CDI

Lesson Proper for Week 1

Criminal Investigation
·       Is a legal inquiry caused by complaint and it is conducted to follow-up, examine, trace, track and search the
facts concerning the commission of a crime through patient, step-by-step and meticulous observation (Sadili and
Pena 1998). 
 
INVESTIGATE (Merriam–Webster Dictionary)
  “The word investigate is derived from the Latin word “vestigare” meaning to track or trace, a derivation easily related
to police investigation.”
 
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AS A LEGAL INQUIRY covers the identification of suspect and the circumstances of
the crime by careful evaluation of all variable pieces of evidence until the perpetrator is brought to bar of justice, and
the innocent relieved from any false accusation.
 
NATURE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 SCIENCE

Modern day criminal investigators often apply scientific knowledge, based on fixed principles. (Rigid rules)

   ART

According to Hans Gross, criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck.
Investigators should not only depend on inspiration or luck or else they will fail 95% in their investigation. 100% effort
must be exerted because inspiration or luck may never come in his way.

 PROCESS

Since it requires patient, step-by-step (systematic) and meticulous (careful and thorough) examination of something
or somebody in relation to a criminal incident
 
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY AND LOCATE THE PERPETRATOR
·       Emotional Appeal
Placing the subject in the proper frame of mind.
·       Sympathetic Appeal
The suspect may feel the need for sympathy or friendship.
·       Kindness
The suspect will confess if he is treated in a kind and friendly manner.
·       Extenuation
The investigator does not consider his subject’s discretion a grave of offense
·       Shifting the Blame
The interrogator makes clear that the subject is not fond of getting involved in a crime
 
FIVE FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTIONS ON INVESTIGATORS
·       Identification
Identification and recognition of facts, information, evidence, etc
·       Collection
Collection of facts, information, information, evidence etc
·       Preservation
Preservation of Forensic value (legal integrity
·       Evaluation
Evaluation of collected evidence and the case
·       Presentation
Presentation of evidence and criminal case
 
Mode
·       A manner of acting or doing
·       Method
·       Preferred way of doing
·       A particular type or form of something
 

Reactive Mode
-          Upon filing of the criminal complaint
-          Address the crime that has already been committed

Proactive Mode
-          Self-initiation by concerned or directly involved police personnel

Preventive Mode/Response
-          Once the police have become aware of a crime in progress.
-  Prompt arrest; aggressive prosecution; immediate justice
 
ANATOMY OFCRIME
·       Motive
refers to the reasons or causes why a person or group of persons perpetrate a crime.
·       Instrumentality
It is the means or implement used in the commission of the crime.
·       Opportunity
Consists of the acts of omission and/or commission by a person (the victim) which unable other person or group (the
criminals/s) to perpetrate the crime.

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Lesson Proper for Week 1

WELL - BEING
1.       Introduction
The phrase ‘science sociale’ was coined by the French constitutional theorist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in 1789 in his
pamphlet on the third estate. For Sieyès, social science was to provide the justification for democratic decision-
making based on majority rule, for this is the best way to marry the selfish interests of all. But the political ideals of
justice and democracy were only part of the picture. Soon after, in 1798, Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, a
statesman and the author of the Napoleonic Code, in his Discours sur la science sociale explicitly identified social
science with the means  of securing happiness (bonheur) for all (Sonenscher 2009). Binding the individual wills into a
common will was the best way to secure it. Social science began its life as a form of knowledge devoted to the
advancement of well-being.

 Jeremy Bentham, Adam Smith, Nicolas de Condorcet, James and John Stuart Mill, Auguste
Comte

Conceived social science as central in the project of bringing about happiness, relieving suffering, furthering
progress, or whatever else they took to be the main value in human life and the guiding principle of government. And
so they shaped the subject matter and the methodologies of the new sciences to serve this goal

 Some researchers take well-being to be life satisfaction or happiness or another subjective indicator.
Others adopt objective person-independent constructs such as health, consumption, and legal
protection. Still others combine the two.

2.       The Problem of Science–Value Coordination

 Science and philosophy always go together. But sometimes science and philosophy are entangled in a
further way. Such objects include rationality, poverty, health, crime, and well-being.
 Science–value coordination—how to do it and how not to—is one of the central problems facing
philosophers of social science

3.       The Philosophy–Science Disconnect

 The value philosophers contemplates in well-being is called ‘prudential’. Prudential value is supposed to
bear a special relationship to us: well-being is not merely good, it is also good for us
 The theories of prudential value developed by philosophers have a very tenuous connection to what is
called ‘well-being’ in the sciences
  The sources of the disconnect between theories of well-being: the first one is a disagreement between
philosophers, the second one a discrepancy between what philosophers do with the notion of well-
being and what everybody else does with it.

4.       Variantism and Invariantism about Well-Being

 Invariantism is the natural default picture: when there is a single term such as ‘well-being’. It refers to a
single unified concept that serves its purpose in all contexts in which we apply the term
 Variantism  maintains that there may not be a single correct theory of well-being to do all the jobs

5.       Theories of Prudential Good

 Derek Parfit, an Oxford philosopher distinguished between mental state, desire fulfilment, and ‘objective
list’ theories of well-being

a. Mental state theorists, as the name suggest, take our mental states, and only them, to constitute our well-being.
For something to be good, this good has to have a special relationship, it has to engage, or resonate with, or be
responsive to the priorities of a person.
b. Desire fulfilment is for something to be good for me, this good has to have a special relationship to me, it has to
engage me, or resonate with me, or be responsive to my priorities, or some such

6.       Major Constructs of Well-Being in the Social Sciences

A.      Psychological Sciences
a.       Big Three theories in philosophy

1. ‘Hedonic balance’ - the ratio of positive to negative emotions in a person over time.
2. Well-being is life satisfaction - an endorsement of the balance of the many values and priorities in life
3. Well-being with flourishing or eudaimonism - understand flourishing not as a unified phenomenon but
as encompassing several components: a sense of autonomy, mastery, purpose, connectedness to
people

B.      Economics -  traditionally economics operated with a preference satisfaction view of well-being, which is closest
to the desire fulfilment view, but does not restrict preferences in any way. What we want is what’s good for us.
Welfare economics is a theoretical system based on this simple (to many philosophers, dangerously simple) view of
well-being.
C.     Gerontology and the Medical Sciences -  a combination of subjective satisfaction and objective functioning,
where the latter is under-stood as the ability to go through one’s day reasonably autonomously and the standard of
functioning is adjusted specifically by age and the specific illness
D.     Child Well-Being -  all serious measures of well-being for children incorporate objective indicators such as
medical care, family dynamics, accessed to education, play, adequate food, and hygiene.
E.    National Well-Being -  Two requirements seem to be crucial to a notion of national well-being.
  First of all, such a measure needs to capture the values and priorities of the people whose well-being it
is supposed to represent
 Second, a measure of national well-being needs to represent a certain level of consensus, not a mere
sum of individual well-beings. Together these two requirements explain why, in this context, more than
in any others, it is particularly important to consult people on their prudential values and to use these
views as the most important basis for a measure.

7.       Conclusion
The philosophy–science disconnect exists because philosophers talk about well-being in an all-things-considered
sense, whereas scientists and policy-makers tend to make contextual evaluations.