f t h a t s h a f t i s a
or accept the default settings. valve. This valve has been c lose d
during propeller governar ope ra tion
a llowing high pres s ure to keep the
Privacy Policy r e s e t p i s t o n compressed, so t h a t
the propeller governar senses only
Marketing the speeder spring value as
a d j u s t e d by t h e s p e e d l e v e r .
Personalization
Analytics

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
As t h e p i l o t b r i n g s t h e power l e v e r
back o f t he f l i g h t i d l e s to p , he
opens t h a t valve in the p r o p e l l e r
p i t c h c o n t r o l , and t h e o i l p r e s s u r e
t h a t ' s been on t h e r e s e t p i s t o n i s
allowed t o d r a i n i n t o the case,
through the propeller pitch control.
As t h e o i l p r e s s u r e i s r e m o v e d , t h e
h e a v y b e l l e v i l l e s p r i n g s add t h e i r
f o r c e t o t h e sp e e d e r s p r i n g and
r e c a l i br a t e the propeller governar
t o a b o u t 105 p e r c e n t . This
en s u res an i n s t a n t r e sp o n se t o
beta a t t h i s very c r i t i c a l period
of a irc ra ft operation.
The p i c t u r e o f t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
PROP GOVERNOR RESET V LVE
c o n t r o l o n t h e l e f t s i d e show s t h e
c o n n e c t i o n o f t h e power l e v e r t o
t h e cam o p e r a t i n g m e c h a n i s m .
N o t i c e t h a t we h a v e t a l k e d
previously about position of the
power l e v e r w i t h t h e nam es Full
Reverse, Flight Idle and
Maximum. These p o s i t i o n s can be
r e l a t e d t o d e g r e e s o f power l e v e r
l
angle.
II X 111• l \\
l
an·ao t
The p i t c h c o n t r o l h a s a p r o t r a c t o r
IEY O• _l
~ ~ ; J
a
V LVE CLOSED ABOVE 35o PL V LVE OPEN BELOW 35o PL J m
s hounted
aft. w i t h t h ep opower
When inter o i tr s i s i n
l env e
TT 0611 34
t h e f u l l f o r w a r d maximum p o s i t i o n ,
#165 t h a t p o i n t e r w i l l i n d i c a t e 100°
on t h e p r o t r a c t o r . The f l i g h t
i d l e p o s i t i o n i s 40° a n d i n f u l l
reverse, the pointer will indicate
zero degrees.
t c a n be s e e n on t h e d r a w i n g on
t h e l e f t t h a t t h e power l e v e r
Privacy Policy p r e s e n t l y i s p o s i t i o n e d somewhere
b e t w e e n f l i g h t i d l e a n d maximum.
Marketing This i s the normal f l i g h t p o s i t i o n .
A t t h i s t i m e , t h e v a l v e on t h e end
Personalization
o f t h e s h a f t on t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
Analytics c o n t r o l i s c l o s e d and t h e h i g h o i l
pressures are available to the
Save Accept All p r o p e l l e r governar r e s e t system.
6-29
TSG-103
12-1-79
The p i c t u r e o n t h e r i g h t show s
t h a t upon l a n d i n g , t h e power l e v e r
has been brought back o f f l i g h t
idle. The s y s t e m i s r i g g e d s o t h a t
a s t h e power l e v e r i s moved b e l o w
35° power l e v e r a n g l e , t h e s h a f t
w i l l be r o t a t e d t o t h e p o i n t where
t h e r e s e t v a l v e w i l l be opened and
t h e o i l from t h e p r o p e l l e r
governar r e s e t p i s t o n w i l l be
allowed to drain i n t o the case
through the propeller pitch control.
The p o i n t s t o remember h e r e a r e
as follows. W henever t h e p o w e r
lever i s a t f l i g h t i d l e o r forward,
t h a t valve i s closed. hen t h e
power l e v e r i s b r o u g h t b a c k o f
f l i g h t i d l e , a n d p a s t t h e 35°
power l e v e r a n g l e , t h a t v a lv e i n
th
o . ropeller pitch control is
pee n p
POSITIV TORQU I t i s important in multi-engine

a irc ra ft to protect the a irc ra ft
f r om a s y m m e t r i c a l t h r u s t , i n t h e
event t h a t one engine should q u i t
in fl i ght . Ex cessiv e drag on t h e
s i d e o f t h e d e a d e n g i n e c a n make
the a i r c r a f t very d i f f i c u l t to
handle. i o u may b e f a m i l i a r w i t h
auto f e a t h e r i n g systems used in
some a i r c r a f t . The 331 P o w e r e d
A i r c r a f t does n o t use an a u to ma tic
ENGINE POWER IS ORIVING THE f e a t h e r i n g system, but r a t h e r a
GE R BOX NO PROPELLER
system d efi n ed as Neg ativ e Torque
H System P r o t e c t i o n .
TT 0611 33
This website stores data such as In o rd e r to understand n e g a t i v e

cookies to enable essential#166
site torque , l e t ' s f i r s t c onside r what
functionality, as well as marketing, positive torque i s . This picture
personalization, and analytics. You i d e n t i f i e s t h a t e n g i n e power i s
may change your settings at any time d r i v i n g t h e gearbox and p r o p e l l e r .
or accept the default settings. h i ~ i s p o s i t i v e t o rq u e and t h i s
i s a normal c o n d i t i o n .
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
12-1-79
NEG TIVE TORQUE S i n c e p o s i t i v e t o r q u e i s when t h e

engine is driving the prope1ler
t h e n n e g a t i v e t o r q u e m u s t b e when
the propeller is driving the
engine. This can occur i the
f l a m e w e r e t o g o o u t i n t h e power
section. The s p e e d o f t h e a i r c r a f t
would cau se t h e a i r f l o w a c r o s s t h e
propeller to windmill the p r o p e l l e r
thus driving the dead engine.
This could cause a tremendous dra g
r e s u l t i n g in asymmetrical t h r u s t
WINDMILLING PRDPELLER NO GE RBDX
and a d i f f i c u l t a i r c r a f t to handle
RE DRIVING THE ENGINE PDWER SECTIDN
under these c o n d i t i o n s . The TS
TT 0611 36 system, or ne ga tive torque system,
#167 i s designed to automatically take
c a re o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n w ith o u t any
a c t i o n on t h e p a r t o f t h e p i l o t .
T h i s d r a w i n g i n t r o d u c e s a new
NEG TIVE TORQUE PPLIED component i n t o t h e p r o p e l l e r
contro1 system. I t is identified
as the Torque S e n s o r . The t o r q u e
sensor i s a mechanical device in
t h e gearbox t h a t can sense and
measure e i t h e r p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e
torque. This d e v ic e w i l l be
discussed in greater d e t a i l in the
Torque I n d i c a t i o n System s e c t i o n .
I t c a n b e s e e n from t h i s p i c t u r e
t h a t the torque sensor i s connected
This website stores data such as to the o i l contro1 system for t h e
cookies to enable essential site propeller. I t receives a high o i l
functionality, as well as marketing, TT 0611 37 p r e s s u r e s ig n a1 from t h e p r o p e l 1 e r
personalization, and analytics. You g o v e r n a r pump. That o i l p re s s u re
#168 signa1 can be s e n t t o t h e f e a t h e r
or accept the default settings. valve under appropriate conditions
of negative torque causing the
f e a t h e r valve t o a c t u a t e and open
Privacy Policy passages t h a t w i l l allow o i l
p r e s s u r e i n t h e p r o p e l l e r t o come
Marketing back through t h e beta t u b e
propeller pitch control and d r a i n
Personalization into the case a t the feather valve.
Analytics Obviously, i the o i l pressure in
the propeller piston area is
r e d u c e d , t h e p r o p e l 1 e r moves
Save Accept All
toward the fe a the re d p o s i t i o n .
6-31
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
This reduces the negative torque

