The document discusses key concepts in statistics including:
- Descriptive statistics describes data while statistical inference draws conclusions from samples about populations.
- Sampling allows for more manageable data collection and statistical inferences about populations.
- Probability distributions describe the likelihood of variable values.
- Parametric tests assume population distributions while non-parametric tests do not.
- Common statistical tools like t-tests and ANOVA are explained for comparing groups.
The document discusses key concepts in statistics including:
- Descriptive statistics describes data while statistical inference draws conclusions from samples about populations.
- Sampling allows for more manageable data collection and statistical inferences about populations.
- Probability distributions describe the likelihood of variable values.
- Parametric tests assume population distributions while non-parametric tests do not.
- Common statistical tools like t-tests and ANOVA are explained for comparing groups.
The document discusses key concepts in statistics including:
- Descriptive statistics describes data while statistical inference draws conclusions from samples about populations.
- Sampling allows for more manageable data collection and statistical inferences about populations.
- Probability distributions describe the likelihood of variable values.
- Parametric tests assume population distributions while non-parametric tests do not.
- Common statistical tools like t-tests and ANOVA are explained for comparing groups.
The document discusses key concepts in statistics including:
- Descriptive statistics describes data while statistical inference draws conclusions from samples about populations.
- Sampling allows for more manageable data collection and statistical inferences about populations.
- Probability distributions describe the likelihood of variable values.
- Parametric tests assume population distributions while non-parametric tests do not.
- Common statistical tools like t-tests and ANOVA are explained for comparing groups.
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STATISTICS
1. Discuss the difference between the descriptive statistics and statistical inference. Descriptive statistics is concerned with the methods of collecting, organizing and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or assess group characteristics while statistical inference or inferential statistics is concerned with inferring or drawing conclusions about the population based from preselected elements of that populations.
2. Discuss the importance of sampling.
In statistics, the use of samples allows researchers to conduct their studies with more manageable data and in a timely manner. It helps us to make statistical inferences about the population.
3. Discuss the importance of probability distribution.
Probability distribution allow us to describe the likelihood of obtaining possible values that a random variable can take.
4. Discuss the difference between the parametric and non-parametric tests.
Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. This is often the assumption that the population data are normally distributed. Non-parametric tests are “distribution-free” and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables. Table 3 shows the non-parametric equivalent of a number of parametric tests.
5. Is it logical and practical to compare the variable height and the variable weight of the students? Justify your answer. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Explain the use of the following statistical tools for data analysis. a. independent t-test An independent t-test is used to compare the means of two independent groups in order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly different. The variables used in this test are known as: Dependent variable and Independent variable. It cannot make comparisons among more than two groups.
b. parallel/correlated t-test The correlated t-test is performed when the samples typically consist of matched pairs of similar units, or when there are cases of repeated measures. This method also applies to cases where the samples are related in some manner or have matching characteristics.
c. one-sample t-test The One Sample T-Test examines whether the mean of a population is statistically different from a known or hypothesized value. It is also used to determine the statistical difference between a change score and zero.
d. one-way ANOVA The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of two or more independent (unrelated) groups.
e. two-way ANOVA The primary purpose of a two-way ANOVA is to understand if there is an interaction between the two independent variables on the dependent variable.
f. Multiple regression is a statistical technique that can be used to analyze the relationship between a single dependent variable and several independent variables. The objective of multiple regression analysis is to use the independent variables whose values are known to predict the value of the single dependent value. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Explain why questionnaires with high reliability coefficients are not necessarily valid. Questionnaires with high reliability coefficients won’t necessarily tell us that the questionnaire is valid since the consistency of results doesn’t guarantee that the questionnaire will measure what it tends to measure. Also, a high reliability of questionnaire doesn’t automatically mean that is directly connected to the statement of the problem.
2. How do you measure Reliability?
We can measure reliability through Test-retest reliability which suggests that we can obtain same result when tested at different times. With this, we will be giving same test to the same test respondents at different times to ensure that the reliability of questionnaire will be stable and consistent.
3. How do you improve validity of your measuring instruments?
One way in improving the validity of your measuring instruments is to invite/consult a group of scholars or subject matter experts to validate your questionnaires to ensure that it will measure what it intends to measure. Also, it should be connected to your statement of the problem.
4. Provide an example of construct or latent variable.
The concept of LOVE is an example of Latent variable since we cannot simply measure it through observation or just giving value on how much you love someone. We need to consider indicators of love manifestation which will allow us to quantify its degree using some measuring scales.
5. What are the 2 major steps in conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis?
The two major steps in conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis are (a) Factor Extraction and (b) Factor Rotation. In conducting the said analysis, we will first identify and list down all the possible variables needed in the study (extraction) for use to categorize those into reduced items (rotation). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
