A MINI REPORT

On

INDUSTRIAL PARAMETERS MONITORING AND

CONTROLLING USING ZIG-BEE

Submitted by,

S KRISHNA SAI 19J41A0247

C NIRNITHA 19J41A0265

S MADHU GOUD 19J41A0253

G LIKHITHA 19J41A0276

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Under the Guidance of

DR K PRASADA RAO

Associate Professor, EEE

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to
JNTUH, Hyderabad) Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100
DECEMBER – 2022
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this minor project work entitled “INDUSTRIAL

PARAMETERS MONITORING AND CONTROLLING USING ZIG-
BEE”, submitted by S KRISHNA SAI (19J41A0247), C NIRNITHA
(19J41A0265), S MADHU GOUD (19J41A0253), G LIKHITHA
(19J41A0276) to Malla Reddy Engineering College affiliated to JNTUH,
Hyderabad in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering is a bonafide record of project
work carried out under my/our supervision during the academic year 2022 –
2023 and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr K Prasada Rao Dr M Kondalu Rao
SUPERVISOR HOD
PROFESSOR, EEE PROFESSOR, EEE
Malla Reddy Engineering College Malla Reddy Engineering College
Secunderabad, 500 100 Secunderabad, 500 100

Submitted for Mini Project viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

i
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to our Principal, Dr. A. Ramaswami Reddy, who

took keen interest and encouraged us in every effort during the project work.

We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. M. Kondalu Rao, Head, Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his kind attention and valuable

guidance throughout the project work.

We are thankful to our Project Coordinator Dr. P. Ganesh, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his cooperation during

the project work.

We are extremely thankful to our Project Guide Dr. K. Prasada Rao, Professor,

for his constant guidance and support to complete the minor project. We also

thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Department for their cooperation

during the project.

S KRISHNA SAI 19J41A0247

C NIRNITHA 19J41A0265
S MADHU GOUD 19J41A0253
G LIKHITHA 19J41A0276

ii
 ABSTRACT

ZIGBEE is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols using

small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for Low-Rate
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). ZIGBEE is targeted at radio-frequency
(RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
ZIGBEE protocols are intended for use in embedded applications requiring low data rates
and low power consumption. ZIGBEEs current focus is to define a general-purpose,
inexpensive, self- organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control,
embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning, building
automation, home automation, etc.

In this project, we will provide the automation for an industry or a home by

monitoring fire sensor and the temperature sensor. Here the wireless communication
between the remote areas can be achieved by using ZIGBEE communication. The project
is designed in such a way that we will interface a temperature sensor and a fire sensor to
an 8-bit microcontroller 8051, on the transmitter side. The temperature sensor will be
interfaced to the controller through an ADC to convert the analogy value sensed into the
digital value. The status of these sensors will be transmitted through the ZIGBEE
transceiver which is interfaced to the controller. So, the same data will be received by
another ZIGBEE transceiver which is interfaced to the controller, on the receiver side. So
now the controller will perform the predefined tasks by monitoring the received data. It
turns ON the coolant fan, if the sensed temperature crosses the set temperature value, and
the water sprinkler will be turned ON and OFF based on the water level of the boiler.
This coolant fan and water sprinkler are interfaced to the controller through relays. An
LCD will also be provided on the transmitter side to display the status of the sensors.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO. NO.

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES vii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
1.2.1 HARDWARE 2
1.2.1 SOFTWARE 2
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM
1.3.1 TRANSMISSION SECTION 3
1.3.2 RECEIVER SECTION 3
1.3.3 POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM 4
2 EMBEDDED SYSTEM WITH AT89C51

2.1 INTRODUCTION 5
2.2 TYPES OF PROCESSORS 6
2.3 MEMORY OF ARCHITECTURE 9
2.4 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER 12

2.5 PIN CONFIGURATION 13

2.6 AT89C51 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14
2.7 PIN DESCRIPTION 15
2.8 POWER SUPPLY 21

3 COMPONENTS

3.1 MAX 232

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION 22
3.1.2 VOLTAGE LEVELS 22

iv
 3.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM 23

3.2 FIRE SENSOR

3.2.1 THEORY 24
3.2.2 FIRE SENSOR CIRCUIT 24
3.3 TEMPARATURE SENSOR
3.3.1 THEORY 25
3.3.2 FEATURES 25
3.3.3 LM35 26
3.4 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)
3.4.1 THEORY 26
3.4.2 PIN DIAGRAM 27
3.5 LIQUID CRYSTALS DISPLAY
3.5.1 INTODUCTION 27
3.5.2 FEATURES 28
3.5.3 PIN DIAGRAM 28
3.6 ZIGBEE
3.6.1 OVERVIEW 29
3.6.2 APPLICATIONS 29
4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
4.1 KEIL SOFTWARE 30
4.2 PROTEUS 31
5 WORKING
5.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 32
5.2 CONNECTIONS 32
5.3 WORKING 33
6 CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES 34
7 APPENDIX 38