and t h e d rag t h a t i s f e l t by t h e
aircraft. I f t h e p r o p e l l e r were
a l l o w e d t o go t o f u l l f e a t h e r e d
p o s i t i o n , th e n t h i s system could be
d e s c r i b e d a s an a u t o m a t i c
feathering system.
The TS s y s t e m o n t h e 331 E n g i n e i s
NTS SYST M n o t an a u t o m a t i c f e a t h e r i n g s y s t e m .
e UTOM TIC DR G REDUCTION PROP lll CYCLE TOW ROS FE THER The d e c i s i o n t o f e a t h e r t h e e n g i n e
e DO NOT LLOW TS RPM IN CRITIC L R NGE re st s with the p i l o t . The TS
s y s t e m i s an a u t o m a t i c d ra g
reduction system t h a t w i l l
automatically reduce the drag
H T S R E G U L A T O R - . . ~ c r e a t e d by a p r o p e l l e r on a dead
engine. L e t s examine t h e
component on t h e l e f t , i d e n t i f i e d
as a torque sensor.
On the r i g h t e n d o f t h e s h a f t we
s e e a p i l o t v a l v e t h a t w i l l move
b a c k and f o r t h , d e p e n d i n g upon t h e
•
NEG TORQUE POS TORQUE
ROP Pll H ONTROL TT 0611 36 t o r q u e b ein g sen sed by t h i s d ev i ce.
The a r r o w s b e l o w t h e t o r q u e s e n s o r
169 indicated that the p ilo t valve
w o u l d move t o w a r d t h e r i g h t when
p o s i t i v e t o r q u e i s b e i n g f e l t , and
w o u l d move t o w a r d s t h e l e f t a s a
re su l t of sensing negative torque.
When t h e p i l o t v a l v e moves t o t h e
l e f t , and r e s t r i c t s t h e flow o f
o i l out o f t h a t system, the
p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f t h e f e a t h e r
v a l v e w i l l b u i l d up r a p i d l y . That
pressure w i l l cause the i nt e r na l
mechanism o f t h e f e a t h e r v a l v e to
move t o t h e r i g h t , s h u t t i n g o f f t h e
o i l comi ng from t h e p r o p e l l e r
governar and a llo w in g t h e o i l
t h a t s in the propeller to drain
back through t h e f e a t h e r v a lv e and
vent to the case of the engine.
Removing t h e o i l f r o m t h e p r o p e l l e r
Privacy Policy
would s t a r t t h e b l a d e s towards t h e
feathered position.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
12-1-79
As t h e p r o p e l l e r b l a d e s w e r e
streamlining into the a i r , the
t o r q u e s e n s o r would s en s e l e s s
n e g a t i v e t o r q u e a n d move t h e p i l o t
valve back towards the r i g h t
position. Uncovering t h e p o r t
allows the o i l being f e l t a t the
end o f the fe a t he r valve to dra i n
into the case. The f e a t h e r v a l v e
i s spring loaded to re se a t ,
a l l o w i n g t h e o i l from t h e gove r nor
t o go t o t h e p r o p e l l e r and s t a r t
d r i v i n g the p r o p e l l e r back towards
the lower blade angle. As t h e
p r o p e l l e r b l a d e a n g l e m oves t o w a r d
t h e low er p i t c h p o s i t io n , t h e
t o r q u e s e n s o r a g a i n would s e n s e an
i n c r e a s e i n n e g a t i v e t o r q u e and t h e
c y c l e would be r e p e a t e d .
This repeated cycle of p r o p eller

b l a d e s mo v in g b a c k a n d f o r t h i s
referred to as NTSing. The
r e s u l t i n g d r a g from t h i s p r o p e l l e r
a c t i o n i s very low, allow ing the
p i l o t to maintain complete sa fe
control over the a i r c r a f t . This
automatic action allows the pi l ot
t i m e t o make s u c h d e c i s i o n s a s :
making s u r e t h a t he r e c o g n i z e s
which engine has t h e problem and
making t h e d e c i s i o n a s t o w hether
to r e s t a r t the engine o r feather
This website stores data such as t h e p r o p e l l e r and c o n t i n u e on
cookies to enable essential site single engine.
functionality, as well as marketing, You w i l l r e c a l l d u r i n g t h e s t a r t
c y c l e p r o c e d u r e , t h a t we c a u t i o n e d
against the engine staying in
or accept the default settings. speed range r e f e r r e d to as the
C ri t i c a l Frequency. You may
remember t h a t t h e n u m b e r s w e r e 1 8
Privacy Policy
p e r c e n t t o 2 8 p e r c e n t rpm. I f the
Marketing
engine i s allowed to remain a t t h a t
range o f speed, v i b r a t i o n w i l l
Personalization become e x c e s s i v e a n d damage t o t h e
e n g i n e may o c c u r . There a r e only
Analytics
twhen
w s d si s o f e
o p tehr ii o cnog
n icneer no
: p edr u
a rt ii n
ogn the
Save Accept All s t a r t c y c l e p r o c e d u r e and i n t h e
TS o p e r a t i o n .
6-33
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
The P i l o t s F l i g h t O p e r a t i n g
Handbook w i l l w a r n t h a t , a s t h e
engine speed decays in NTSing
p
t hr e
oce
endg
u irn
ee, tt o
he p i l o t must not allow
d e c a y t o a n rpm i n
the c r i t i c a l range. The p i l o t m u s t
move t h e e m e r g e n c y c o n t r o l t o
f e a t h e r t h e p r o p e l l e r a s 30 rpm
is reached.
t c a n be s e e n on t h i s s c h e m a t i c
FE THER V LVE t h a t the i n t e r n a l p i s t o n assembly
on t h e f e a t h e r v a l v e c a n be
PROP GOY OIL a c t u a t e d b y t h e NTS o i l p r e s s u r e
comi ng i n o n t h e l e f t s i d e . This
o i l pressure w i l l cause the piston
i n t h e f e a t h e r v a l v e t o b e moved t o
t h e r i g h t , b l o c k i n g t h e o i l from
EMERGENCY SHUTOff
z:z:;::;?....:Z:::Z::::: . . . . . . .
NTS OIL PRESSURE-
THER
M HU L FE
the governar. A t t h e same t i m e , i t
vents the o i l t hat is in the
PROPELUR
p r o p e l l e r back through t h a t p o r t i o n
COHTROL OIL of the feather valve t h a t is
aligned to the case drain, allowing
the o i l to drain out of the
D
TT 0611 39
propeller into the case.
170 As d e s c r i b e d b e f o r e , t h i s s y s t e m
would r e p e a t i t s e l f , and would be
cyclic in nature, causing the
NTSing o p e r a t i o n . I f the p i l o t
sees t h a t the engine i s going to
s t o p i t s rpm r e d u c t i o n i n t h e 18 t o
28 p e r c e n t r a n g e - - o r h e h a s
decided to feather the pr ope l l e r - 
h e w i l l now move t h e e m e r g e n c y
shutoff lever in the cockpit to the
This website stores data such as emergency s h u t o f f p o s i t i o n . t
cookies to enable essential site w i l l s h u t o f f t h e f u e l and a l s o

functionality, as well as marketing, stroke the feather valve
personalization, and analytics. You mechanically to the r i g h t position
may change your settings at any time a l l o w i n g t h e o i l t o b e v e n t e d from
or accept the default settings. the propeller.
I n some a i r c r a f t , t h i s e m e r g e n c y
s h u t o f f l e v e r i s used in
Privacy Policy co n j u n ct i o n w i t h the speed l e v e r .
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
t is i n t h o s e a i r c r a f t where t h e
s p e e d l e v e r i s m o s t commonly c a l l e d
a Condition Lever, because it not
o n l y d e a l s i n t h e rpm s e l e c t i o n o f
the engine, but also handles the
emergency s h u t o f f f u n c t i o n . Other
a i r c r a f t may h a v e a s e p a r a t e
contro1 t h a t i s linked only to the
emergency s h u t o f f o p e r a t i o n .
NTS LO KOUT
I n some o f t h e n e w e r a i r c r a f t , a n
INST NT RESPONSE inte re s ting s itua tion has developed
TO BET CONTROL with regard to the TS s y s t e m .
This i s p r i m a r i l y due to h e a v i e r
and l a r g e r p r o p e l l e r s . As t h e
a i r c r a f t is landing, the p i l o t will
p u l l t h e power l e v e r back t o r e d u c e
t h e p o w e r a n d g o i n t o b e t a mode o f
operation. The b i g g e r a n d h e a v i e r
p r o p e l l e r s t e n d t o o v e r r u n , much
l i k e a flywheel. t is a t that
I IN : • 55< i n s t a n t where a s i t u a t i o n o f
negative torque could occur. Again,
n e g a t i v e t o r q u e i s when t h e e n g i n e
i s b ein g d r i v e n by t h e p r o p e l l e r .
This obviously is not des irable a t
#171
t hi s point in landing. The p i l o t
does not want a p r o p e l l e r t o TS
and r e d u c e d r a g . e wants to t ak e
c
doen
l itb
roe lr a o
te the
fly pa
cre ro r a
t ep edl rl aeg tondbrake
the a i r c r a f t . Your e n g i n e i n c l u d e s
a s y s t e m t o l o c k o u t t h e NTS s y s t e m
during this reverse action.
personalization, and analytics. You No tice on t h i s dr awing t h a t t h e
may change your settings at any time h i g h p r e s s u r e pump o i l p r e s s u r e
or accept the default settings. f r om t h e g o v e r n a r t o t h e t o r q u e
sensor applies t h a t o i l also to the
e n d o f t h e same v a l v e i n t h e
Privacy Policy p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l where t h e
o i l p r e s s u r e f r om t h e p r o p e l l e r
Marketing governar r e s e t system i s c o n t r o l l e d .
Personalization As t h e p o w e r l e v e r i s p o s i t i o n e d
a t f l i g h t i dl e o r forward, t h a t
Analytics v a l v e would be c l o s e d , and o i l
p r e s s u r e would be n o rm al on t h e
Save Accept All p r o p e l l e r g o v e rn a r r e s e t p i s t o n and
in the TS s y s t e m .
6-35
TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
As t h e p i 1 o t moves t h e power 1 e v e r
f r om f 1 i g h t i d 1 e b a c k t o w a r d s
r e v e r s e a n d p a s s e s t h e 35° power
lever angle point the valve in the
p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l i s opened
a n d t h e o i 1 p r e s s u r e i s r em oved
from t h e p r o p e 1 l e r g o v e r n o r r e s e t
system and t h e TS s y s t e m . ow
t h e r e i s no o i 1 p r e s s u r e i n t h e
system to cause the TS a c t i o n
thus we h a v e a n i n s t a n t r e s p o n s e
to beta control even in the case o f
t h e b i g g e r and h e a v i e r p r o p e l l e r s .
In the maintenance a c t i o n s
described 1ater in this section
you w i 1 1 b e shown a v e r y s i m p 1 e
procedure for checking the proper
operation of this prope1ler
governor and TS lockout system on
the ground.
A ground check o f the TS s y s t e m

