LAKHMI CHAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BILASPUR(C.G.)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT
B. TECH , 6th SEMESTER
NAME - ………….
ROLL NO-………..
Incharge HOD
Mr. Upesh Kashyap Dr. Bhumika Das
(Lecturer, Civil Engineering) (Civil Engineering Department)
( LCIT, Bilaspur) ( LCIT, Bilaspur)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I expressed my satice faction on the completion of
this vocational training program and project report
submission as a part of the curriculum for the degree
of bechlor of technology ,civil engineering.I expressed
my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Mr.
Ravish Kumar,Mr. yogendra yadav. For his kind
guidance during the intire period of training. His
consistent support and advices has helped us to
complete this vocational training successful. Also I
thank all the members of GR. INFRAPROJECT LTD
sipat baloda (CG) for their kind support. They have
always been a source of inspiration for us.
NHAI TRAINING PROJECT
The National highway Authority of Indias (NHAI) is an autonomous
agency of the Government of India.
Constituted by an act of Parliament, The National Highway Authority
of India Act, 1988
Total distance covered by NHAI 95185 (till date).
1. India has 151,019 km (93,839 mi) of National Highways as of March
2021. National Highways constituted 2.7% of India's total road
network, but carried about 40% of road traffic, as of 2013. In 2016,
the government vowed to double the highway length from 96,000 to
200,000 km.
G.R. INFRAPROJECTS LTD
G R Infraprojects Limited is one of the fastest growing organizations in the Indian
infrastructure sector, with over 25 years of legacy.
Our 17,000+ passionate employees, best in class assets, latest technology, and 24/7
project execution capability enables us to deliver projects before or on-time with highest
standards of quality, safety, financial discipline, and governance.
Our primary business operations are broadly segmented into four categories:
Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) and Project Management services
for Roads & Highways, Bridges, Airport Runway, Railways, Metros, Power
Transmission and Tunneling
Manufacturing activities for bitumen processing, thermoplastic road-marking paint, road
signage, and electronic equipment.
READ MOR
Development, operations and maintenance of roads and highways on a Build Operate
and Transfer (BOT) basis and Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM). E
G R Infraprojects is an integrated road EPC company with experience in design
and construction of various road/highway projects across 14 States in India. In
addition to our EPC activities, we own one operational road project constructed
and developed by us on a Build Operate Transfer (“BOT”) basis and seven road
projects under the Hybrid Annuity Model (“HAM”) have been awarded to us of
which four projects are currently under construction. Our primary business
operations are broadly divided into three categories: (i) civil construction
activities, under which we provide EPC services; (ii) development of roads and
highways on a BOT basis; and (iii) manufacturing activities, under which we
process bitumen, manufacture thermoplastic road-marking paint and road
signage and fabricate and galvanize metal crash barriers.
TIME TABLE FOR VOCATIONAL TRAINING
CONTENT
Sr.NO CONTENT MENTOR
1. LABORATORY Mr.Ravish kumar
2. SURVEY Mr.Yogendra Yadav
3. STEELYARD Mr.Umakant Shukla
4. CASTING Mr.umakant shukla
5. HIGHWAY Mr.Srimanta Mondal
6. SITE VISIT Mr.Mustaq Ali
LABORATORY
SOIL TESTING FOR CONSTRUCTION:-
1.FREE SWELL INDEX (IS CODE:2720- PART 40):-
Generally the soil used for testing purpose are borrowed from the
near by area range 5 to 10 km from the initial site.
Free swell is the increase in value of a soil without any external
on strain on submergence in water.
Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as “free swell
index”, is the increase in volume of soil without any external
constraint when subjected to submergence in water.
2.GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
- It is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil
mechanics field the purpose of the analysis is to derive the
particle size distribution of soil.
- The percentage retain on each sieve is determine by dividing
each weight retain
by the initial weight of the soil sample.
3. LIQUID LIMIT & PLASTI LIMIT
LIQUID LIMIT
It is the water content at which soil changes from a plastic
to liquid state .
A liquid limit should not be more the 50%.
PLASTIC LIMIT
It is the water content at
which soil changes from
plastic to a semi solid state
It should not be more than 25%.
4.PROCTOR TEST
The Proctor compaction test is performed to determine the
maximum dry density of soil samples. It determines the
optimal moisture content at which a given sample will
become densest and achieve its maximum dry density.
The test is known as the Proctor compaction test in honor
of Ralph Roscoe Proctor. In 1933, he showed that the dry
density of soil for given compaction depends on the
amount of water in the soil at the time of compaction.
5.CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
The CBR is a penetration test used for determining the
sub grade strength value of pavement and roads.
The CBR is the ratio of the bearing load that penetrates a
material to a specific depth compared with the load giving
the same penetration into crushed stone.
The test measures neither Stiffness Modulus nor Shear
Strength directly, but gives a combined measure of both.
CBR= (PT/PS)X100.
6.DIRECT SHEAR TEST
A direct shear test is a laboratory or field test used by
geotechnical engineers to measure the shear strength
properties of soil or rock material, or of
discontinuities in soil or rock masses.