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

S. NO. FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 1.1 Transmission Section 3

2 1.2 Receiver Section 3

3 1.3 Voltage Levels of RS232 4

4 1.4 Schematic Diagram 4

5 2.1 Block diagram of Embedded System 6

6 2.2 Block Diagram of Micro Processor (µp) 7

7 2.3 Block Diagram Micro Controller (µc) 8

8 2.4 Harvard Architecture 9

9 2.5 Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture 11

10 3.1 Pin Configuration of AT89C51 13

11 3.2 AT89C51 Block Diagram 14

12 3.3 Power Supply Block Diagram 21

13 3.4 Power supply Circuit Diagram 21

14 5.1 MAX 232 Pin Diagram 27

15 5.2 Internal Diagram 27

16 6.1 Fire Sensor Circuit Diagram 29

17 7.1 Temperature Sensor 31

18 8.1 Pin Diagram of ADC 32

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

S. NO. TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 3.1 Port Pin Functions 16

2 3.2 Memory Locations Interrupt Name 20

3 5.1 Voltage Levels of RS232 26

vii
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Security is primary concern for everyone. This Project describes a design of

effective security system that can monitor and control an industry or house with different
sensors using ZIGBEE.

ZIGBEE is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols using

small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for Low-Rate
Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). ZIGBEE is targeted at radio-frequency
(RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
ZIGBEE protocols are intended for use in embedded applications requiring low data rates
and low power consumption. ZIGBEEs current focus is to define a general-purpose,
inexpensive, self-organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control,
embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning, building
automation, home automation, etc. The resulting network will use very small amounts of
power.

In this project, we will provide the automation for an industry or a home by

monitoring fire sensor and the temperature sensor. Here the wireless communication
between the remote areas can be achieved by using ZIGBEE communication. The project
is designed in such a way that we will interface a temperature sensor and a fire sensor to
an 8 bit microcontroller 8051, on the transmitter side. The temperature sensor will be
interfaced to the controller through an ADC to convert the analog value sensed into the
digital value. The status of these sensors will be transmitted through the XBEE
transceiver which is interfaced to the controller. So the same data will be received by
another XBEE transceiver which is interfaced to the controller, on the receiver side. So
now the controller will perform the predefined tasks by monitoring the received data. It
turns ON the coolent fan, if the sensed temperature crosses the set temperature value, and
the water sprinkler will be turned ON and OFF based on the water level of the boiler.
This coolent fan and water sprinkler are interfaced to the controller through relays. An
LCD will also be provided on the transmitter side to display the status of the sensors.

1
1.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

1.2.1 HARDWARE

Micro controller : AT89S52

Crystal : 11.0592 MHz

ADC : ADC0804

LCD : HD44780

Temperature sensor : LM35

Serial line driver IC : MAX232

Relays

Fire sensor

XBEE transceivers

Coolant fan

Pumping motor

Power supply

Transformer : 12V step down

Filter : 1000uf/25V

Voltage Regulator : 7805

1.2.2 SOFTWARE

Keil micro vision

proteus

UC flash

2
1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

1.3.1 TRANSMISSION SECTION

Power
Max232
Supply 8

Fire sensor
5 ZIG-BEE
TRANSCIVER

1
Temp sensor ADC LCD

DISPLAY

Figure 1.1 TRANSMISSION SECTION

1.3.2 RECEIVER SECTION

Power 8
Relay
Supply

0
Coolant fan
Max232

5
Relay

1
ZIG-BEE Water
TRANSCIVER sprinkler

Figure 1.2 RECEIVER SECTION

3
1.3.3 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Step down
Bridge Filter Regulator Output
Transformer
Rectifier

Figure 1.3 POWER SUPPLY

4
 CHAPTER 2

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

An embedded system is a system which is going to do a predefined specified task is the

embedded system and is even defined as combination of both software and hardware. A
general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control,
monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. "Embedded" reflects
the fact that they are an integral part of the system. At the other extreme a general-
purpose computer may be used to control the operation of a large complex processing
plant, and its presence will be obvious.

All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these

computers are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer.
The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function or
set of functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems an
application program that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular purpose
in a specific application determines the functioning of the embedded system. The ability
to have programs means that the same embedded system can be used for a variety of
different purposes. In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that
application software for a particular purpose can be added to the basic software in a
second process, after which it is not possible to make further changes. The applications
software on such processors is sometimes referred to as firmware.
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip”), which
may itself be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes to
a switch or activator which (for example) may start or stop the operation of a machine or,
by operating a valve, may control the flow of fuel to an engine.

Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals with
Processors, Peripherals, and Memory.