TS GROUND HE K
c a n be accomp1ished by u t i 1 i z i n g
O
UNFE THER PUMP
t h e components i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s
HTS LIGHT O
system. The s o u r c e o f o i l p r e s s u r e
wi 11 now b e t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump.
No tice on t h e 1 e f t s i d e o f t h e
drawing, t h e r e i s an TS t e s t 1 i g h t i n
addition to the beta 1ight. Be1ow
the torque sensor you see a TS
checkout so1enoid t h a t wi11 be
ope ne d by a s w i t c h o n t h e c o c k p i t
panel during t h i s ground check.
we
CHECK Y LYES H So
t o r qf u
aer with hav
r ee g d
a ri sdc u
tos s et h
de np
e rgoapt e
iv1e1 e r
PPC
PROP ON THE LOCKS
TT 0611 41
b e i n g d r i v e n by a windm i11ing
action. t i s a1so t r u e t h a t
cookies to enable essential 172
site
functionality, as well as marketing, negative torque is created to the
personalization, and analytics. You t o r q u e s e n s o r when t h e e n g i n e
may change your settings at any time s t a r t e r i s a c t i v a t e d and t h e
or accept the default settings. gearbox i s d r i v i n g t h e power
section. During a s t a r t sequence,
with t h e p ro p e1 1 er s t i 1 1 on t h e
Privacy Policy locks t h i s negative torque created
by t h e s t a r t e r c a n be u se d t o c h e c k
Marketing out the negative torque sensing
system.
Personalization
Analytics
6-36
Save Accept All

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
The p i l o t t u r n s t h e s w i t c h o n t h e
panel to the p o s i t i o n opening the
TS c h e c k o u t s o l e n o i d a n d t h e n
t u r n s on t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump.
You c a n t h e n f o l l o w t h e p a t h o f o i l
p r e s s u r e b e i n g p r o v i d e d by t h e
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump. This o i l
p r e s s u r e t o t h e p r o p e l l e r w i l l have
no e f f e c t on t h e p r o p e l l e r s i n c e
t h e power l e v e r i s p o s i t i o n e d
forward o f ground i d l e f o r a s t a r t
position. The i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s
particular pressure is i t s effect
on t h e TS s w i t c h w h i c h i s s e t
g e n e r a l l y f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100
pounds. So t h e o i l p r e s s u r e from
t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump in addition
to f i l l i n g the line s to the feather
v al v e and t h e TS s y s t e m w i l l a l s o
previde the pressure to turn the
TS l i g h t on.
I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r mode o f
operation the torque sensor p i l o t
v a l v e i s moved t o t h e r i g h t s o
t h e r e i s no p r e s s u r e on t h e end o f
the feather valve since t h a t o i l
is leaking into the case in the
torque sensor. o review with
t h e p r o p e l l e r on t h e l o c k s read y
to s t a r t the engine with the
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump o n and t h e TS
check valve solenoid open t h a t
This website stores data such as p r e s s u r e w i l l t u r n on t h e TS
cookies to enable essential site indicator light in the cockpit.
functionality, as well as marketing, We a r e now r e a d y f o r t h e n e x t s t e p .
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-37
TSG-103
REVISED
7-1-80
TS GROUND HE K With t h e o i l p r e s s u r e c o n d i t i o n s
o f t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g purnp now
STARTER ROTATION NTS LIGHT OUT
established we a r e r e a d y t o b e g i n
an e n g i n e s t a r t p r o c e d u r e . t will
be irnportant to observe t h e a c t i o n
of the TS c h e c k l i g h t d u r i n g t h i s
procedure. As t h e s t a r t s w i t c h i s
turned to the s t a r t p o s i t i o n the
s t a r t e r begins to crank the engine.
The t o r q u e s e n s o r w i l l i m r n e d i a t e l y
sense a negative torque signal
because the gearbox i s t r y i n g t o
~ . drive t h e power s e c t i o n . The p i l o t
BET UGHT CHECK YALVES valve of the torque sensor will
PPC
POSITIVE TORQU ABOUT 30 RPM NTS LIGHT ON TT 0611 42 rnove t o t h e l e f t a n d r e s t r i c t t h e
o i l frorn d r a i n i n g i n t o t h e c a s e .
173
The TS o i l p r e s s u r e w i l l b u i l d up
on t h e end o f t h e f e a t h e r v a l v e
a n d rnove i t t o t h e r i g h t a s sh o wn .
This opens a pa th t h a t the o i l
p r o v i d e d b y t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g purnp
c a n now d r a i n t h r o u g h t h e f e a t h e r
valve i n t o the case. That
r e d u c t i o n i n p r e s s u r e cau sed by
t h i s large leak w i l l cause the TS
l i g h t t o go o f f . The f a c t t h a t t h e
TS l i g h t d i d g o o f f a s s u r e s u s
t h a t the f e a t h e r va lve has been
a c t u a t e d b y t h e o i l p r e s s u r e frorn
the torque sensor sensing the
negative torque.
I t is advisable to observe the TS
light during the r e s t of the
acceleration. A f t e r 10 p e r c e n t
t h e engine l i g h t s o f f and w i l l
accelerate. Obviously, as the
This website stores data such as power s e c t i o n s t a r t s t o d r i v e t h e
cookies to enable essential site gearbox and p r o p e l l e r the torque
functionality, as well as marketing, s e n s o r w i l l soon s t a r t t o se nse t h e
personalization, and analytics. You positive torque. When i t r e a c h e s
may change your settings at any time t h a t p o i n t - - a t a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t
or accept the default settings. rprn--the tor que sensor p i l o t valve
w i l l h a v e rnoved t o t h e r i g h t f a r
enough to open t h e d r a i n i n t o t h e
Privacy Policy case. The o i l p r e s s u r e o n t h e
back o f the f e a t h e r valve d ro p s
Marketing the spring reseats the feather
valve the pressure will again
Personalization
b u i l d i n t h e systern and t h e TS
Analytics l i g h t w i l l come o n .

ffi] TSG-103
12-l-79
O b s e r v i n g t h e l i g h t comi ng b a c k o n
i s assurance t h a t the feather valve
has r e s e a t e d . At t h i s p o i n t the
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump c a n b e t u r n e d o f f
and t h e TS c h e c k o u t s o l e n o i d
switc h can be turne d o f f . At this
point, the engine continues to
a c c e l e r a t e o n up t o g o v e r n e d s p e e d
and procedures a r e c o n tin u e d a s
normal.
One o f t h e i m p o r t a n t moments d u r i n g
t h i s p r o c e d u r e was t h e p o i n t a t
which t h e TS l i g h t w e n t o u t when
t h e s t a r t e r wa s e n g a g e d indicating
correct action of the torque sensor
and t h e u n fe a t h e ri n g v a l v e .
Secondly it i s important to
observe t h a t the TS l i g h t carne
b a c k o n a t a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t rpm
to indicate t h a t the feather valve
was r e s e a t e d i n normal manner.
The P i l o t s O p e r a t i n g Manual w i l l
also describe p ro ced u re whereby
f l i g h t check of the TS s y s t e m
can be accomplished and should be
done if t h e r e has been maj or
maintenance done on t h e en g in e t h a t
involves disassembly o f the gearbox
including the torque sensor. T he
o f f t h e s ifm p ll y a n
f l i gt u
of
h rt n icnhg
eck will
ue
consist
d seeing
This website stores data such as that the TS s y s t e m t a k e s t h e
cookies to enable essential site p r o p e l l e r i n t o a n a u t o m a t i c NTSing
functionality, as well as marketing, operation.
T h e r e i s one f i n a l i t e m i n t h i s
system t h a t i s worthy of note . The
TS c h e c k o u t s o l e n o i d i s u s e d i n
those systems t h a t have t h e
p r o p e l l e r governor r e s e t and TS
Privacy Policy
lockout system valve in the
propeller pitch control. t can be
Marketing
s e e n t h a t i f we d i d n o t h a v e
Personalization s o l e n o i d b l o c k i n g t h a t p a t h , any
a t t e m p t t o p u t t h e p r o p e l l e r on t h e
Analytics locks by u s i n g t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g
pump w o u l d b e u n s u c c e s s f u l .
Save Accept All
6-39
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
I f this solenoid did not block the

path movi ng t h e p o w e r l e v e r i n t o
f u l l r e v e r s e would open t h e valve
in t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l and
a l l o w t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump
pressure to escape i n t o the case
a n d you w o u l d n e v e r g e t t h e
p r o p e l l e r t o go to r e v e r s e . Under
normal o p e r a t i o n t h e NTS c h e c k o u t
s o l e n o i d v a lv e i s c l o s e d and it i s
used only for t h i s type o f ground
t e s t o f t h e NTS s y s t e m .
BETA NTS SWITCH MANIFOLD

