CHORDATA
PRACTICAL PRESENTATION
By-
Nikhil Sehrawat, 9094
[Link](H) Zoology, II Year
Chelone: Green Turtle
*The common name- CLASSIFICATION
green fat found beneath
its carapace, not to the PHYLUM Chordata: notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
color of its carapace, pharyngeal gill slits
which is olive to black. SUB PHYLUM Vertebrata: notochord replaced by vertebral
column
SUPER CLASS Gnathostomata: Jaws & paired appendages
present
CLASS Reptilia: cold blooded, monocondylic skull
SUB CLASS Anapsida: skull without temporal fossae
ORDER Chelonia: jaws without teeth but with horny
sheaths
GENUS Chelone
Chelone: Green Turtle
• Habitat
• Marine reptile; come ashore only to lay eggs.
• Distribution-->
• It is distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions and chiefly
found in Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
• Since green sea turtles are a migrating species, their global
distribution spans into the open ocean.
• two major subpopulations- the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific:-
• Each population is genetically distinct(the type of mitochondrial
DNA found in individual's cells), with its own set of nesting and
feeding grounds within the population's known range .
Chelone: Green Turtle
• Description
• It has a dorsoventrally flattened body divided into a
beaked head at the end of a short neck, trunk and
tail. It has paddle-like arms well-adapted for
swimming.
• The neck cannot be pulled into the shell. Upper jaw
possesses a denticulated edge, while its lower jaw
has stronger, serrated, more defined denticulation.
• Body case is rigid. Dorsal shield- Carapace
covered with bony shields- composed of 5
central scutes flanked by four pairs of lateral
scutes(coastal shields).
• Ventral plate- plastron.
Chelone: Green Turtle
• Description
• Head is dorsally covered
by single pair of prefrontal
shields. Head contains
mouth nostril, eye.
• Eyes well developed,
provided with eyelids and
nictitating membrane.
Chelone: Green Turtle
• Ecology and behavior
• Diet: (. changes with age)-Juveniles are carnivorous, but
mature- omnivorous. Body fat turns green because of the
consumed vegetation. Most adult sea turtles are strictly
herbivorous.
• Life cycle:
• Migrate long distances between feeding sites and nesting sites
often returning to the exact beach from which they hatched
(natal homing). Females usually mate every 2-4 years. Males,
visit the breeding areas every year, attempting to mate.
• After mating in the water, the female moves above the beach's It is estimated that only 1%
of hatchlings reach sexual
high tide line, where she digs a hole 11–22 in in depth with her maturity.
hind flippers and deposits her eggs. The hole is then covered up
again.
Chelone: Green Turtle
• Unique characteristics and features:-
• Normally, they can dive for about 4-5 min, and surface to breathe for one to three seconds.
• The respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with cilia; gaseous exchange areas
appear at all levels from the respiratory bronchi down to the alveoli.
• They have special adaptive systems in order to navigate:-
open ocean-navigate using wave directions, sun light, and temperatures.
• The sea turtles also contain an internal magnetic compass and detect magnetic information
by using magnetic forces acting on the magnetic crystals in their brains.
• Sex differences- development and appearance.
• As adult turtles, males having a longer tail (visibly extending past the shell) and longer claws
on the front flippers. The hatching time and sex of the turtles are determined by the
incubation temperature of the nest (warmer-F;colder-M).
• Green turtles graze on seagrasses and algae, which maintains the seagrass beds and
makes them more productive . Seagrass beds also function as nurseries for invertebrates
and fish, many of which are of considerable value to commercial fisheries and therefore
important to human food security.
Hyla: Tree Frog
• Hyla is a genus of frogs in the tree frog family
Hylidae.
• Hyla contains 17 extant (living) species from
Europe, northern Africa and Asia.