Memory: It is used to store data or address.

Peripherals: These are the external devices connected
Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some task.

5
 Embedded
System

Software Hardware

ALP Processor
C Peripherals
VB memory
Etc.,

Figure 2.1 Block diagram of Embedded System

Applications of embedded systems

 Manufacturing and process control

 Construction industry
 Transport
 Buildings and premises
 Domestic service
 Communications
 Office systems and mobile equipment
 Banking, finance and commercial
 Medical diagnostics, monitoring and life support
 Testing, monitoring and diagnostic systems

2.2 TYPES OF PROCESSORS:

Processors are classified into four types like:

 Micro Processor (µp)
 Micro controller (µc)
 Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
 Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)

6
Micro Processor (µp):
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms
microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers
and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of
almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:

 Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
 Bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
 Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit
microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that
runs at 25MHz. In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified
as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set
computer).

Figure 2.2 Block Diagram of Micro Processor (µp)

Micro Controller (µc):

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a
processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory
in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded

7
applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other
general purpose applications.

ALU

CU

Timer, Counter, serial

Memory
communication ROM,
ADC, DAC, Timers
Etc.,

Figure 2.3 Block Diagram Micro Controller (µc)

Digital Signal Processors (DSP):

Digital Signal Processors is one which performs scientific and mathematical operation.
Digital Signal Processor chips - specialized microprocessors with architectures designed
specifically for the types of operations required in digital signal processing. Like a
general-purpose microprocessor, a DSP is a programmable device, with its own native
instruction code. DSP chips are capable of carrying out millions of floating point
operations per second, and like their better-known general-purpose cousins, faster and
more powerful versions are continually being introduced. DSPs can also be embedded
within complex "system-on-chip" devices, often containing both analog and digital
circuitry.

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

ASIC is a combination of digital and analog circuits packed into an IC to achieve the
desired control/computation function

ASIC typically contains

 CPU cores for computation and control

 Peripherals to control timing critical functions
 Memories to store data and program

8
  Analog circuits to provide clocks and interface to the real world which is analog
in nature
 Computer Instruction Set
2.3 Memory Architecture:

There two different type’s memory architectures there are:

 Harvard Architecture
 Von-Neumann Architecture

Harvard Architecture:

Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data. There are two
or more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both instructions and
data. The CPU fetches program instructions on the program memory bus.

The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and
signal pathways for instructions and data. The term originated from the Harvard Mark I
relay-based computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide) and data
in electro-mechanical counters. These early machines had limited data storage, entirely
contained within the central processing unit, and provided no access to the instruction
storage as data. Programs needed to be loaded by an operator, the processor could not
boot itself.

Fig 2.4 Harvard Architecture

Modern uses of the Harvard architecture:

The principal advantage of the pure Harvard architecture - simultaneous access to more
than one memory system - has been reduced by modified Harvard processors using

9
modern CPU cache systems. Relatively pure Harvard architecture machines are used
mostly in applications where tradeoffs, such as the cost and power savings from omitting
caches, outweigh the programming penalties from having distinct code and data address
spaces.
 Digital signal processors (DSPs) generally execute small, highly-optimized
audio or video processing algorithms. They avoid caches because their
behavior must be extremely reproducible. The difficulties of coping with
multiple address spaces are of secondary concern to speed of execution. As a
result, some DSPs have multiple data memories in distinct address spaces to
facilitate SIMD and VLIW processing. Texas Instruments TMS320 C55x
processors, as one example, have multiple parallel data busses (two write,
three read) and one instruction bus.
 Microcontrollers are characterized by having small amounts of program (flash
memory) and data (SRAM) memory, with no cache, and take advantage of the
Harvard architecture to speed processing by concurrent instruction and data
access. The separate storage means the program and data memories can have
different bit depths, for example using 16-bit wide instructions and 8-bit wide
data. They also mean that instruction pre-fetch can be performed in parallel
with other activities. Examples include, the AVR by Atmel Corp, the PIC by
Microchip Technology, Inc. and the ARM Cortex-M3 processor (not all ARM
chips have Harvard architecture).
Even in these cases, it is common to have special instructions to access program memory
as data for read-only tables, or for reprogramming.
Von-Neumann Architecture

A computer has a single, common memory space in which both program instructions and
data are stored. There is a single internal data bus that fetches both instructions and data.
They cannot be performed at the same time

The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer
that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage structure
("memory") to hold both instructions and data. It is named after the mathematician and
early computer scientist John von Neumann. Such computers implement a universal
Turing machine and have a sequential architecture.

10
A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed instructions, as well
as its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored-program computers
were advancement over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as the
Colossus and the ENIAC, which were programmed by setting switches and inserting
patch leads to route data and to control signals between various functional units. In the
vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is used for both data and program
instructions. The mechanisms for transferring the data and instructions between the CPU
and memory are, however, considerably more complex than the original von Neumann
architecture.

