This lab experiment aimed to determine the resistance coefficient (K) and friction factor (f) for a length of pipe. Students measured the head loss at different flow rates and used this to calculate K and f. K was found to be approximately 31 and f was found to be approximately 0.43. The values were reasonably consistent, though some inconsistency may have been due to measurement errors. In conclusion, the average resistance coefficient was 30.94 and average friction factor was 0.432.
This lab experiment aimed to determine the resistance coefficient (K) and friction factor (f) for a length of pipe. Students measured the head loss at different flow rates and used this to calculate K and f. K was found to be approximately 31 and f was found to be approximately 0.43. The values were reasonably consistent, though some inconsistency may have been due to measurement errors. In conclusion, the average resistance coefficient was 30.94 and average friction factor was 0.432.
This lab experiment aimed to determine the resistance coefficient (K) and friction factor (f) for a length of pipe. Students measured the head loss at different flow rates and used this to calculate K and f. K was found to be approximately 31 and f was found to be approximately 0.43. The values were reasonably consistent, though some inconsistency may have been due to measurement errors. In conclusion, the average resistance coefficient was 30.94 and average friction factor was 0.432.
This lab experiment aimed to determine the resistance coefficient (K) and friction factor (f) for a length of pipe. Students measured the head loss at different flow rates and used this to calculate K and f. K was found to be approximately 31 and f was found to be approximately 0.43. The values were reasonably consistent, though some inconsistency may have been due to measurement errors. In conclusion, the average resistance coefficient was 30.94 and average friction factor was 0.432.
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COURSE TITLE: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
COURSE CODE: PEOP 1009
LAB TITLE: Fluid Friction
INSTUCTOR NAME: Karan Ramnarine
GROUP MEMBERS \ STUDENT ID: Shawn Sankarsingh (95130)
Micheal Latchman (96104)
Jevon Phillips (95823)
Saied Soondar (94838)
Ronaldo Ramnarine (96487)
LAB DATE: 11/09/2021
AIM: To find the resistance coefficient, K (from head loss, h) and determine the friction
factor, f (from head loss, hL) for a length of pipe.
DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up equipment by first checking to see if there is a sufficient water supply to pump.
2. Open/close valves on the system to ensure that flow is only through one line.
3. Insert manometer leads across your “choice of resistance to flow.”
4. Start pump. 5. Control valve for flow into drain so that a measurable difference in the heights across the manometer can be taken. 6. Bleed all lines as needed. 7. It may be necessary to open valve at top of joint manometer arrangement to create an air cushion at the top portion of the manometer. 8. Place stopper across drain and time (use stop clock or cell phone for timing) how long it takes to fill 5 litres of water. 9. Record values in a suitable table and make suitable calculations. (SEE RESULTS and SEE CALCULATIONS.) PRECAUTIONS: 1. It was ensured that Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as steel-tip boots, safety goggles were worn by all in the lab, so as to uphold safety during the procedure. 2. It was ensured that all lines were bled prior to the experiment, to prevent pump cavitation and inaccurate results. 3. It was ensured that all other lines were closed, allowing fluid flow through one line only.
RESULTS:
Valve Volume Time in Flow Pipe Pipe area Velocity Velocity Head Head Resistance Opening (Litres) second rate, Q Dia. in in m2 in m/s head in Loss Loss coefficient (%) =T in m3/s m =A v=Q/A mH2O in in K= =Q =D =v = v2/2g mHg mH2O hL/(v2/2g) hL= hL= h1- h1-h2 h2 100 5 26.97 0.000185 0.018 0.000254 0.727 0.0269 0.060 0.816 30.33 75 5 27.47 0.000182 0.018 0.000254 0.717 0.0262 0.059 0.816 31.15 50 5 27.82 0.000180 0.018 0.000254 0.709 0.0256 0.060 0.802 31.33 25 5 28.06 0.000178 0.018 0.000254 0.701 0.0250 0.056 0.762 30.48
CALCULATIONS:
1. Calculate the value of flow rate, Q in m3/s, Q = 0.000185 m3/s
Sol’n: Flow Rate, Q = Volume/Time
= 0.005/26.97 Q = 0.000185m3s
2. From diameter of pipe containing valve or fitting (measure diameter using vernier calipers), find flow area, A =0.000254 m2
πd 2 Sol’n: Flow Area, A = [Diameter of pipe given as 18mm.] 4 = (π x 0.0182)/4 A = 0.000254 m2 3. Calculate velocity &velocity head. v =Q/A, v= 0.727 m/s. Sol’n: Velocity, V = Q/A 0.000185 = 0.000254 V = 0.727 ms-1
Sol’n: Velocity Head = v2/2g [Where g = 0.81]
= 0.7272/2g H = 0.0269 m
4. Calculate the resistance coefficient from K = hL/(v2/2g). K = 30.33
Hl Sol’n: Resistance coefficient, K = v2 2g = 0.816/0.0269 K = 30.33
5. Repeat above for one or two more flow rates and calculate K values again. K2 = 31.15 K3 = 31.33
Hl 6. Calculate the friction factor, f from 𝑓 = L v 2 D 2g Sol’n: [Using 1m of pipe and a long elbow fitting] Hl Friction Factor, f = L v 2 D 2g 0.816 = 1.288 0.7272 0.018 2 x 9.81 f = 0.423
7. Repeat above for one or two more flow rates and calculate f values again. f2 = 0.435 f3 = 0.437 [N.B. SEE DISCUSSION for an explanation of consistency/inconsistency of results.] DISCUSSION: The aim of this experiment was to determine the resistance coefficient, K (from head loss, h) and determine the friction factor, f (from head loss, hL) for a length of pipe. In this experiment, the volume of water to be filled was left constant, at 5 Litres. The pipe length, pipe diameter and area were also constants, measuring 1 m, 0.018 m and 0.000254 m2 respectively. After bleeding all lines, the line was opened so that water could flow through and fill the container to 5 litres. At each valve opening, the timer was started at the “0L mark” and subsequently stopped at the “5L mark.” The time taken for each valve opening was recorded in a suitable table. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream pressure values were read-off and recorded from the mercury manometer. These raw values were used for the calculations.
In order to calculate K and f, the volumetric flow rate, flow area, flow velocity and velocity head were calculated, as outlined previously. In carrying out the calculations, all raw values were adjusted to their standard units, to ensure uniformity. The values for relevant parameters were calculated based on four (4) valve opening increments: 100%, 75%, 50% and 25%.
The three calculated values of K and f were based on the 100%, 75% and 50% valve openings. The three calculated values of K were 30.33, 31.15 and 31.33. The three calculated values of f were 0.423, 0.435 and 0.437. These values are reasonably consistent. However, the slight inconsistencies may have been caused by parallax error, human error and equipment error. To elaborate, readings may not have been taken at eye-level, the timer may not have been started/stopped precisely due to human reaction-time and the equipment used may have been faulty, bearing leaks, improper calibration or gas bubbles within the pipes.
CONCLUSION: The average values for the resistance coefficient, K and the friction factor, f were found to be 30.94 and 0.432 respectively.
REFERENCES: PEOP1009 – FLUID FRICTION LAB – 5% Lab Script (DEPARTMENT OF PROCESS ENGINEERING of the UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO) ORIGINAL LAB SCRIPT WITH RESULTS:
