CSE 28363 - Structural Concrete Design

Lecture 10: Shear and Serviceability

Dr. You DONG

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

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 Mid-term solution

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – CSE28363 – Lecture 10

 Mid-term solution

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – CSE28363 – Lecture 10

 Mid-term solution

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – CSE28363 – Lecture 10

 Mid-term solution

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – CSE28363 – Lecture 10

 Mid-term solution

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – CSE28363 – Lecture 10

 Shear
Derivation/equation of the design formulae for shear
and apply them to design for shear (e.g., spacing, bar
areas, bar types)

 Serviceability

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Nominal Shear Reinforcement
If the average shear stress is very small (i.e. v < vc), the
following nominal shear reinforcement (i.e. minimum
links) should be provided, unless (i) the beam is of minor
importance or v < 0.5 vc or (ii) it is a slab.

Asv / sv ≥ 0.4 bv / (0.87 fyv)

Asv = cross-sectional area of all legs of a link (in mm2)

sv = spacing of links (in mm)
fyv = characteristic strength of the link (in N/mm2)

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Nominal Shear Reinforcement

In other words, nominal links provide a shear resistance

of vr = 0.4 MPa.
Therefore, the shear capacity of a section provided with
nominal links is:
Vn = (vc + 0.4) bvd

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Shear design

Design the shear reinforcement for the following

section.
fcu = 30 MPa bv = 300 mm
fy = 500 MPa h = 400 mm
fyv = 250 MPa d = 334 mm
Tension rebars: 2T32
Design Shear Force, V = 120 kN

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Shear design
Average shear stress v = V / (bvd)
= 120 x 103 / (300 x 334)
= 1.20 MPa < 0.8 √ 30 = 4.38 MPa (Concrete does
not crush, code of practice)

Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

As = 2 x 804 = 1608 mm2
100As/(bvd) = 100 x 1608 / (300 x 334) = 1.60 < 3
(400/d)1/4 = (400 / 334)1/4 = 1.046 > 1

vc = 0.79 x (1.60)1/3 x (1.046) / 1.25 x (30/25)1/3

= 0.774 x 1.063
= 0.82 MPa

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Shear design

vc + 0.4 = 0.82 + 0.4 = 1.22 MPa

> 1.20 MPa (Provide nominal links)
Nominal Links
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
= 0.4 x 300 / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.552
Max sv = 0.75 x d= 0.75 x 330 = 248 mm (code of
practice)

Provide: R10 – 225 – 2/legs (design to determine the

bar type and spacing):
Asv / sv, pro = (2*79)/225 = 0.700 > 0.552

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Shear Resistance near Support
Simplified Approach
• The design code (Cl.6.1.2.5(i) of HKCP-2013) provides a
simplified approach for design if the beam is subjected
predominantly to uniformly distributed load. Instead of
increasing the design concrete shear stress, vc, a design
shear force with reduced value is adopted for design.
• The shear force at a distance, d, from the face of the support,
Vd, is adopted, which is reduced by (w·d) (w unformal
distributed load; d effective height) when compared with the
shear at the face of support, Vs. (Vd=Vs-wd)
• The design procedures are summarized as follows:

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Shear Resistance near Support
(1) Check the maximum design shear force at face of support, Vs:
If vmax = Vs / (bv·d) ≤ 0.8 √ fcu or 7 MPa then proceed to step (2);
otherwise, re-design by increasing the size of the section.

(2) Design the shear reinforcement for the design shear force at a
distance, d, from the face of support. Vd:
Vd = Vs – w·d and vd = Vd /(bv·d)
If vd < (vc + 0.4), provide nominal links over the span;
otherwise, provide shear links for Vd up to the face of support.

Nominal links provide a shear resistance of vr = 0.4 MPa.

Therefore, the shear capacity of a section provided with
nominal links is: Vn = (vc + 0.4) bvd
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Shear Resistance near Support

Shear Force Diagram and Shear

Reinforcement of a Simply Supported
Beam under UDL
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 Shear resistance near support
 Serviceability

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Design consideration
 Design for durability
 Design for serviceability
 Minimum and maximum reinforcement
spacing
 Minimum and maximum reinforcement ratio
 Span/Effective depth ratio
 Cracks

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Durability

Durability is the resistance of a structure to deterioration.