The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored-program computer" are generally
used interchangeably, and that usage is followed in this article.

Figure 2.5 Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture

Basic Difference between Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture

 The primary difference between Harvard architecture and the Von Neumann
architecture is in the Von Neumann architecture data and programs are stored in
the same memory and managed by the same information handling system.
 Whereas the Harvard architecture stores data and programs in separate memory
devices and they are handled by different subsystems.
 In a computer using the Von-Neumann architecture without cache; the central
processing unit (CPU) can either be reading and instruction or writing/reading
data to/from the memory. Both of these operations cannot occur simultaneously as
the data and instructions use the same system bus.
 In a computer using the Harvard architecture the CPU can both read an instruction
and access data memory at the same time without cache. This means that a
11
 computer with Harvard architecture can potentially be faster for a given circuit
complexity because data access and instruction fetches do not contend for use of a
single memory pathway.

2.4 AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4k

bytes of Flash Programmable and erasable read only memory (EROM). The device is
manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is
functionally compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 microcontroller instruction set
and pin out. By combining versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel’s AT89c51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a high flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications.

FEATURES

 80C51 based architecture

 4-Kbytes of on-chip Reprogrammable Flash Memory
 128 x 8 RAM
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Full duplex serial channel
 Boolean processor
 Four 8-bit I/O ports, 32 I/O lines
 Memory addressing capability
o 64K ROM and 64K RAM
 Power save modes:
o Idle and power-down
 Six interrupt sources
 Most instructions execute in 0.3 us
 CMOS and TTL compatible
 Maximum speed: 40 MHz @ Vcc = 5V
 Industrial temperature available
 Packages available:
– 40-pin DIP
– 44-pin PLCC

12
2.5 PIN CONFIGURATION:

Figure 2.1 Pin Configuration of AT89C51

13
2.6 AT89C51 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 2.2 AT89C51 BLOCK DIAGRAM

14
2.7 PIN DESCRIPTION:

VCC - Supply voltage

GND - Ground

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high
impedance inputs.

Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus
during access to external program and data memory. In this mode, P 0 has internal pull-
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 1output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 1 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current (1) because of the internal pull-ups.

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pull-ups.

Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program
memory and during access to DPTR. In this application Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit data
address (MOVX@R1), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
15
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low will source current because of the internal pull-ups.

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash Programming and verification.

Table 2.1 Port Pin Functions

Port pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 RXD(serial input port)

P3.1 TXD(serial input port)

P3.2 INT0(external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1(external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0(timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1(timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR(external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD(external data memory read strobe)

RST

Rest input A on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device.

ALE/PROG:

16
 Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during access to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming.

In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/16 the oscillator frequency and
may be used for external timing or clocking purpose. Note, however, that one ALE pulse
is skipped during each access to external Data memory.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory when the
AT89c51 is executing code from external program memory PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to
external data memory.

EA /VPP

External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000h up to
FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to Vcc for internal program executions. This pin also
receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (Vpp) during Flash programming when
12-volt programming is selected.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL 2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

OPERATING DESCRIPTION

The detail description of the AT89C51 included in this description is:

 Memory Map and Registers

 Timer/Counters
 Interrupt System

MEMORY MAP AND REGISTER

17
 The AT89C51 has separate address spaces for program and data memory. The
program and data memory can be up to 64K bytes long. The lower 4K program memory
can reside on-chip. The AT89C51 has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM.

The lower 128 bytes can be accessed either by direct addressing or by indirect
addressing. The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be divided into 3 segments as listed below

1. Register Banks 0-3: locations 00H through 1FH (32 bytes). The device after reset
defaults to register bank 0. To use the other register banks, the user must select them in
software. Each register bank contains eight 1-byte registers R0-R7. Reset initializes the
stack point to location 07H, and is incremented once to start from 08H, which is the first
register of the second register bank.

2. Bit Addressable Area: 16 bytes have been assigned for this segment 20H-2FH. Each
one of the 128 bits of this segment can be directly addressed (0-7FH). Each of the 16
bytes in this segment can also be addressed as a byte.

3. Scratch Pad Area: 30H-7FH are available to the user as data RAM. However, if the
data pointer has been initialized to this area, enough bytes should be left aside to prevent
SP data destruction.

Accumulator (ACC)

ACC is the Accumulator register. The mnemonics for Accumulator-specific instructions,

however, refer to the Accumulator simply as A.

B Register (B)

The B register is used during multiply and divide operations. For other instructions it can
be treated as another scratch pad register.

Program Status Word (PSW)

The PSW register contains program status information.

Stack Pointer (SP)

The Stack Pointer Register is eight bits wide. It is incremented before data is stored
during PUSH and CALL executions. While the stack may reside anywhere in on chip
RAM, the Stack Pointer is initialized to 07H after a reset. This causes the stack to begin
at location 08H.