T h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n sh o ws t h e
mounting p r o v i s i o n s for the b e t a
,.········\·:: a n d NTS s w i t c h . The m a n i f o l d
,·,l l h o u s i n g i s u s u a l l y mounted n e a r t h e
l
l
··
\:>;;:: ::~::~~? , fuel shutoff valve. T h e r e a r e two

CHE K
ALVE
p o r t s a c c e p t i n g t h e NTS a n d b e t a
i :: ·•·.; ,
Also included in the
,.<-
i
.
l
l ...•
··- /
/
.. " " ' " switch.
/ / ? (/ ,:~ 1
f
housing i s t h e check valve t h a t
- ~
\
··? ., • 19 / .• --.::?1l you have seen p r e v i o u s l y i n t h e
.
···· /)
• llì
-..... ·
l····
~
---Rl
~l schematic.
prevents
This check valve
loss of beta pressure
;/ -___p .. ,... .,
/
n o rm ally s u p p l i e d by t h e p r o p e l l e r
g o v e r n o r pump, b a c k t h r o u g h a n
i n a c t i v e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump. t is
11 061 l 4J n o r m a l l y opened by t h e p r e s s u r e s
f r o m t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump d u r i n g
174
t h e o p e r a t i o n where t h e
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump i s s u p p l y i n g t h e
oi l rather than the propeller
governor. O t h e r p o r t s on t h e
manifold previde a connecting point
f o r t h e o i l from t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g
pump, a n d t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f a l i n e
This website stores data such as to the propeller pitch control.
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
t i s important for the

M INTEN NCE CTIONS
maintenance mechanic to unde r sta nd
REFERENCE
those maintenance actio n s described
• PROPELLER A/C MM
in the o f f i c i a l pub1ications t h a t
RIGGING
AIJJUST START LOCKS can be accomp1ished in the
• PROP PITCH CONTROL ENG MM
propel1er c o n t r o l system. With t h e
RIGGING p r o p e 1 1 e r , some r i g g i n g a n d
PACKINGS
ad ju s tin g o f s t a r t 1ocks i s
PARTS WE R
invo1ved. With t h e prope11er p i t c h
• PROP GOVERNOR ENG MM
STOP AIJJUSTMENT
contro1 there is rigging a s we11
RIGGING as i n s p e c t i o n o f p a c k i n g and p a r t s .
• FE THER VALVE A/C MM The e n g i n e m a i n t e n a n c e manua1 w i l l
describe the stop adjustment
=
RIGGING
• BETA NTS SWITCHES ENG MM p ro c e d u re and r i g g i n g o f t h e

• NTS LOCKOUT CHECK ENG MM T 061 - 44 governar.
175 The f e a t h e r v a l v e a 1 s o h a s a
r i g g i n g p r o c e d u r e t h a t wi11 be
found i n t h e a i r c r a f t maintenance
m anua1. The b e t a a n d TS s w i t c h e s
can be checked f o r p r o p e r
c a 1 i b r a t i o n and t h e TS l o c k o u t
check can e n s u r e s a t i s f a c t o r y
operation of the TS 1 o c k o u t a n d
p r o p e l l e r governor r e s e t system.
t i s recognized t h a t i n t e r n a l
PROP RIGGING p r o p e l l e r wor k w i l l p r o b a b l y n o t
be done by t h e e n g i n e mechanic.
• ADJUST FJ BLAOE ANGLE
However , s e v e r a l o p e r a t i o n s a r e
the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the engine
• CHECK INTERNAL STOP BLADE ANGLES
mechanic. Adjustinq a correct
AT FULL REIIERSE ANO FEATHER
f l i g h t i d l e blade angle once the
• CHECK BLADE ANGLE ON THE START LOCKS p r o p e l l e r has been i n s t a l l e d
matches t h e p r o p e l l e r t o t h e
functionality, as well as marketing,CORRECT BLAOE ANGLES FOR EACH
AIRCRAFT WILL BE OBTAINED FROM engine. The e n g i n e m e c h a n i c may
THE AIRCRAFT FLIGHT MAINTENANCE a l s o check and c o r r e c t t h e s t a r t
or accept the default settings. MANUALS lock positions as necessary.
Maintenance mechanics s h o u ld
c e r t a i n l y check the i n t e r n a l stop
D
Privacy Policy Tl 0611 45 in the propeller in the f u l l
reverse and t h e f e a t h e r p o s i t i o n
176
Marketing e v e n t h o u g h h e may n o t b e t h e o n e
to take corrective action.
Personalization
As we c o n s i d e r t h e e n g i n e
Analytics mechanic's job of a d ju s tin g f l i g h t
i d l e blade angle o r c h e c k i n g any
Save Accept All o f the other blade angles it must
be r e a l i z e d t h a t those angles w i l l
be d e f i n e d in the a i r c r a f t manuals.
6-41
ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
FLIGHT IDLE ADJUSTMENT In order to ensure compatible

operation of the propeller in
response to the c oc kpit c o n t r o l s
UNFE THER PUMP the f l i g h t i d l e p o s i t i o n is used
t o c a l i b r a t e t h e tw o t o g e t h e r . The
adjustment of the f l i g h t idle blade
angle with regard to the position
o f t h e power l e v e r i s done by
adjusting the beta tube length a t
the threaded end a t the p r o p e l l e r
piston. This w i l l adjust the
L T FLIGHT I LE
dimension between the p ro p e l l e r
p i s t o n and t h e fo l l o w er s l eev e in
l
the propeller pitch control.
TT..061l 46 Recognizing t h a t as the piston
177 m oves o u t the blade angle is
d e c re a s e d and a s t h e p i s t o n i s
moved i n w a r d t o t h e r i g h t blade
angle increases t then stands to
r ei m
d th
a seonns i o y a
n a ft r obm t hdej u fso
t il n
l ogw tehr e s l e e v e
in the propeller pitch control to
the piston we c a n a c h i e v e a g i v e n
blade angle. Utilizing the proper
p r o t r a c t o r measuring equipment to
measure blade angles t w i l l be
necessary to previde o i l pressure
to the p r o p e l l e r with the
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump.
This procedure w i l l be as follows:
with t h e power l e v e r a t f l i g h t i d l e
d e t e n t and t h e p r o p e l l e r o f f t h e
locks t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump w i l l
be turned on, providing o i l
pressure into the propeller. This
p r e s s u r e c a u s e s t h e p i s t o n t o move
out u n t i l the metering point
e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e h o l e s i n t h e
b e t a tube and t h e fo l l o w er sleeve
will resul t in just the pressure
necessary to balance spring force
in the propeller. The b l a d e a n g l e
w i l l be measured a t t h a t p o i n t .
Any a d j u s t m e n t n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n
t h e c o r r e c t blade angle w i l l be
Privacy Policy
made b y t u r n i n g t h e b e t a t u b e a t
Marketing the piston end.
Personalization
Analytics

ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
7-l-80
Turning the beta tube clockwise

w i l l r e s u l t in decreasing the blade
angle. One c o m p l e t e t u r n o f t h e
beta tube w ill resul t in
a p p r o x i m a t e l y two d e g r e e s c h a n g e i n
the blade angle.
The a i r c r a f t m a i n t e n a n c e m a n u a l
will point aut several cautions
t h a t must be o b s erv ed . One w i l l b e
the duty cycle l i m i t s of the
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump. Normally t h i s
w i l l b e a b o u t 30 t o 60 s e c o n d s ON
a n d some p e r i o d OFF f a r c o o l i n g
the e l e c t r i c motor. Secondly as
t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump i s p u mp in g
o i l i n t o the system it i s lowering
the supply in the engine o i l tank.
Obviously the engine i s not
r u n n i n g s o t h e s c a v e n g e pumps a r e
not returning the o i l to the tank
and t h e supply w i l l be d e p l e t e d .
t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y p e r i o d i c a l l y
during the adjustment procedure to
r e t u r n t h e o i l from t h e case back
into the tank. T h i s may b e
a c c om pl i she d by simply r o t a t i n g
t h e p r o p e l l e r in i t s normal
d i r e c t i o n o f r o t a t i o n by h a n d .
When t h e f l i g h t i d l e b l a d e a n g l e
h
vaa sl u b
eeen
the a dbju
e st a
ted
tubto th
e a dej u sctomr e
renct t a t
This website stores data such as t h e t h r e a d e d end w i l l t h e n be
cookies to enable essential site l o c k e d i n p o s i t i o n by t h e u se o f a
functionality, as well as marketing, lock b o l t .
personalization, and analytics. You Oil temperature a f f e c t s v i s c o s i t y
may change your settings at any time and w i l l cause e r r o r s i n s e t t i n g
or accept the default settings. blade angle. Refer to the
m a i n t e n a n c e manual f a r g u i d a n c e i n
compensating f a r o i l v i s c o s i t y
Privacy Policy effects.
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-43
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
PROP BL DE TWIST A prope11er b1ades have a t w i s t .