The purpose of a direct shear test is to determine the
shear strength of a soil it measure the force and
horizontal displacement of representative soil
specimen that is sheared along a controlled
horizontal plane at a constant rate of deformation
SURVEY
Civil surveying is an engineering operation that involves
assessing and recording details about an area of land.
These observations can then be used to help plan
construction projects.
The main purpose of surveying in civil engineering is to
determine the three-dimensional relationships between
different locations. Knowing information like the
distances and angles between points and lines helps
engineers determine how to draw up plans for public
buildings, homes, roads, bridges and a variety of other
construction and infrastructure projects.
1. Preparing plots.
2. Planning for new construction projects.
3. Estimating projected paths of roads, railways, power lines
and irrigation systems.
4. Assessing the position of existing structures like
highways, canals, dams and bridges.
5. Planning and constructing mines.
6. Charting navigational routes.
TYPES OF SURVEY
1. MAP STUDY
2. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
3. PRELIMINARY SURVEY
4. LOCATION SURVEY
1.MAP STUDY:-
From the map, alternative routes can be suggested in the
office, if the topographic map of that area is available.
Avoiding valleys, ponds or lake.
Avoiding bend of river.
If road has to cross a rowof hills, possibility of crossing
through mountain pass.
2. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY:-
1- To confirm features indicated on map.
2- To examine the general character of the area in field
for deciding the most feasible routes for detail studies.
3.PRILIMINARY SURVEY:-
1.To survey the various alternative alignments proposed after
the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical
information and detail of topography, drainage and soil.
2.To estimate quantity of earthwork materials and other
construction aspect and to work out the cost of the alternate
proposals.
4.LOCATION SURVEY:-
1.Transferring the alignment on to ground.
2.This is done by transit theodolite.
3. Centre lines tacks are driven at suitable intervals, say 50m
interval in plane and rolling terrains and 20m in hilly terrain.
INSTRUMENT USED IN SURVEY
1.THEODOLITE
2.TOTAL STATION
3. PRISM SURVEY
1.THEODOLITE:-
It is the most precise instrument for the measurement of
horizontal and vertical angles. It is popular in
various surveying applications.
There are two types of theodolite– transit, and non-
transit. non-transit theodolites have become obsolete these
days.
Transit theodolite is such theodolite in which
the telescope
can be revolved by 180° in the vertical plane.
2.TOTAL STATION :-
Horizontal angles:
The rotation of the optical axis of TS from
the instrument north in a horizontal plane gives the
horizontal angle.
Vertical angle:
The inclination of the optical axis of TS from the local
vertical gives a vertical angle.
Slope distance:
The distance between TS and target gives the slope
distance.
3.PRISM SURVEY:-
Optical Survey prisms are a specially designed retro
reflector, specifically a corner reflector, that is used to
reflect the Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
beam from a total station.
A survey prism reflects the EDM beam back to its source
with both a wide angle of incidence and with high
precision.
STEEL YARD
Steel yard is a lay down yard where sequencing of
cutting bending and threading of steel is done with
proper tag system.Location of steel yard in project is
also a very curtail analytical part by which indirect
cost of transportation can be reduce to optimum
extent .
Position of cutting , bending and threading machine
in steel yard along with steel inward and outward
yard with stacking arrangement like “first come first
out with diameter wise is impactful for proper
functioning of steel yard”.
STEEL YARD USED FOR MACHINE NAME IN HIGHWAY
FOLLOWING ARE THE MACHINES-
TYRE MOUNTED CRANE
CRAWLER MOUNTED CRANE
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER
ELECTRIC OVER HEAD DRAWER CRANE(EOHDC)
FLEXI SHEAR LINE MACHINE
COOLING TANKER
BUTTON WELDING MACHINE
THREAD MACHINE
ROBO DOUBLE BANDER MACHINE
MANUAL CUTTRT-
o PRIMA MACHINE-1
o PRIMA MACHINE-2
FACTORS TO BE ADOPTED STEEL YARD
FOLLOWING ARE THE FACTORS-
COST EFFECTIVE
ZERO WASTAGE
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF LABOR
TIME MANAGEMENT
EASIER PROCUREMENT OF REBAR
FREEDOM IN DESIGN
LOWER WORKING CAPITAL
STRENGTHENING OF BRAND
HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Establish procedures for timely correction or control of hazards.
1. Provision of personal protective equipment such as:
Eye protection-glasses
Respiratory protection- mask
Ear protection- ear defenders
Face protection- face mask
Head protection- hard hats
Hand protection- gloves
Foot protection- safety shoes
Body protection- jackets
Fall protection- belts
2. Administrative control
3. Provide for facility and equipment maintenance
4. Plan and prepare for emergencies
5. Training and drills, as needed
6. Establish a medical program
7. First aid on site
SAFETY IS IMPORTANT
1. ETHICAL OBLIGATIONS
2. REGULATORY OBLIGATIONS
3. ORGANIZATIONAL BENEFITS:
- BETTER MORALE
-INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY
-LOWER STAFF TURNOVER
- PROTECT BRAND EQUITY
4. FINANCIAL BENEFITS:
-REDUCED SCHEDULE DISRUPTIONS
-REDUCED WORKER’S COMPENSATION
-LOWER INSURANCE PREMIUMS
-LOWER LEGAL FEES.