Deterioration is a continuous and progressive damage of
structures, including:
 Surface deterioration as the result of external physical
or chemical attack;
 Internal deterioration of concrete as the result of
internal physical or chemical process, e.g. micro-
cracking; and
 Corrosion of reinforcement and spalling of concrete.

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Durability

• Deterioration eventually leads to a defective structure

that can no longer work and function properly under
working or ultimate load. Good durability ensures less
deterioration of structures and reduces the need for
repair and maintenance during the life of the structure.

• Design of durability depends on the environment of the

structure that is exposed to, such as abrasion, impact,
cycles of freezing and thawing, exposure to moisture
and chemicals, etc.

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Penetration of chloride and CO2

H2o

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Importance of durability design

• To achieve good durability some increase in the initial

construction cost is necessary; nevertheless, the
overall life-cycle costs are thereby reduced due to less
repair and maintenance. Saving from life-cycle repair
and maintenance always overweighs the higher initial
costs by a significant margin.

• Durability received little attention in many old RC

design codes around the world. It is treated as a prime
design requirement in modern codes due to lessons
learned from practice.

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How to achieve good durability?

Design of durability is also an important task of structural

engineer. Good durability can be achieved in the design
by:

• Selection of high-grade concrete

• Good detailing (rebar detailing, chamfering of

concrete corner)

• Selection of adequate concrete cover and avoid thin

sections

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Other factors influencing durability

Construction is another key factor that affects durability,

through the control of

• Quality and composition of materials.

• Workmanship, e.g., good compaction to avoid
honeycomb, dimensional tolerance.
• Construction methods, such as type of formwork and
surface treatment, control of temperature, good curing
and treatment of joint and connection.

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Durability design in HK2013

Selections of
concrete grade
and cover based
on exposure
conditions

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Durability design in HK

Increase
Decrease
Nominal
cover to
reinforcement
(including
minimum
concrete mix)

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Serviceability

• Designing to the ultimate limit states ensures the

structural safety of members against collapse.
However, it does not guarantee that a structure
behaves satisfactorily at normal working conditions.
• For example, if a structure is too flexible and deforms
excessively under working load it causes discomfort or
unease to the occupants.
• The general requirement for serviceability is that a
structure function satisfactorily within its design life
span.

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Serviceability design in HK2013
• Due to the complexity of the problems, designing to
serviceability limit states are often satisfied by complying to
empirical rules which do not involve calculations.
• HK2013 Chapter 7 provides design tables and clauses for
normal serviceability design of deflection, cracking, durability
and fire.
• Conditions are given in the code for these empirical rules to be
applicable, outside which reference shall be made to specialist
literature.
• HK2013 Chapter 7 also provides designing to some special
circumstances such as calculations of deflection and crack
width.

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Design of fire resistance
Design of fire resistance

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Minimum spacing to control concrete casting
quality (extracted from HK2013)

To permit concrete flow around reinforcement during

construction, the minimum clear gap between bars, or
groups of bars, should exceed (hagg + 5 mm) horizontally
and (2hagg/3) vertically, where hagg is the maximum size
of the coarse aggregate.

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Minimum area of steel reinforcement in RC
members (extracted from HK2013)
The basic principle for the provision of minimum
tension reinforcement is to ensure that the cracked
concrete section would have at least the same tensile or
flexural strength as the un-cracked concrete section so
that when concrete cracks, the section will not fail
immediately.
The basic principle for provision of compression
reinforcement is to ensure the attainment of a certain
level of ductility when the surrounding concrete fails in
compression.

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Maximum area of steel reinforcement in RC
beams (extracted from HK2013)

• Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor the area of

compression reinforcement should exceed 4% of the gross
cross-sectional area of the concrete.

• The sum of the reinforcement sizes in a particular layer

should not exceed 40% of the breadth of the section at that
location.