18
Data Pointer (DPTR)

The Data Pointer consists of a high byte (DPH) and a low byte (DPL). Its function is to
hold a 16-bit address. It may be manipulated as a 16-bit register or as two independent 8-
bit registers.

Serial Data Buffer (SBUF)

The Serial Data Buffer is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive
buffer register. When data is moved to SBUF, it goes to the transmit buffer, where it is
held for serial transmission. (Moving a byte to SBUF initiates the transmission.) When
data is moved from SBUF, it comes from the receive buffer.

Timer Registers

Register pairs (TH0, TL0) and (TH1, TL1) are the 16-bit Counter registers for
Timer/Counters 0 and 1, respectively.

Control Registers

Special Function Registers IP, IE, TMOD, TCON, SCON, and PCON contain control and
status bits for the interrupt system, the Timer/Counters, and the serial port.

INTERRUPT SYSTEM

An interrupt is an external or internal event that suspends the operation of micro

controller to inform it that a device needs its service. In interrupt method, whenever any
device needs its service, the device notifies the micro controller by sending it an interrupt
signal. Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the micro controller interrupts whatever it is
doing and serves the device. The program associated with interrupt is called as interrupt
service subroutine (ISR).Main advantage with interrupts is that the micro controller can
serve many devices.

Baud Rate

The baud rate in Mode 0 is fixed as shown in the following equation. Mode 0
Baud Rate = Oscillator Frequency /12 the baud rate in Mode 2 depends on the value of

19
the SMOD bit in Special Function Register PCON. If SMOD = 0 the baud rate is 1/64 of
the oscillator frequency. If SMOD = 1, the baud rate is 1/32 of the oscillator frequency.

Mode 2 Baud Rate = 2SMODx (Oscillator Frequency)/64.

In the IS89C51, the Timer 1 overflow rate determines the baud rates in Modes 1 and 3.

NUMBER OF INTERRUPTS IN 89C51:

There are basically five interrupts available to the user. Reset is also considered as
an interrupt. There are two interrupts for timer, two interrupts for external hardware
interrupt and one interrupt for serial communication.

Table 2.2 Memory Locations Interrupt Name

Memory location Interrupt name

0000H Reset

0003H External interrupt 0

000BH Timer interrupt 0

0013H External interrupt 1

001BH Timer interrupt 1

0023H Serial COM interrupt

Lower the vector, higher the priority. The External Interrupts INT0 and INT1 can
each be either level-activated or transition-activated, depending on bits IT0 and IT1 in
Register TCON. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are the IE0 and IE1 bits
in TCON. When the service routine is vectored, hardware clears the flag that generated
an external interrupt only if the interrupt was transition-activated.

The Timer 0 and Timer 1 Interrupts are generated by TF0and TF1, which are set
by a rollover in their respective Timer/Counter registers (except for Timer 0 in Mode

20
3).When a timer interrupt is generated, the on-chip hardware clears the flag that is
generated.

2.8 POWER SUPPLY:

Block diagram:

Fig 2.3 Power Supply Block Diagram

Circuit Diagram:

21
 Fig 2.4 Power supply Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER – 3

COMPONENTS

3.1 MAX232:

3.1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Max 232 is a communications device used mainly for serial commands to and from
a flash ROM. The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232
serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The
MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS
signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single + 5 V
supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for
implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V
to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just
for driving the RS-232 in this case. The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as
high as ± 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of
1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.

3.1.2 VOLTAGE LEVELS:

It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC

receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and
changes TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to
TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages

22
at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same
logic state. To clarify the matter, see the table below.

Standard serial interfacing of microcontroller (TTL) with PC or any  RS232C Standard

device, requires TTL to RS232 Level converter . A MAX232 is used for this purpose. It
provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uF capacitors. The driver
requires a single supply of +5V.

Table 3.1 Voltage Levels of RS232

TTL Voltage to/from

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level RS232 Voltage
MAX232
Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0 +3V to +15V 0V
Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1 -3V to -15V 5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 0 -3V to -15V 5V

Control Signals (RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR) Logic 1 +3V to +15V 0V

3.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM:

23
 Figure 3.1 MAX 232 Pin Diagram

Figure 3.2 Internal Diagram

3.2 FIRE SENSOR :

3.2.1 INTRODUCTION :

The fire sensor circuit is too sensitive and can detect a rise in temperature of 10
degree or more in its vicinity. Ordinary signal diodes like IN 34 and OA 71 exhibits this
property and the internal resistance of these devices will decrease when temperature rises.
In the reverse biased mode, this effect will be more significant. Typically, the diode can

generate around 600 milli volts at 5 degree centigrade. For each degree rise in
temperature; the diode generates 2 mV output voltage. That is at 5 degree it is 10 mV and
when the temperature rises to 50 degrees, the diode will give 100 milli volts. This voltage
is used to trigger the remaining circuit. Transistor T1 is a temperature-controlled switch
and its base voltage depends on the voltage from the diode and from VR and R1.
Normally T1 conducts (due to the voltage set by VR) and LED glows. This indicates
normal temperature.

3.2.2 FIRE SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

24
 Figure 3.3 Fire Sensor Circuit Diagram

3.3 TEMPARATURE SENSOR:

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Temperature Sensor which converts temperature value into electrical signals. We used
IC called LM 35 as a temperature sensor. LM35 series sensors are precision integrated-
circuit temperature sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
temperature. The LM35 requires no external calibration since it is internally calibrated. .
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C
temperature range.

The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single
power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from its supply,
it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.

3.3.2 FEATURES:
25
  Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
 0.5°C accuracy guaranteed (at +25°C)
 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Less than 60 μA current drain
 Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
 Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

Figure 3.4 Temperature Sensor

3.3.3 LM35

 LM35 is precision integrated circuit temperature sensor. Its output voltage is

linearly proportional to temperature (in Celsius).

 The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated
in° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from
its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require
any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at
room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range

26
  It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than
0.1°C in still air.

3.4 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC):

3.4.1 INRODUCTION:

Analog to digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data
acquisition. Digital computers use binary values, but in physical world everything is
analog. Temperature, pressure, humidity, is a few examples of physical quantities that we
deal with everyday. A physical quantity is converted to electrical signals using a device
called a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors for temperature,
velocity, pressure, light, and many other natural quantities produce an output that is
voltage (or current). Therefore, we need an analog to digital converter to translate analog
signals to digital numbers so that microcontroller can read and process them. An ADC
has n-bit resolution where n can be 8,10,12,16 or even 24 bits. The higher resolution
ADC provides smaller step size, where step size is the smallest change that can be
discerned by an ADC. In addition to resolution, converter time is another major factor in
judging an ADC. Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the
analog input to digital number. Commonly used ADC device – ADC804

3.4.2 PIN DIAGRAM:

27
 Figure 3.5 Pin Diagram of ADC

3.5 LIQUID CRYSTALS DISPLAY :

3.5.1 INTRODUCTION :

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number
of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel
consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent
electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to
each other. Without the liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be
blocked by the other. The liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter
to allow it to pass through the other.

3.5.2 FEATURES OF LCD

 5 x 8 dots with cursor

 Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)

 + 5V power supply (Also available for + 3V)

 1/16 duty cycle

3.5.3 Pin description :

28
 Figure 3.6 Pin Description of LCD

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections) control lines

RS: Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is
high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen.

RW: Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
querying (or reading) the LCD.

3.6 ZIG-BEE

3.6.1 OVERVIEW

ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and medium access control defined in
IEEE standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPAN's. The specification goes on
to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application
layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDO's) and manufacturer-defined application objects which
allow for customization and favor total integration.
Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the
most significant improvement is the introduction of ZDO's. These are responsible for a
number of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join a
network, device discovery and security.
At its core, ZigBee is a mesh network architecture. Its network layer natively
supports three types of topologies: both star and tree typical networks and generic mesh
networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its creation, the
control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star networks, the coordinator
must be the central node.

29
3.2 APPLICATIONS

 Home Entertainment and Control — Smart lighting, advanced temperature

control, safety and security, movies and music
 Home Awareness — Water sensors, power sensors, energy monitoring, smoke
and fire detectors, smart appliances and access sensors
 Mobile Services — m-payment, m-monitoring and control, m-security and access
control, m-healthcare and tele-assist
 Commercial Building — Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting, access control

Industrial Plant — Process control, asset management, environmental management,

energy management, industrial device control

CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Keil software:

What is µVision3?

µVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile,
and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

 A project manager.
 A make facility.
 Tool configuration.
 Editor.
 A powerful debugger.

To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \
C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided.

30
  HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial

Interface.

 MEASURE is a data acquisition system for analog and digital systems.

 TRAFFIC is a traffic light controller with the RTX Tiny operating system.

 SIEVE is the SIEVE Benchmark.

 DHRY is the Dhrystone Benchmark.

It is used by developers to create firmware for micro controllers and other embedded
devices. This software is an Integrated Development Environment allows developers to
write, test, and debug code for embedded systems. It allows us to code in c, c++ .
Installing the Keil software on a Windows PC

 Insert the CD-ROM in your computer’s CD drive

 On most computers, the CD will “auto run”, and you will see the Keil installation
menu. If the menu does not appear, manually double click on the Setup icon, in the root
directory: you will then see the Keil menu.

 On the Keil menu, please select “Install Evaluation Software”. (You will not require a
license number to install this software).