CLASSIFICATION
PHYLUM Chordata: notochord, dorsal nerve cord,
pharyngeal gill slits
SUB Vertebrata: notochord replaced by vertebral
PHYLUM column
SUPER Gnathostomata: Jaws & paired appendages
CLASS present
CLASS Amphibia: Amphibious ;cold blooded
SUB CLASS Lissamphibia: modern amphibia,
exoskeleton absent
ORDER Anura: No Tail
GENUS Hyla
Hyla: Tree Frog
• Distribution and habitat
• Terrestrial and Freshwater. A largely arboreal frog of tropical
evergreen and deciduous forest, that is also found in
grasslands, and agricultural land close to forests.
• Tropical to subtropical broadleaf forest:
Global Distribution -Most of Europe (except Ireland),U.S.A.,
northwest Africa, and temperate and tropical Asia to Japan.
Local Distribution-Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Assam.
• It is arboreal in habit, living on tree and rocks. Tree frogs are
usually tiny as their weight has to be carried by the branches
and twigs in their habitats.
• It can be threatened by habitat degradation, including water
pollution.
Hyla: Tree Frog
• Description-
• Body- 3-8cm in size generally green in colour and divided
into head and trunk.(tail absent)
• The head broader than long; snout short, rounded. Head
contains eyes and nostrils.
• Eyes well developed with horizontal pupil. tympanum
distinct.
• Forelimbs and hindlimbs adapted for arboreal life. terminal
base of each digit is claw shaped and toes contain expanded
adhesive discs or cushions which are used to climb trees.
• Their dorsal skin is smooth, while their ventral skin is
granular. Exocrine glands: granular (poison), mucous, and
seromucous
• Their dorsal skin can be green, gray, or tan depending on the
temperature, humidity, or their mood.
• Males have large (folded) vocal sacs and are well developed
and can make loud noise.
Hyla: Tree Frog
• Forelimbs and hindlimbs adapted for arboreal life. Toes
contain expanded adhesive discs (combination of soft, rubbery
cells and mucus) or cushions which are used to climb trees.
• Like other frogs, their hind legs are much larger and stronger
than the fore legs, enabling the frogs to jump rapidly.
• Behavior-
• Historically, tree frogs were used as barometers because they
respond to approaching rain by croaking.
• Depending on subspecies, temperature, humidity, and the
frog's 'mood', skin colour ranges from bright to olive green,
grey, brown and yellow.
• Diet- eat a variety of small arthropods, such as spiders, flies,
beetles, butterflies, and smooth caterpillars.
• They hibernate in walls, cellars, under rocks, under clumps of
vegetation, or buried in leaf piles or manure piles.
Hyla: Tree Frog
• Hyla arborea, Hyla versicolour,etc., are all tree living
frogs adapted from amphibious to arboreal life.
• Hyla faber shows peculiar parental care- it comes
down from the tree, females dig up the mud of
shallow pond, make small nurseries, and eggs are
laid in them. The larva hatch and go into submerged
water.
• Reproduction- fertilization external. Development
includes tadpole larva. A calling H. arborea
• Mating systems- male with a
distended vocal sac.
• Female choice based on male calling-The mating
The vocal sac is open to the
systems across most species of Hyla largely feature
mouth cavity of the frog,
female choice based on male calling effort. with two slits on either side
• Male-male contests of the tongue. To call, the
• Indirect selection-In terms of sexual selection, indirect frog inflates its lungs and
selection refers to the selection of a specific trait based on its shuts its nose and mouth.
Air is then expelled from the
genetic correlation to overall fitness.
lungs, through the larynx,
Hyla: Tree Frog
• After a spring rain, the males will call
females from low vegetation or shallow
ponds.
• About 800 to 1000 eggs are laid in clumps
the size of a walnut. Individual eggs are
about 1.5 mm in diameter.
• After 10–14 days, the eggs hatch. Then,
after three months , tadpoles
metamorphose into frogs .
Metamorphosis usually peaks from late
July to early August. They are able to live
for up to 15 years.
Life cycle of European tree
frogs
Hyla arborea tadpole and
metamorph
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