Intellectual Revolutions
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Part I: Most Controversial and Important
Intellectual Revolutions in the History of S & T
What is Intellectual
Revolution?
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Intellectual Revolution is a movement about
enlightenment where people are more
drawn and transformed by the new
discoveries in science and technology
resulting from experiments and
explanations..
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It is marked by questioning of traditional
dogmas/values and emphasis on pragmatic
systems in science as well as free use of
reason, logic, and critical thinking.
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THE THREE MOST CONTROVERSIAL AND IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF S & T
Copernican Darwininan Freudian
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Copernican Revolution
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Copernican Revolution
The idea that the sun is
Theorized by Nicolaus
the center of the solar
Copernicus
system.
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Copernican Revolution
GEOCENTRIC THEORY HELIOCENTRIC THEORY
• formulated by the Claudius • formulated in the 16th century by
Ptolemy Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish
• model of the solar system where mathematician and astronomer
planets, as well as the sun and • challenged the geocentric model of
moon moved in a circular motion Ptolemy, also called Copernican
around the Earth Revolution
• This was widely accepted by the • a model where the sun is the center
people and was one of the of the solar system and not the
greatest discoveries of that time. planet Earth
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COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Other works that supported this The scientific revolution started by
model started to emerge as well. Copernicus resulted in the ideas
The model was eventually that processes in the universe
accepted in a period which was could be explained through
called the birth of modern natural laws which brought the
astronomy. workings of the universe into the
realm of science.
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COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
The idea that the sun is at the The Copernican Revolution
center of the universe instead of marked a turning point in the
the earth proved to be unsettling study of cosmology and
to many. The heliocentric model astronomy. It also served as a
was met with huge resistance, catalyst to sway scientific thinking
primarily from the Catholic away from age-long views about
church. the position of the Earth relative to
an enlightened understanding of
the universe
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IMPORTANT DATES IN ASTRONOMICAL TIMELINE
Greek Philosophers’ views
about the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler
Heliocentric Theory Planetary Motion
Isaac Newton
First Reflecting
Telescope
600 to 130 BCE 150 A.D 1543 A.D 1576 A.D 1605 A.D 1609 A.D 1668 A.D
Claudius Ptolemy Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei
Geocentric Theory Model of Cosmos Usage of Newly
Invented Telescope
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Darwinian Revolution
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Darwinian Revolution
Formulated the concept
Theorized by Charles
of Natural Selection and
Darwin
Survival of the Fittest.
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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
The English naturalist, geologist, His literary paper regarding
and biologist, Charles Darwin is science of evolution, On the
recognized for inspiring another Origin of Species, which was
important intellectual revolution in published in 1859 had stirred a
the mid-19th century. revolution that brought society to a
new phase of intellectual
innovation .
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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Darwin collected evidences Darwin’s reasoned, documented
pointing to what is know as arguments advanced assertion
natural selection, an evolutionary that species were not created
process by which organisms, all at once by a divine hand but
including humans, inherit, develop started with a few
and adapt traits that favored simple forms that mutated and
survival and reproduction. . adapted over time
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DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Darwin’s theory of evolution was The Darwinian Revolution can be
met with likened to the
resistance just like the Copernican Revolution in its
heliocentric model of demonstration of the
Copernicus and considered to be power of a lawful system in
controversial. nature and that nature
can be understood through
scientific thought.
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Freudian Revolution
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Freudian Revolution
Theorized by Australian neurologist,
Sigmund Freud developed the theory of
Psychoanalysis.
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FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
◉ Freud has new ideas about the ◉ In his theory, he explained that
mind, that human behavior is there are many conscious
not based on reason. and unconscious factors that
can influence behavior and
emotions.
◉ His Theory of Psychoanalysis
started a revolution in ◉ He also argued that
understanding the mind. personality is a product of
three conflicting elements:
id, ego, and superego
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FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
◉ Psychoanalyis developed by ◉ This created resistance
Freud became controversial whether psychoanalysis fit
because it emphasized the in the scientific study of the
existence of the unconscious
brain. It appeared to critics
where feelings, thoughts,
urges, emotions, and memories
that psychoanalysis was
are contained outside of one’s more of an ideological
conscious awareness. stance than a scientific
one.
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Watch the attached video link to learn more
about the 3 prominent ideas in Intellectual
Revolution
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