The a n g 1 e i s d i f f e r e n t a t t h e t i p
end than t i s a s you p r o c e e d
a
t o1w
b s n g 1heu
a daer d a sb I n moursdt e cr o tnos i m
, . you s teeanstu1r y
e
measure t h o s e ang1es a t t h e
ST TION M RK
specified point. In practica11y
a11 o f t h e p ro p e1 1 ers used on t h e
331 E n g i n e , t h i s p o i n t w i 1 1 b e 30
f 30 NCHES l i n c h e s from t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
prope11er o u t towards the t i p . It
wi11 be i d e n t i f i e d on t h e back s i d e
8= o f t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r b1ade by a p a i n t
s t r i p e across the width o f the
~ ~ ~ b1ade. This i s re fe rre d t o as the
#178 30 I n c h S t a t i o n .
Not on1y must t h e m e a suri ng device

BU\DE C MBER f o r checking b1ade ang1es be used
a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e 30 i n c h s t a t i o n ,
[''*' '] ol t a 1 s o m u s t b e u s e d i n a way t o
minimize t h e e r r o r cau sed by t h e
camber o f t h e back s i d e o f t h e
b1ade.
T h i s p i c t u r e shows t h e p r o t r a c t o r
PROTR CTOR being used so t h a t t h e wide edge
o
i s ab1e to extend over t h e 1eading
and t r a i 1 i n g edges o f t h e prope11er
b 1 a d e s o t h a t c o n s i s t e n c y wi 11 b e
PROTR CTOR MUST EXTEND OVER lE DING NO TR IUNG EDGES
obtained in the readings. I f the
fRI p r o t r a c t o r i s used improper1y, t
TT 0611 48 c a n make c o n s i d e r a b 1 e d i f f e r e n c e
This website stores data such as i n t h e r e a d i n g s t a k e n f r o m one
cookies to enable essential#179
site b1ade to t h e n e x t .
Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

TSG-103
12-1-79
P o s i t i v e blade angles o f one o r

ST RT lOCK DJUSTMENT
tw o d e g r e e s a r e u s u a l l y s p e c i f i e d
b y t h e P i l o t s O p e r a t i n g Handbook
f o r t h e b l a d e s when t h e y a r e o n
START LOCK HOUSIHG the s t a r t locks. It is critical
t h a t these locks hold a l l blades
within very close tolerance. If
t h e b l a d e s w e r e n o t o f t h e same
i i v ~ angle, t h i s could cause excessive
vibration during the s t a r t
------\ OCK BOLT ADIUST SCREW
a c c e l e r a t i o n o r any o p e r a t i o n
where t h e e n g i n e i s ru n n i n g w i t h
t h e p r o p e l l e r still on t h e l o c k s .
The a d j u s t m e n t w i l l b e t o move t h e
H
TT 0611 49
housing containing the pin
180
r e l a t i v e to the position of the
p l a t e t h a t i s a permanent p a r t o f
the propeller blade.
At t h i s p o i n t , it i s appropriate
PPC RIGGING
to note the rigging of the
propeller pitch control as pa rt of
the p r o p e l l e r c o n t r o l system
\ discussed in t h i s section.
i>
R e f e r e n c e h a s b e e n made t o t h e
p r o t r a c t o r attached to the
@ propeller pitch control. This

p r o t r a c t o r i s m arked o f f i n d e g r e e s
O KPIT POWER LEYER f r om z e r o t o 1 0 0 . Note t h e de gr e e s
- l referred to in the picture of the
power l e v e r , t e l l i n g u s t h a t when
cookies to enable essential site PROP PIT H ONTROL
t h e power l e v e r i s a t r e v e r s e , t h e
functionality, as well as marketing, p r o t r a c t o r on t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
BI
personalization, and analytics. You TT <l611 50 c o n tr o l should p o in t to zero.
may change your settings at any time When t h e p o w e r l e v e r i s a t f l i g h t
181
or accept the default settings. i dl e, the p ro t ra c t o r should point
a t 40 d e g r e e s . And when t h e power
lever is f u l l forward the
Privacy Policy p r o t r a c t o r s h o u l d p o i n t a t 100
degrees. Establishing the flight
Marketing i d l e blade angle as previously
Personalization d e s c r i b e d , gave us t h e
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e power
Analytics l e v e r a t t h e f l i g h t i d l e d e t e n t and
the propeller pitch control a t the
Save Accept All 40 d e g r e e p o s i t i o n .
6-45
ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e 1 i n k a g e f r o m
the a i r c r a f t system i s responsib1e
for the appropriate trave1 to the
z e r o a n d t o t h e 100 d e g r e e p o s i t i o n .
PPC MAINTENANCE ITEMS The e n g i n e m a i n t e n a n c e manua1

de sc ribe s the proper disassemb1y
and i n s p e c t i o n procedures on t h e
CAM WEAR prope11er pitch contro1. If the
prope11er pitch contro1 i s
suspected of inte rna 1 1eakage, the
three packings indicated here
shou1d be i n s p e c t e d . These
p a c k i n g s n o rma 1 1 y p r e v e n t t h e
1 e a k a g e from t h e b e t a o i 1 p r e s s u r e
into the drain area of the
prope11er pitch contro1. Another
possib1e source of 1eakage i s the
PACKING LEAKS
H b u s h i n g s e a 1 on t h e end o f t h e
TT 0611 51 fo11ower s 1 e e v e .
182 The manua1 wi 11 a 1 s o g i v e t h e
p r o c e d u r e f o r i n s p e c t i n g t h e cam
a n d t h e cam f o 1 1 o w e r . These p a r t s
may b e r e p 1 a c e d i f w e a r a b o v e t h e
1 i m i t s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e manua1 i s
indicated.
BETA TUBE Sin ce t h e b e t a tu b e extends a11

t h e way from t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r p i s t o n
back through the gearbox, i n t o the
REMOVE BETA TUBE FJRST ANO INSTALL
prope11er pitch contro1 it i s
lAST WHEN REPLACING: o b v i o u s t h a t i t wou1d b e v e r y e a s y
e made t o ret mou b ev e i f any a t t e m p t

to
w e r damage
• PROPELLER the
ALWAYS REMOVE ANO INSTALL HARTZELL the prope11er
This website stores dataIN such
PROPELLERS as POSITION
THE FEATHER with the beta tube s ti11 insta11ed.
• PROP PITCH CONTROL I t m u s t a 1 wa y s b e removed b e f o r e
functionality, as well
TURN as TO
SHAFT marketing,
1 ° TO AIO attempting to take o f f a prope11er
IN REMOVAL o r a prope11er pitch contro1.
may change your settings at any time Remember t o p u t t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r i n t o
HANDLE BETA TUBES WITH CARE
or accept the default settings. feather before the beta tube i s
H removed. The b e t a t u b e i s a t t a c h e d
TT 0611 53
t o t h e prope11er and r o t a t e s a t
Privacy Policy high speed. t must be abso1ute1y
184 s t r a i g h t and t h e s u r f a c e n e a r t h e
Marketing se a 1ing a r e a s must be t r u e . Hand1e
the beta tube with care.
Personalization
Analytics

ffi TSG-103
12-1-79
I n a t t e m p t i n g t o re mo v e t h e
prope11er pitch contro1 it i s
advisab1e to turn the prope11er
p i t c h c o n t r o 1 s h a f t t o t h e maximum
p o w e r o r 100 d e g r e e s position.
T h i s wi 11 r e t r a c t t h e f o l l o w e r
s l e e v e a n d make i t e a s i e r t o
re mo v e t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o 1
from t h e a c c e s s o r y s e c t i o n .
BETA TUBE PPC AliGNMENT Since the beta tube r o t a t e s a t

high s p e e d and t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h
contro1 fo1lower sle e ve i s
stationary it i s important t h a t
they are properly aligned. When
l insta11ing the propel1er pitch
BET TUBE control mating s urfaces must be
P f ll WEI SlEEVE cleaned gaskets instal1ed and
the proper torque app1ied to the
attaching bo1ts. Beta tubes should
a1so be examined t o see t h a t t h e y
are not bent or that there is
no damage i n t h e a r e a c o n t a c t i n g
WORH BET lUBES NO PPC L ND BUSHING the land bushing in t h e p ro p e l l e r
IT-Còll-5<4 pitch control. Misalignment o r
185 damaged c o n t a c t s u r f a c e s may b e
e v i d e n t b y e i t h e r damage t o t h e
beta tube o r to the bushing area
in the fo1lower s1eeve. Inspection
o h ei s e b
i nf tt h nug si n
hei n g
m aiisn t eanl sa o d emanual
nce scribed
This website stores data such as a n d i t may b e r e p 1 a c e d i necessary.