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Table 9.1 - Minimum percentages of reinforcement

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Deflection control
HK2013 provides explicit method to calculate deflections
for serviceability limit state, which shall be checked
against limits for deflection control. However, it is
reiterated that this method is usually not used for day-to-
day RC design that only checks span/effective depth ratio
for deflection control.Cl.7.3.1 in HK2013

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Basic span/effective depth ratio

• HK2013 specifies a set of basic span-effective depth

ratios to control deflections for rectangular sections
and for flanged beams.

• These values are based on limiting the total deflection

to span/250 and the deflection occurring after
construction of finishes and partitions to span/500 or
20 mm. Ratios for spans > 10 m should be factored by
10/span or justified by calculations.

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Basic span/effective depth ratio for flanged RC
beams (extracted from HK2013)
Table 3.4 – Basic L/d Ratio for R. C. Section.

(Table 7.3
from
HK2013)

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Modification factor for tensile steel
Modification of span/depth ratios for tension
reinforcement

(Table
7.4 from
HK2013)

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Modification factor for compressive steel
Modification of span/depth ratios for compressive reinforcement

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Basic span/effective depth ratio
The final allowable span/effective depth ratio
= (basic span/effective depth ratio) × F1 × F2 × F3
F3 : Modification factor for long span
F1 : Modification factor for tension rebar
F2 : Modification factor for compression rebar

EXAMPLE Span-Effective Depth Ratio Check

A rectangular continuous beam spans 12 m with a mid-span
ultimate moment of 300 kN·m. If the breadth is 300 mm, check
the acceptability of an effective depth of 600 mm when three 25
bars (fy = 460 N/mm2) are provided as tension reinforcement.
The concrete grade is fcu=30 N/mm2. Two 16 mm bars are
located within the compressive zone. Consider 10% moment
redistribution. Tension reinforcement design:
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Basic span/effective depth ratio
M
As ,req   1414 (mm) As , prov  1473 (mm)
0.87 f y z

f s  f y  As ,req / As , prov  /  b = 0.67×460×1414/1473/0.9 =

2
3 328.7(N/mm2)
Or βb = 1.0. this value will be given

Basic span-effective depth ratio (Table 7.3 in HK2013) = 26

10
The span is more than 10 m, modified ratio:  21.7  26 
12
M 300 106
Tensile reinforcement modification factor:   2.78
bd 2
300  600 2

F1  0.55   477  f s  120   0.9  M / bd 2   = 1.02

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Basic span/effective depth ratio
Compression reinforcement modification factor:
100 As' 100  402
  0.22
bd 300  600
100 A's  100 A's 
F2  1   3    1.07
bd  bd 

Hence, the allowable span-effective depth ratio

= F1x F2 x 21.7 = 23.7
12 103
Span-effective depth ratio provided =  20
600
which is less than the allowable upper limit. Hence HK 2013’s
deflection limits are unlikely to be exceeded and deflection
requirement is satisfied.

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Calculation of crack width
The mechanism of cracking is complicated and researches are
still going on. As a result semi-empirical formulas are used to
calculate the flexural crack width by HK2013 (Eq.7.1):
wd  3acr  m / 1  2  acr  cmin  /  h  x  
where
acr – the distance from crack to the surface of main
rebar or the neutral axis position whichever is smaller
εm - the average steel strain at the level being considered
cmin - the minimum cover to the reinforcing steel
h - the overall depth of the section
x - the neutral axis depth

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Control of crack width
It is apparent from the crack width calculation that the most
important two factors that affect the crack width is acr and εm.
Therefore, the most effective ways to reduce crack width are
• Reduce the stress in the reinforcement – usually uneconomical
but sometimes necessary such as for water retaining structures.
• Reduce the distance to the nearest bar – providing smaller bar
spacing and smaller bar diameter, as well as smaller cover
thickness while satisfying durability and fire requirements.
Bars on the sides of deep beams are necessary to reduce crack
width.
• Thermal and shrinkage cracking can usually be well controlled
by the minimum reinforcement requirement. The crack width
can also be estimated.
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Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Beams
Flexure word also means “Bending”. Cracking in reinforced
concrete beams subjected to bending usually starts in the tensile
zone.

Shear cracks are better illustrates as diagonal tension cracks due

to combined effects of flexural (bending) & shearing action.

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Thank you for your
attention !

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