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
Bar bending schedule is a list of reinforcement bars in a tabular
form giving the particulars of bars , the shape of bending with
sketches, length of each ,total length , and total weight.
Usually, for each type of rcc work, a schedule of bars is
provided. With the help or bbs ,the requirements of different sizes
and lengths of bars may be known and may be arranged and bent
up during the time of construction.
ADVANTAGES OF BBS
1. BBS reduces reinforcement wastages in cutting.
2. BBS helps in improving quality control at the site.
3. It helps in stock management at the site.
4. It helps in auditing reinforcement and provides a check on theft.
5. It helps in the fast preparation of bills for construction works.
CASTING
CASTING YARD
A casting yard is a confined place where all the concrete
structures like segments, parapets ,I-girders/beams , boundary
wall panels , cable troughs etc. Re-casted/manufactured ,
shifted to their stack yard , cured for the specific period/days
and then shifted to the working site/viaduct after they gain
their required strength.
CASTING METHOD
LONG-LINE METHOD
SHORT LINE METHOD
1. LONG LINE METHOD :-
All segments of a span are manufactured on a fixed
bed with the formwork moving along the bed for
successive casting operation.
Shows profile of real structure at one time.
Pier segment is cast first b/w the fixed bulkhead and
the removable formwork, then the segments.
2.SHORT LINE METHOD:-
It is a match casting process.
Stationary forms are used next to the previously cast segment
in order to get a homogeneous perfect fitting match-cast joint.
BATCHING AND MIXING OF CONCRETE
RAW MATERIAL
CEMENT(OPC GRADE 53)
FLY ASH(MAXIMUM 30% OF CEMENT
WATER (BETWEEN 0.1 and 0.4)
ADMIXTURE(SP-430, SP-432)
FINE AGGREGATE
COARSE AGGREGATES OF 10MM AND 20MM SIZE.
BATCHING PROCESS
BATCHING PLANT MAY BE OF MANUALLY OPERATED
TYPE OR MAY BE OPERATED WITH THE HELP OF
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE.
THE QUANTITIES ARE FILLED IN THE COMPUTER AND
START KEY IS PRESSED, THE SENSORS PROVIDED NEAR
THE GATES GET INTO ACTION AND ACCORDING TO THE
LOAD SCALE VALUE, THAT MUCH QUANTITY OF
SAND,10MM AGGREGATES,20MM AGGREGATES ARE
FILLED IN A BUCKET.
WHEN THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF THE AGGREGATE IS
FILLED THE GATES GET CLOSED AUTOMICALLY AND THE
BUCKET IS PULLED UP.
QUALITY CONTROL
SURVEY PROCEDURES-
INITIAL SET UP SURVEY- REQUIRED FOR FORMWORK
SETTING AND GETTING THE MATCH CAST SEGMENT IN
“ROUGH” POSITION.
FINAL SET UP SURVEY- REQUIRED FOR FINAL
ADJUSTMENTS OF THE MATCH CAST SEGMENT AND
SMALL ADJUSTMENTS TO THE FORMWORK ONCE THE
FORMS HAVE BEEN CLOSED UP TO FINAL POSITION.
AS COST SURVEY- REQUIRED TO OBTAIN “ AS CAST”
DATA ON THE SEGMENT USED TO DETERMINE THE
POSITIONING OF THE SEGMENT IN THE “MATCH CAST”
POSITION.
INPUTTING DATA- REQUIRED FOR GEOMETRY
CONTROL FOR THE NEXT SEGMENT TO BE CAST.
TEST OF CONCRETE
FOR ORDINARY CONCRETE
SLUMP TEST
SETTING TIME TEST
INITIAL SETTING TIME
FINAL SETTING TIME
COMPRESSIVE TEST
FOR SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
FLOW TEST
V-FUNNEL TEST
L BOX TEST
HIGHWAY
SITE VISIT
1. DARRIGHAT(0+0):-
DARRIGHAT RIVER BRIDGE CHAINAGE (0+0)
COST – 32-35 Cr.
SITE DURATION – 1 YEAR APPROX.
SITE AREA (ROW) – LENGTH-300 M,
WIDTH-100FT,
SITE INCHARGE:-
1. MAILK SIR (SITE DIRECTOR)
2. ASHUTOSH SINGH (SITE ENGINEER)
3. PROMOD SINGH (SITE ENGINEER)
2.BALODA:-
-
3.PANTORA(chainage 52+0):-
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the training that I had already gone through is very
intresting ,instructive and somehow challenging. It gave me lots of
benefits and positive changes that enable me to enter the working
environment.comrehensive understanding about the real working
condition and practice.
The training has provided me the opportunities to develop and
improve my soft and functional skill .All of this valuable experience
knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through tha
direct involvement is task given but also through other aspect of the
training such as work observation, interaction with the staffs and
local people.
From that I have undergone, I am hundred percent agree that the
training have achieve its primary objective. It is the platform to
prepare for the studends to face to real working life. As a result of
the program, I am more confident to enter the working world and
build my future career.