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Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-47
[ffi] TSG-103
12-1-79
PROP GOVERNOR DJUSTMENT The p r o c e d u r e f o r a d j u s t i n g t h e

h i g h a n d 1ow s p e e d s t o p s o n t h e
prope11er governor is ide ntif ie d
l
/ / i n t h e e n g i n e m a i n t e n a n c e ma n u a 1 .
T hi s wi11 invo1ve ru n n in g t h e
engine and taking read i n g s o f
ol , /c/
,
engine speed t o i n d i c a t e where t h e
l '
stops are present1y set . After
s h u t t i n g down t h e e n g i n e the
a p p r o p r i a t e a d j u s t m e n t wi11 be
made t o t h e 1ow s p e e d o r h i g h s p e e d
AOJUST PROP GOVERNOR STOPS stops. Once t h e s t o p s a r e s e t it
BY RUNNING ENGINE i s extreme1y important t h a t the
2 RIG CONTROLS TO ENSURE THAT r i g g i n g o f t h e speed 1 e v e r be done
STOPS ARE CONTACTEO
TT ll611 55 correct1y to ensure hard contact
to the stops. I f the prope11er
186
governor 1 ev er does n o t c o n t a c t
the stops t h i s wi11 usua11y be
e v i d e n t by i n c o n s i s t e n c y i n ru n n in g
a t the se1ected speed. As a n
example, if t h e speed 1 e v e r were
moved t o t h e t a k e o f f p o s i t i o n
a s k i n g f o r 100 p e r c e n t and t h e
rigging prevented the prope1ler
g o v ern ar 1 e v e r from c o n t a c t i n g t h e
high speed stop then the position
o f t h e g o v e r n a r 1 e v e r w ou1d b e
de t e rm i ne d by t h e r i g g i n g and n o t
the stop.

Privacy Policy
Marketing
Personalization
Analytics

ffi] TSG-103
12-l-79
FE THER V LVE RIGGING In orde r to manually stroke the

f eath er valve to a p o s i t i o n t h a t
w ill allow the propeller to fully
IRCR FT RIGGING PROCEDURES ENSURE FUEL f e a t h e r , we m u s t u s e t h e a i r c r a f t
SHUT OFF BEFORE STROKING THE FE THER V LVE i n s t a l l e d system. This system
b eg i n s w i t h an emergency s h u t o f f
EMERGENCY
cockpit control. T h i s may b e
--fo . SHUTOFF
1
COCKPIT incorporated i n t o the speed lever
CONTROL f u n c t i o n i n some a i r p l a n e s a n d may
be a se pa ra t e co n tr o l in o t h e r s .
When s t o p p i n g t h e e n g i n e u n d e r
emergency c o n d i t i o n s , t is vitally
important t h a t t h e f u e l supply be
stopped before feathering the
T 061 1-56
propeller.
187
Let s a s s u m e f o r a moment t h a t t h i s
s y s t e m w as m i s r i g g e d i n s u c h a way
t h a t the feather valve allowed the
p r o p e l l e r t o go t o t h e f e a t h e r e d
p o s i t i o n b e f o r e t h e f u e l w as s h u t
off. Obviously the extreme load
o f t h e f e a t h e r e d p r o p e l l e r would
c a u s e t h e rpm o f t h e e n g i n e t o
decrease and t h e n a t u r a l r e a c t i o n
o f t h e f u e l system would be t o p u t
mo re f u e l i n t o t h e e n g i n e . With
a n i n c r e a s i n g l o a d , d e c r e a s i n g rpm
a n d more f u e l , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s
would go e x t r e m e l y h i g h v e r y
q u i c k l y w i t h r e s u l t i n g damage t o
the turbine section. Consequently
t h e a i r c r a f t maintenance manual
This website stores data such as w i l l be very s p e c i f i c in t h e
cookies to enable essential site rigging of t h i s system.
personalization, and analytics. You The l e v e r o n t h e m a n u a l f u e l
may change your settings at any time s h u t o f f v a l v e must be a c t i v a t e d to
or accept the default settings. a p o i n t where t h e f u e l has been
s h u t o f f b e f o r e you even s t a r t t o
move t h e f e a t h e r v a l v e . This
Privacy Policy r i g g i n g s h o u l d be p e r i o d i c a l l y
c h e c k e d on t h e g r o u n d w h i l e t h e
Marketing engine i s running. The e m e r g e n c y
lev er should be taken very slowly
Personalization
towards the shutoff position with
Analytics one hand n e a r t h e s t o p s w i t c h a s
a precaution.
Save Accept All
6-49
ffi] TSG-103
REVISED
2- 1- 81
As t h e l e v e r a p p r o a c h e s t h e
shutoff position a point should
be reached where t h e f u e l flow
wo
w ou
u ll d
d d
f lraom
pe t o zero and the engine
out. Momentarily
stopping the lever action a t that
point should indicate the propeller
s t a y i n g a t e s s e n t i a l l y t h e sam e
blade angle. C o n t i n u e d movement
of the control lever should then
s t ro k e t h e f e a t h e r valve and t h e
p r o p e l l e r s h o u l d i m m e d i a t e l y go t o
a full feathered position.
BETA NTS SWIT H HE K A beta o r NTS s w i t c h u t i l i z e s o i l

p res s u re a c t i n g a g a i n s t a diaphragm
to actuate microswitches within
the switch assembly. T he
e l e c t r i c a l connector i s typically
a t h r e e p i n p l u g a s show n h e r e .
AIR/Oil
By a p p r o p r i a t e l y c o n n e c t i n g a
BETA OR NTS SWITCH c o n t i n u i t y m e te r t o t h e p i n s and
applying a controlled source o f
BETA NTS
pressure t h e c a l i b r a t i o n can be
B CLOSE B OPEN
INCREASING PRESSURE
A A
checked as i n d i c a t e d .
31 • 32 PSI BEFORE 12 PSI
A B OPEN WITHIN A B CLOSE On the beta switch as the pressure

DECREASING PRESSURE
50 PSI O CLOSING BEFORE 1 PSI i s i n c r e a s e d s l o w l y b e t w e e n 310
PRESSURE
H a n d 320 p s i c o n tin u ity should be
TT 0611 57
i n d i c a t e d b etween p i n s A and B,
l8g indicating tha t the switch c i r c u i t
has been cl o s ed . As t h e p r e s s u r e
is slowly decreased the pins A
and B c i r c u i t should open w i t h i n
50
c peod
los u na
d st . o f the pressure tha t they
This website stores data such as An NTS s w i t c h o p e r a t e s i n t h e
cookies to enable essential site opposite direction increasing
p r e s s u r e t o t h e NTS s w i t c h .
personalization, and analytics. You C i r c u i t s A and B should open b efo re
may change your settings at any time r e a c h i n g 120 p s i . On d e c r e a s i n g
or accept the default settings. pressure A and B c i r c u i t s should
c l o s e b e f o r e d e c r e a s i n g t o 100 p s i .
This procedure i s covered in d e t a i l
Privacy Policy i n t h e engine maintenance manual.
O p e r a t i n g v a l u e s may v a r y a n d t h e
Marketing
manual s h o u l d be used t o determine
Personalization c o r r e c t numbers f o r v a r i o u s p a r t
number s w i t c h e s .
Analytics

[ffi] TSG-103
1 2 1 ~ 7 9
NTS LOCKOUT PROP GOVERNOR RESET You w i 1 1 r e c a 1 l e a r l i e r i n t h i s

s e c t i o n , when t h e TS 1 o c k o u t a n d
S l =T O p r o p e l l e r governor r e s e t systems
P/l= POWER
were disc usse d, t h a t both of the se
= 250
TEST GAGE PSI
s y s t e m s d e p e n d e d upon t h e
MINIIIII l avai1abi1ity of o il pressure.
--- D u r i n g 1 a n d i n g when t h e p i l o t
)
wou1d b r i n g t h e power l e v e r b a c k
SL =T O o f f l i g h t i d 1 e a n d p a s t t h e 35°
P l=REY ) point, the valve in the propeller
TEST G GE =2 PSI l _ p i t c h c o n t r o l would o p e n causing
M XIMUM , l; Lu the o i l i n t h e s e two s y s t e m s to be
~ drained i n t o the case through the
NTS S W I T H ~
prope11er p i t c h contro1. The l o s s
TI 0611 58
o f t h a t o i l p r e s s u r e would l o c k
out the TS f u n c t i o n a n d would
189
a11ow t h e p r o p e 1 1 e r g o v e r n o r t o b e
r e s e t t o 105 p e r c e n t .
This system can be checked very
s im p ly by i n s t a l l i n g a t e s t gage
a s shown i n t h i s p i c t u r e . As t h e
engine i s run with the speed 1ever
a t t a k e o f f a n d t h e power l e v e r
forward o f f l i g h t i d l e , t h i s t e s t
g a g e s h o u 1 d i n d i c a t e a minimum o f
250 p s i o i l p r e s s u r e . Leaving the
s p e e d l e v e r a t t a k e o f f rpm a n d
b r i n g i n g t h e power 1 e v e r back
towards r e v e r s e , t h e t e s t gage w i l l
a
d r o p showing n o m ore
maximum o i l p r e s s u r e . t h a n
This c 20 pks i
hec
This website stores data such as assures correct oi l pressures in
cookies to enable essential site the TS l o c k o u t a n d p r o p e l l e r
functionality, as well as marketing, governor r e s e t systems.
Privacy Policy
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Personalization
Analytics
Save Accept All

