Senses

General Senses
Abegail Joy Lapitan will give the introductory part, which discusses
the definition of sensation, the different sensory receptors, general
senses as well as special senses…
Olfraction
Chona Fontanilla discusses the olfraction. Its neuronal pathways and
olfactory epithelium and Olfactory Bulb…
Taste
Chona Fontanilla talks about the outline structures and functions of
Means by which the brain receives information about the

taste buds and describe the neuronal pathways for taste… environment and the body.
Vision
Drizel Mae Reynante tackles the accessory structures of the eye and
Reporters
explain their functions, names the tunic of the eye and its functions..
Hearing and Balance
Drizel Mae Reynante discuss about the structures of the outer ear and
middle ear and their function, anatomy of cochlea and… Lapitan, Abegail joy. Fontanilla, Chona. Reynante, Drizel Mae .
 Sensation

Is the outermost

layer of the brain

• Is the process initiated by stimulating sensory receptor associated with our

highest mental

Perception capabilities.

AKA "grey matter"

• is the concious awareness of those stimuli

neural tissue that is

• Results when action potentials reach the cerebral cortex made up of neurons)

Located of between

14 and 16 billion

neurons.
 Sensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors
• Are sensory nerve endings or specialized

cells capable of responding to stimuli by

developing action potentials

Mechanoreceptors

• respond to mechanical

• sensory neurons or
stimuli, such as the
peripheral afferents
bending or stretching of • located within joint
capular tissues, ligaments,
receptors tendons, muscle, and skin
 Sensory Receptors

Chemoreceptors

Photoreceptors

• “Chemo-“ refers to the • Found in retina

chemical composition of the • convert light into electrical
blood. signals that stimulate
• respond to chemicals physiological processes
allowing us to perceive • Respond to light
smells
 Sensory Receptors
04

Nicoceptors Thermoreceptors

• Respond to stimuli that result

in a sensation of pain • Respond to light
 General Senses
The general senses have sensory receptors that are widely

distributed throughout the body.

.
1. Touch
2. Pressure most of the receptors of general

3. Pain senses are associated with skin,

tendons, ligaments and muscles.

4. Temperature
5. Vibration most type of sensory receptors are
6. Itch free nerve endings
7. Propioception
 Temperature Receptors 06

Receptors for temperature are either; cold or warm

Cold receptors
respond to decreasing temperature but not in below 12°C

(57°F)

Warm receptors
respond to increasing temperature but not in above 47°C

(117°F)
 Touch Receptors
Are complex than free nerve endings. The different type of

touch receptors are the following;

Merkel disks - detects light touch and superficial pressure
Hair follicle receptors - detects light touch
Meissner corpuscles - receptors for fine and discriminative

touch. Located just deep to the epidermis.

Ruffini corpuscles - receptors detects continuous pressure

Pacinian corpuscles - detects deep pressure, vibration and

body position. Associated with tendons and joints

 Pain 08

Characterized by a group of unpleasant perceptual and

emotional experiences.

Two types of pain sensation:

pain can be disrupted by

1. localized, sharp, pricking or cutting pain

the use of anesthesia
resulting from rapidly conducted action

Two types of anesthesia;

potentials, and
2. diffuse, burning , or aching pain resulting
local anesthesia
from action potentials that are

general anesthesia
propagated slowly.
 Referred Pain 09

It is a perceived to originate in a region of the body that is

not the source of pain stimulus

Mostly happened in internal organs of the body such as;
Liver and gallbladder
Heart
Esophagus
Lungs and diaphragm
Liver and gallbladder
Stomach
Kidney
Colon
Appendix
Ureter
Urinary bladder
 SPECIAL SENSES
• Refers to the senses of smell taste, sight, hearing, and balance are associated
with very specialized, localized sensory receptors.

• The sensations of smell and taste are initiated by the interaction of chemicals
with chemoreceptors.

• Both hearing and balance function in response to the interaction of

mechanical stimuli with mechanoreceptors.