 Follow the installation instructions as they appear.

4.2 Proteus:

Proteus is a software tool for simulating and prototyping electronic circuits. Proteus
includes a library of components, including microcontrollers, sensors, and connectors,
that can be used to build and test a wide range of electronic circuits. it also includes tools
for simulating the behaviour of circuits and predicting how they will perform in different
scenarios.

Features of Proteus

31
  There are 2 main parts of proteus first is used to design and draw different circuits
and the second is for designing of PCB layout.
 First is ISIS that used to design and simulate circuits. And second is ARES that
used for designing of a printed circuit board.
 It also provides features related to the three-dimensional view of design in PCB.

CHAPTER 5

WORKING

5.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM :

32
 Figure 6.1 Schematic Diagram

5.2 CONNECTIONS:

The Schematic diagram shows of the proposed Zigbee-based smart power meter and
outage recording system. The full system can be divided into two parts transmitter section
and receiver section. In transmitter section Firstly, the power supply is connected to the
microcontroller, the voltage and current wave forms of loads are acquired by data
acquisition module and the energy meter is connected to the output coupler and these are
connected to the microcontroller. Microcontroller is connected to Max 232 and the Max
232 is connected zig-bee communication in receiver section the power supply is
connected the microcontroller and the read button is also connected the microcontroller
and the microcontroller is connected LCD display and Max232.

5.3 WORKING:

The wireless communication between the remote areas can be achieved by using
ZIGBEE communication. The working is designed in such a way that we will interface a
temperature sensor and a fire sensor to an 8-bit microcontroller 8051, on the transmitter
side. The temperature sensor will be interfaced to the controller through an ADC to
convert the analogy value sensed into the digital value. The status of these sensors will be
transmitted through the ZIGBEE transceiver which is interfaced to the controller. So, the
same data will be received by another ZIGBEE transceiver which is interfaced to the
controller, on the receiver side.

So now the controller will perform the predefined tasks by monitoring the received data.
It turns ON the coolant fan, if the sensed temperature crosses the set temperature value,
and the water sprinkler will be turned ON and OFF based on the water level of the boiler.
This coolant fan and water sprinkler are interfaced to the controller through relays. An
LCD will also be provided on the transmitter side to display the status of the sensors.

This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage
regulator is used for voltage regulation. Full wave bridge rectifier is used to rectify the ac
output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

33
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Through this Project “INDUSTRIAL PARAMETERS MONITORING AND

CONTROLLING USING ZIG-BEE”, we achieve a parameter monitoring system for
induction machines based on Zigbee protocol is achieved and tested successfully. The
system developed is capable of monitoring the parameters of sensors used in this system.
The wireless communication between the remote areas can be achieved by using
ZIGBEE communication. By using this communication, we can monitor and control the
parameters of the industrial applications.

Therefore, the results obtained can be concluded that the aim of this work has been
practically and theoretically achieved.

34
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[2] Jui-Yu Cheng and Min-Hsiung Hung, Jen-Wei Chang, “A Zigbee-Based Power
qweMonitoring System with Direct Load Control Capabilities” Proceedings of the 2007
qweIEEE International Conference On X-CTU setup Remote Configuration view on X-
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qweApril 2007.
[3] F.L.Lewis, Wireless Sensor Networks-Chapter 4, Smart environments: Technologies,
qweProtocols, and Applications Journal.
[4] Ramazan BAYINDIR, Mehmet ŞEN, “A Parameter Monitoring System for Induction
qweMotors based on Zigbee protocol”, Gazi University Journal of Science. GU J Sci
qwe24(4):763-771 (2011).
[5]Zulhani Rasin, Mohd Rizal Abdullah “Water Quality Monitoring System Using
Zigbee qweBased Wireless Sensor Network”, International Journal of Engineering &
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[6] Ramya Devi M., Balamurugan P.S. and Thanushkodi K., “The Trusted Computing
qweexemplary with Astonishing Security for Cloud Computing”, International Journal of
qweComputer Science and Network Security, pp. 206-209, Vol.11, No.1, January 2011.
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q w Improve the Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks”, International Journal
on qweComputer Science and Engineering, pp. 334- 337, Vol. 5, No. 05, May 2013.
[8] Balamurugan P.S. and Dr. Thanushkodi K., “Direct Processor Access for Non
qweDedicated Server using Multi Core Processor”, (IJCSE) International Journal on
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qweon Program Benchmark”, (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and
qweEngineering, pp. 2078-2083, Vol. 02, No. 06, 2010.
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qwepp. 51-56, Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2012.
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qweInternational Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, pp. 3821-
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Issue 1, qweMarch 2011.

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qweEffective Method for Transient Faculty Nodes of Wireless Sensor Networks”, pp.
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qweInformation Security, pp. 162- 166, Vol. 9, No. 4, April 2011.