6-51
TSG-103
12-1-79
TYPICAL TROUBLESHOOTING mechanic s a b i l i t y to

troubleshoot the propeller control
SAMPLE SYMPTOM PROP WON'T COME OFF
s ys te m i s l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t upon
THE LOCKS his understanding o f t h a t system
and a logical thought process.
YOUR UNOERSTANOING OF THE SYSTEM LEAOS YOU TO
THESE LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS:
Assume t h a t t h e p i l o t s c o m p l a i n t
i s t h a t he could n o t g e t t h e
A IT TAKES DIL PRESSURE TO MOVE PRDP TOWARO REVERSE
p r o p e l l e r t o come o f f t h e l o c k s .
B. PRESSURE SOURCES: PROP GOV PUMP/UNF PUMP
He c l a i m e d t o h a v e d o n e e v e r y t h i n g
C. PRESSURE LIMITINO MAY BE DUE TO RESTRICTIONS OR LEAKS
p r o p e r l y , b u t t h e p r o p e l l e r would
VERIFY PROCEOURES ANO RIGGING
n o t move. Your approach t o t h i s
CHECK PRESSURES TEST GAGE/BETA LIGHT
problem w o u ld be i n f l u e n c e d
R&R WITH REGARD TO COST OF MAINTENANCE
c o n s i d e r a b l y by t h e u se o f t h e
information and understanding t h a t
o611·59 y o u now h a v e .
190 First of all y o u know t h a t i n
o r d e r t o make t h e p r o p e l l e r come
o f f t h e l o c k s , y o u m u s t move t h e
blades toward the reverse p o s i t i o n
and it t a k e s o i l p r e s s u r e to the
p r o p e l l e r t o do t h a t . Secondly,
you r e c o g n i z e t h a t o i l p r e s s u r e
c a n be p u t t o t h e p r o p e l l e r from
tw o s e p a r a t e s o u r c e s : from t h e
p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n o r pump d u r i n g
en g in e running, and from an
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump when t h e e n g i n e
is static. This is important
b e c a u s e i f y o u c a n make t h e
p r o p e l l e r work w i t h t h e
u n f e a t h e r i n g pump, b u t c a n n o t make
it operate with the p r o p eller
g o v e r n o r pump d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n , i t
i s a c l u e t h a t t h e p r o b l e m may l i e
within the p r o p e l l e r governor and
i t s pump, o r p o s s i b l y t h e c h e c k
This website stores data such as valve in the beta switch manifold
cookies to enable essential site may b e s t u c k o p e n . T h i s would
functionality, as well as marketing, allo w p r e s s u r e from t h e
personalization, and analytics. You u n f e a t h e r i n g pump t o a c t n o r m a l l y ,
may change your settings at any time b u t would c a u s e a l o s s o f p r o p e l l e r
or accept the default settings. g o v e r n o r pump p r e s s u r e s d u r i n g
engine operation. Thirdly, the
pressure l i m i t i n g may be a
Privacy Policy r e s t r i c t i o n o r i t may b e a l e a k .
T he e x p e r i e n c e d m e c h a n i c w i l l
Marketing attempt to i s o l a t e the cause of the
Personalization problem in a manner t h a t w i l l
r e s u l t in the l e a s t expense and
Analytics time.

lffi TSG-103
12-1-79
t c e r t a i n l y would be eas y to
ve r i f y the procedures t h a t the
p i l o t s a i d he used. Did h e i n d e e d
move t h e power l e v e r t o f u l l
r ev er s e in an a tte mpt t o g e t th e
propeller o f f the locks? hen y o u
move t h e p o w e r l e v e r t o r e v e r s e
does the rigging permit the
p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l to respond
p r o p e r l y ? Also p r e s s u r e can be
ch eck ed by i n s t a l l i n g a t e s t gage
a t a p o r t l o c a t e d on t h e p r o p e l l e r
pitch control. This t e s t gage and
beta l i g h t are both pressure
indicating devices. I f the beta
l i g h t comes o n t h e r e m u s t b e 300
pounds worth o f p ressu re a t t h a t
point.
Normally w i t h most p r o p e l l e r s
you can e x p e c t t h e p r o p e l l e r t o
r e a c t i f a t l e a s t 150 p o u n d s
pressure is available. T h i s may
n o t be enough t o t u r n on t h e b e t a
light b u t it should have o p e r a t e d
the propeller. I f t h e t e s t gage
i n d i c a t e s v e r y low p r e s s u r e s the
system should be i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r
leaks or restrictions. I n making
a d e c i s i o n as t o what components
s h o u l d b e i n s p e c t e d o r rem oved a n d
replaced i t m akes s e n s e t o d o
This website stores data such as those things that cost the le a s t
cookies to enable essential site t i m e a n d money b e f o r e i n v o l v i n g
functionality, as well as marketing, y o u r s e l f w i t h m or e c o m p l e x a c t i o n s .
t i s c e r t a i n l y e a s i e r t o rem ove a
may change your settings at any time f e a t h e r valve and to check it f o r
or accept the default settings. possible leakage than it i s to
rem ove a p r o p e l l e r p i t c h c o n t r o l .
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6-53
TSG-103
12-1-79
PROP ONTROl SYST M Th is i l l u s t r a t i o n combines a l l o f

t h e components d i s c u s s e d in t h i s
propeller control system section:
the p r o p e l l e r governor with ts
pump r e l i e f v a l v e m e t e r i n g and
check v alv es and t h e p r o p e l l e r
governor r e s e t piston. A l s o shown
are the feather valve and below
that the propeller pitch control
with t s cam , follower sleeve and
drain valve. The l i g h t s y s t e m s
are included for the beta pressure
and t h e TS g r o u n d t e s t as well
as the TS c h e c k o u t s o l e n o i d v a l v e
and check v a l v e s . The u n f e a t h e r i n g
pump i s shown i n t h e l e f t h a n d
191 c o r n e r and t h e t o r q u e s e n s o r sy st e m
is in the center. This
illustration o r s i m i l a r ones from
the appropriate engine maintenance
manuals, can provide v a l u a b l e
a s s i s t a n c e to the mechanic in
troubleshooting the system.

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6-54

TSG-103
REVISED
2-1-81
SUBJECT: WORXBOOK EXERCISE 4

SECTION 6 - PROP CONTROLS
l. A v a i l a b l e power with the propeller in full reverse is limited by:

a. Torque l i m i t r e d l i n e .
A propeller internai stop.
c. Maximum t u r b i n e t e m p e r a t u r e .
d. A or C w h i c h e v e r comes f i r s t .
2. '\ivi t h t h e p r o p e l l e r p i t c h a n g l e a t f u l l r e v e r s e a n d t h e a i r c r a f t o n
a l a n d i n g r o l l a t 80 k n o t s the angle of attack o f the propeller
would:
~ D e c r e a s e a s t h e a i r c r a f t f o r w a r d s p e e d d r o p p e d b e l o w 80 k n o t s .
i· I n c r e a s e a s t h e a i r c r a f t forward speed dropped below O knots.
c. Remain t h e same a s the a i r c r a f t forward speed dropped below

80 knots.
3. D e c r e a s i n g m e t e r e d o i l p r e s s u r e from t h e p r o p e l l e r g o v e r n a r t o
the propeller results in:
a. Lower p i t c h a n g l e w i t h a t e n d e n c y t o r e d u c e e n g i n e rpm.
b. Lower p i t c h a n g l e w i t h a t e n d e n c y t o i n c r e a s e e n g i n e rpm .
1{. H i g h e r p i t c h a n g l e w i t h a t e n d e n c y t o r e d u c e e n g i n e rpm.
d. H i g h e r p i t c h a n g l e w i t h a t e n d e n c y t o i n c r e a s e e n g i n e rpm.
4. The power l e v e r m u s t b e h e l d i n r e v e r s e d u r i n g e n g i n e s h u t d o w n
p r o c e d u r e to e n su r e s t a r t lo c k p i n engagement u n t i l engine speed
has dropped:
a. To z e r o rpm.
l i such as 25
This website stores data Below rpm.
cookies to enable c . B elow
essential site 60 rpm.
d .as marketing,
functionality, as well Below 73 r pm .
The b e t a l i g h t i s t u r n e d o f f a s t h e power l e v e r i s
5 .default advanced for
or accept the settings.
takeoff. This i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e :
Prop governar
a. i s s e n s i n g an underspeed c o n d i t i o n .
Privacy Policy b.
Prop governar has taken c o n t r o l o f metered o i l p re s s u re
a t 96 rpm .
Marketing c . Prop p i t c h i s now c o n t r o l l e d by t h e prop p i t c h c o n t r o l .
~
Personalization Prop governar has taken c o n t r o l o f metered o i l pres s ure
a t 100 rpm.
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6-55
ffi] TSG 103

REVISED
2 1 81
WORKBOOK EXERCISE 4
6. E n g i n e rpm t r a n s i t i o n from 97 rpm i n b e t a t o 100 rpm i n p r o p

g o v e r n i n g mode i s a r e s u l t o f a m om entary:
a Load r e d u c t i o n a n d f i x e d f u e l f l o w c a u s i n g rpm i n c r e a s e
b. F i x e d l o a d a n d i n c r e a s e d f u e l f l o w c a u s i n g rpm d e c r e a s e
c Load i n c r e a s e a n d f i x e d f u e l f l o w c a u s i n g rpm i n c r e a s e
F i x e d l o a d a n d i n c r e a s e d f u e l f l o w c a u s i n g rpm i n c r e a s e
7. The power l e v e r i s moved a f t o f f l i g h t i d l e a f t e r t h e a i r c r a f t

h a s l a n d e d on t h e ru n way . The p r o p g o v e r n a r r e s e t s y s t e m
ensures i n s t a n t response t o b e t a c o n t r o l by:
a Inc re a sing o i l pres s ure a v a i l a b l e to t he prop p i t c h c o n t r o l
b. Forcing the prop governar to sense an underspeed condition
c R e c a l i b r a t i n g t h e p r o p g o v e r n a r t o a n rpm n o t a t t a i n a b l e due
to i n s u f f i c i e n t f u e l flow.
:01\ All of the above.
8. N e g a t i v e t o r q u e e x i s t s when t h e :
a. Engine experi ences a flameout.
b. Engine i s i n i t i a l l y cran k ed by t h e s t a r t e r motor.
c Power s e c t i o n i s d r i v e n b y a w i n d m i l l i n g p r o p e l l e r
· ~ Al l o f t h e above.
9. The TPE331 NTS system i s :

):(:··· An a u t o m a t i c d r a g r e d u c t i o n s y s t e m .
b. An a u t o f e a t h e r i n g s y s t e m .
c. An a u t o m a t i c p o w e r l i m i t i n g s y s t e m .
d. A manual f e a t h e r system.
10. The NTS s y s t e m i s l o c k e d o u t d u r i n g b e t a o p e r a t i o n o n l n d i n g ~

a.
This website Sstores
i n c edata
n osuch g a t i v e t o rq u e s i t u a t i o n c ould be c r e a t e d a f t e r
n eas
t ouchdown
cookies to enable essential site anyway.
b.
functionality, To p ras
as well e n t u n n e c e s s a r y l o s s o f o i l t h r o u o h t h e NTS s y s t e m .
e vmarketing,
To and
personalization, p eanalytics.
r m i t dYou
e l i b e r a t e s e l e c t i o n of a ground drag
may change c o nsettings
your dition tha
at any t may o t h e r w i s e a c t i v a t e t h e NTS s y s t e m .
time
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TSG-103
4-1-80
WORKBOOK E XE RCISE 4
11. The e n g i n e rpm c a n a p p r o a c h the c r i t i c a i frequency range of 18

t o 28 rpm o n l y d u r i n g :
a. S t a r t / a c c e l e r a t i o n and f u l l r e v e r s e .
S t a r t / a c c e l e r a t i o n a n d NTS
c. NTS a n d f u l l r e v e r s e .
d. S t a r t / a c c e l e r a t i o n a n d low rpm t a x i .
12. W h ic h s t a t e m e n t i s true concerning f l i g h t i d l e blade angle

adjustment?
a. Blade an g l e i s i n c r e a s e d by t urni ng t h e b e t a tube clo ck w is e.
Blade a n g l e i s d e c r e a s e d by t u r n i n g t h e b e t a tu b e cl o ck w i s e.
c. Bla de a n g l e i s d e c r e a s e d by t u r n i n g t h e b e t a t u b e
counterclockwise.
13. What e f f e c t w o u l d t h e r e b e o n e n g i n e o p e r a t i o n i flight idle

b l ad e an g le were a d j u s t e d w ith very cold o i l ?
a. At a normal o i l temperature blade angle during prop governing

mode w o u l d b e l o w .
b. F l i g h t i d l e b l a d e a n g l e w o u l d b e lo w w i t h n o r m a l o i l
temperature.
With normal o i l t e m p e r a t u r e f l i g h t i d l e b l a d e a n g l e would be
high.
d. Full reverse blade angle would be inc re a se d.
14. ~ f u i lputting the prop onto the s t a r t locks u n f e a t h e r pmap o u t p u t

w i l l n o t flow through the r e s e t valve in the prop p i t c h c o n t r o l
because of:
This website storesadata
. Theasc h e c k v a l v e l o c a t e d i n t h e b e t a / N T S s w i t c h m a n i f o l d .
such
b . site c h e c k v a l v e l o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e u n f e a t h e r pump a n d t h e
The
cookies to enable essential
reset valve.
personalization, andc analytics.
. c l o s e d NTS c h e c k o u t s o l e n o i d .
The You
d .
may change your settingsThe a l v e b e i n g c l o s e d due t o p o w e r l e v e r p o s i t i o n .
at anyvtime
15. I f t.he e n g i n e f l a m e d o u t d u r i n g f l i g h t the NTS light:

Privacy Policy a. W i l l i n d i c a t e NTS s y s t e m o p e r a t i o n .
b. W i l l n o t o p e r a t e d u e t o t h e u n f e a t h e r i n g pump b e i n g o f f .
Marketing
c. vv'ill n o t o p e r a t e b e c a u s e i t i s i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e p r o p
Personalization c o n t r o l syste m by check v a l v e s .
d. Both b and c are correct.
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6-57
TSG-103
4-1-80
WORKBOOK EXERCISE
16. P i l o t s staternent: While i n c r u i s e w i t h the speed l e v e r s e t f o r

96 rprn, t h e r i g h t e n g i n e s u d d e n l y i n c r e a s e d i n rprn t o 101 .
The rnost l i k e l y c a u s e would b e :

a. The NTS o r i f i c e p l u g g e d .
The o r i f i c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o p g o v e r n a r a n d NTS p r e s s u r e
regulator plugged.
c. The feather valve leaking internally.
d. A ve r y h i g h le a ka ge r a t e between t h e b e t a tu b e and t h e land
bushing within follower sleeve.
17. P i t c h i n g t h e nose o f t h e a i r c r a f t up would have what i n i t i a l

e f f e c t on t h e o i l p r e s s u r e a t t h e p ro p p i t c h c o n t r o l ?
O i l p r e s s u r e would i n c r e a s e .
O i l p r e s s u r e would de c re a se .
c. There would be no v a r i a t i o n i n o i l p r e s s u r e .

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR WORKBOOK EXERCISES Page iii

S e c t i o n One DESCRIP I ION AND RATINGS Page 1 l

S e c t i o n Ten • LUBRICATION SYSTEM Page 10-1

Personalization CONVERSION TABLE P a g e 14

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T r a i n i n g Study Guides a r e p ro v i d ed by t h e G a r r e t t Turbine

familiarization i l l u s t r a t i o n s and g e n e r a l information to

students in support o f a s p e c i f i c t r a i n i n g course only.

Informa·tion co n t ai n ed h e r e i n i s i nt e nde d only as a general

description of operation to permit i n t e l l i g e n t maintenance and

t i s n o t t h e i n t e n t o f t h e G a r r e t t Cor por a t i on t h a t any

t r a i n i n g p u b l i c a t i o n be used as a supplement t o or in lieu of

any o f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n . Co n ten ts h e r e i n a r e s u b j e c t t o change

pressure temperature speed power etc. are chosen f o r t h e i r

As an e n g i n e and e n g i n e component m a n u f a c t u r e r , the Garrett

airframe m an u factu rers t h a t t h e i r a i r c r a f t manuals not p ermit

o p e r a t i o n beyond t h e l i m i t s o f an e n g i n e s capabilities. G a r r e t t may

s u g g e s t and a d v i s e - - b u t n o t d i c t a t e - - o p e r a t i o n a l and maintenance

practices it feels best for the engine. Some a i r c r a f t m a n u f a c t u r e r s

o t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e r s may s i m p l y r e f e r the owner/operator to Garrett

O f f i c i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s which apply to a l l engines and syste m s

are l i s t e d below with t h e h i g h e s t r a n k i n g manual f i r s t ) :

3. Engine M a inte na nc e Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s

4. Engine Ove r ha ul Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s

5. Component O v e r h a u l Manual and S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n s

It was n o t a c c i d e n t a l that t h i s t r a i n i n g manual i s not

included in the above list of publications:

I T HAS NO OFFICIAL STATUS

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[ffi] TSG 103

FOR WORKBOOK EXERCISES

contains a series of multiple choice e x e r c i s e s which w i l l

g i v e you t h e opportunity to reinforce your understanding

of the material covered. These e x e r c i s e s a re n o t

intended to be a quiz o r a test. Their primary purpose

is to serve as a l e a rni ng experience for you. They w i l l

a l s o be used to l e t y o u a n d y o u r i n s t r u c t o r know how

w e l l you have g ras p ed t h e various subjects presented.

E x e r c i s e Answer S h e e t . T r a n s f e r t h e answers you s e l e c t

during completion of each of the t e n wo rk b o o k e x e r c i s e s

your progress D O NOT LOSE IT

Analytics have c o r r e s p o n d i n g sequence numbers.

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This website stores data such as

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WHY TURBOPROPS? A11 t u r b i n e e n g i n e s a r e b a s i c a 1 l y

fORCE M SS x CCHER TION

This website stores data such as

functionality, as well as marketing, 8

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