• Hearing occurs in response to sound waves, and balance occurs in response

to gravity or motion.
 OLFACTION

• The sense of smell, called olfaction (ol-fak′shŭn), occurs in response to

airborne molecules, called odorants, that enter the nasal cavity.

• Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons within the olfactory

epithelium,which lines the superior part of the nasal cavity (figure

9.4a).
Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb
 Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Bulb

(a) A sagittal section through the lateral wall of the nasal cavity shows
the olfactory nerves, olfactory bulb, and olfactory tract.
(b) The olfactory neurons lie within the olfactory epithelium. The
axons ofolfactory neurons pass through the cribriform plate to the
olfactory bulb.

• There are at least 400 functional olfactory receptors in humans.

Multiple combinations of odorants and receptors allow us to detect an

estimated 10,000 different smells.

 NEURONAL PATHWAYS FOR OLFACTION
14

• It carry action potentials from the olfactory neurons to the areas of the cerebrum

that allow for perception and interpretation of the stimuli.

• Axons from olfactory neurons form the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I), which
pass through foramina of the cribriform plate and enter the olfactory bulb (figure
9.4b). There the olfactory neurons synapse with interneurons that relay action
potentials to the brain through the olfactory tracts. Each olfactory tract terminates in
an area of the brain called the olfactory cortex, located within the temporal and
frontal lobes.
 NEURONAL PATHWAYS FOR OLFACTION

• The olfactory cortex is involved with both the conscious perception of smell and the

visceral and emotional reactions that are often linked to odors.

• Within the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex are feedback loops that tend to inhibit
transmission of action potentials resulting from prolonged exposure to a given
odorant. This feedback, plus the temporary decreased sensitivity at the level of the
receptors, results in adaptation to a given odor.
 TASTE
• the sensory structures that detect taste

stimuli are the taste buds.

TASTE BUDS
• are the oval structures located on the surface

of certain papillae, which are enlargements on

the surface of the tongue. Salty

• Each taste bud consists of two types of cells.

Specialized epithelial cells and Taste cells.

Bitter
Sweet
TASTE SENSATION
• Each taste sensation are divided into five basic
Sour
types Umami
 Neuronal Pathways for Taste

• taste sensations are carried to the brain

by the three cranial nerves:

Facial nerve - transmit taste sensations

from the anterior two thirds of the tongue.

Glossopharyngeal nerve- transmit taste

sensations from the posterior two thirds of

the tongue.
Vagus nerve- carries the taste sensations

from the root of the tongue.

 VISION

• the visual system includes the eyes, the accessory

structures, and sensory neurons. The eyes are

housed within bony cavities called orbits. We obtain

Eyebrows Lacrimal

much of our information about the world through

the visual systems. Eyelids apparatus

Accessory Structures of the Eye Conjunctiva Extrinsic eye

accessory structures protect, lubricate, and move

the eye. muscles

 Anatomy of the Eye

the eyeball is a hollow, fluid-filled sphere.

the wall of the eyeball is composed of three tissue layers, or tunics.
Fibrous Tunic- consist of sclera and cornea.
Vascular Tunic- consists of the choroid, ciliary, body, and iris.
Nervous Tunic- consists of the retina.
 Chambers of the Eye

the interior of the eyeball is divided into three areas or chambers.

Anterior Chamber - the anterior and posterior chambers are located between the

cornea and
Posterior Chamber - the lens. The anterior and posterior chambers are filled with

aqueous humor (watery fluid).

Vitreous Chamber - filled with a transparent, jellylike substance called vitreous

humor
 Functions of the Eye 14

the eye functions much like a camera. The iris allows

light into the eye, which is focused by the cornea, lens

and humors onto the retina. The light striking the

retina produces action potentials that are relate to the

Focusing Images on the Retina - the

brain. cornea is a convex structure, and as

Light Refraction - as light passes from air to some other,

light rays pass from the air through the

denser transparent substance, the light rays are

cornea, they converge. Additional

refracted. As the light rays converge, they finally reach a

convergence occurs as light passes

point at which they cross. The crossing point is called

through the aqueous humor, lens, and

the focal point vitreous humor.