[20] Vaishnu B.S. and Balamurugan P.S., “Scenario Based Time Series Prediction
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37
 CHAPTER 7

APPENDIX

SOURCE CODE

TRANSMISSION CODE

#include<reg51.h>

#define lcd_data P2

sbit lcd_rs = P2^0;

sbit lcd_en = P2^1;
sbit fire = P1^0; //fire
sbit rd=P3^3;
sbit wr=P3^4;
sbit intr=P3^5;
void delay(unsigned int t)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<t;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);

38
 }
void lcdcmd(unsigned char value) // LCD COMMAND
{
lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //send msb 4 bits
lcd_rs=0; //select command register
lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute command
delay(3);
lcd_en=0;
lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); //send lsb 4 bits
lcd_rs=0; //select command register
lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute command
delay(3);
lcd_en=0;
}
void lcd_init(void)
{
lcdcmd(0x02);
lcdcmd(0x28); //intialise the lcd in 4 bit mode*/
lcdcmd(0x0e); //cursor blinking
lcdcmd(0x06); //move the cursor to right side
lcdcmd(0x01); //clear the lcd
}
void lcddata(unsigned char value)
{
lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //send msb 4 bits
lcd_rs=1; //select data register
lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute data
delay(3);
lcd_en=0;
lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); //send lsb 4 bits
lcd_rs=1; //select data register
lcd_en=1; //enable the lcd to execute data
delay(3);
lcd_en=0;
delay(3);
}
void msgdisplay(unsigned char b[]) // send string to lcd
{
unsigned char s,count1=0;
for(s=0;b[s]!='\0';s++)
{
count1++;
if(s==16)
lcdcmd(0xc0);
if(s==32)
{
lcdcmd(1);
count1=0;
}
lcddata(b[s]);

39
 }
}
unsigned convert(unsigned int value)
{
unsigned char a,b,c,d;
a=value/100;
b=value%100;
c=b/10;
d=b%10;
a=a|0x30;
c=c|0x30;
d=d|0x30;

lcdcmd(0x85);
lcddata(a);
lcddata(c);
lcddata(d);
}
void tx(unsigned char *tx)
{
for(;*tx != '\0';tx++)
{
SBUF=*tx;
while(TI == 0);
TI=0;
}
}
void sertx(unsigned char tx)
{
SBUF=tx;
while(TI == 0);
TI=0;
}
unsigned char receive()
{
unsigned char rx;
while(RI == 0);
rx=SBUF;
RI=0;
return rx;
}
void main()
{
unsigned int a;
P1=0xFF; //rf data
fire=1;
lcd_init();
lcdcmd(0x80);
msgdisplay("INSTRL PARMS MNTRNG AND CNTRLNG");
delay(200);

40
lcdcmd(0x01);
msgdisplay("TEMP:"); //0x85

lcdcmd(0xc0);
msgdisplay("FIRE:"); //0xc5

lcdcmd(0xc5);
msgdisplay("OFF"); //0xc5
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
intr=1;
rd=1;
wr=1;
while(1)
{
wr=0;
wr=1;
while(intr==1);
rd=0;
a=P0; //adc port 0
rd=1;
convert(a);
if(a >=30)
{
sertx('1');
}
if(a < 30)
{
sertx('2');
}
if(fire==0)
{
sertx('3');
lcdcmd(0xc5);
msgdisplay("ON "); //0xc5
}
if(fire==1)
{
sertx('4');
lcdcmd(0xc5);
msgdisplay("OFF"); //0xc5
}
}
}

RECIEVER CODE:

41
#include <REGX51.H>
sbit r1=P1^0;
sbit r2=P1^1;
void delay(unsigned int t)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<t;i++)
for(j=0;j<1275;j++);
}
void tx(unsigned char *tx)
{
for(;*tx != '\0';tx++)
{
SBUF=*tx;
while(TI == 0);
TI=0;
}
}
void sertx(unsigned char tx)
{
SBUF=tx;
while(TI == 0);
TI=0;
}
void tx1(unsigned char tx)
{
SBUF=tx;
while(TI == 0);
TI=0;
}
unsigned char receive()
{
unsigned char rx;
while(RI == 0);
rx=SBUF;
RI=0;
return rx;
}
void main()
{
unsigned char rcv;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xFD;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
r1=r2=0;
while(1)
{
rcv=receive();
sertx(rcv);

42
 if(rcv == '1')
{
r1=1;
tx(" LOAD 1 ON\r\n");
}
if(rcv == '2')
{
r1=0;
tx(" LOAD 1 OFF\r\n");
}
if(rcv == '3')
{
r2=1;
tx(" LOAD 2 ON\r\n");
}
if(rcv == '4')
{
r2=0;
tx(" LOAD 2 OFF\r\n");
}
}
}

43