Applications of Vectors
Applications of Vectors
If
v
has
direction
angle
𝜃,
the
components
of
v
can
be
computed
using
the
formula
below.
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃
Determine
the
magnitude
of
v.
Here
in
this
instance,
if
the
plane
is
flying
at
560
mph,
then
the
magnitude
of
the
plane
(the
length
that
it
flies)
will
be
560
miles
(per
hour
in
flight).
𝐯 = 560
To
determine
the
direction
angle,
recall
that
this
is
the
counterclockwise
angle
between
the
vector
v
and
the
positive
x-‐axis.
The
problem
statement
gives
the
1
bearing
of
v,
which
is
the
measure
of
the
clockwise
angle
between
v
and
the
y-‐
axis.
The
following
graph
correctly
demonstrates
the
direction
of
v.
Notice
that
the
measure
of
the
clockwise
angle
formed
by
the
vector
and
the
y-‐axis
is
the
bearing
341°.
We
can
determine
the
direction
angle
of
v.
𝜃 = 90° + 360° − 341° = 109°
Now,
we
compute
the
component
form
of
the
velocity
of
the
angle.
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃 = 560 cos 109° , 560 sin 109°
= −182.318, 529.490
2
Ex2.
An
airplane
is
flying
on
a
compass
heading
(bearing)
of
350°
at
355
mph.
A
wind
is
blowing
with
the
bearing
310°
at
60
mph.
(a) Find
the
component
form
of
the
velocity
of
the
plane.
(b) Find
the
actual
ground
speed
and
direction
of
the
plane.
Solution
for
(a):
Find
vectors
a
and
b
that
model
the
velocity
of
the
airplane
and
the
velocity
of
the
wind,
then
use
these
vectors
to
determine
the
ground
speed
and
bearing
of
the
plane.
Remember
that
the
bearing
is
the
clockwise
angle
of
the
velocity
with
the
positive
y-‐axis.
If
a
vector
v
has
direction
angle
𝜃,
the
components
of
v
can
be
computed
using
the
following
formula.
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃
The
bearing
of
the
airplane
is
350°.
Let
𝛼
be
the
direction
angle
of
the
airplane’s
velocity
without
wind.
Determine
the
measure
of
𝛼.
𝛼 = 100°
Compute
the
components
of
a,
the
vector
of
the
airplane’s
velocity
without
wind.
𝐚 = 𝐚 cos 𝛼 , 𝐚 sin 𝛼 = 335 cos 100° , 335 sin 100°
= −61.645, 349.607
The
bearing
of
the
wind
is
310°.
Let
𝛽
be
the
direction
angle
of
the
wind.
Determine
the
measure
of
𝛽 .
3
𝛽 = 140°
Compute
the
component
form
of
b,
the
velocity
of
the
wind.
𝐛 = 𝐛 cos 𝛽 , 𝐛 sin 𝛽 = 60 cos 140° , 60 sin 140° = −45.963, 38.567
The
true
velocity
of
the
plane
is
𝐯 = 𝐚 + 𝐛.
Add
these
vectors
componentwise
to
find
v.
𝐯 = 𝐚 + 𝐛 = −61.645, 349.607 + −45.963, 38.567
= −107.608, 388.174
Solution
for
(b):
The
ground
speed
of
the
airplane
is
the
magnitude
of
the
velocity
of
the
airplane.
Recall
that
if,
𝐯 = a, b ,
then
𝐯 = 𝑎! + 𝑏 ! .
Compute
the
ground
speed
of
the
airplane.
𝐯 ≈ −107.608 𝟐 + 388.174 𝟐 ≈ 402.813
The
ground
speed
of
the
airplane
is
approximately
402.813
mph.
Now,
all
that
is
left
to
find
is
the
bearing
for
the
ground
speed
of
the
airplane.
From
the
formula
for
writing
a
vector
in
component
form,
we
know
the
first
component
of
the
velocity
vector
(which
we
found
to
be
−107.608)
can
be
written
as
𝐯 cos 𝜃,
where
𝜃
is
the
directional
angle.
We
can
set
up
the
equation
402.813 ∙ cos 𝜃 = −107.608
4
and
solve
for
𝜃.
−107.608
cos 𝜃 =
402.813
−107.608
𝜃 = cos !!
402.813
Compute
𝜃.
Note
that
since
the
x-‐component
of
v
is
negative
and
its
y-‐
component
is
positive,
this
angle
should
occur
in
Quadrant
II.
𝜃 = 105.494°
Determine
the
bearing
to
which
105°
corresponds.
The
bearing
= 360° − 105.494° − 90° = 345.506°
Therefore,
the
ground
speed
is
approximately
403
mph
with
bearing
346°.
Ex3.
A
basketball
is
shot
at
a
60°
angle
with
the
horizontal
direction
with
an
initial
speed
of
42
feet
per
second.
Find
the
component
form
of
the
initial
velocity.
Solution:
Let
v
be
a
nonzero
vector.
If
𝜃
is
the
direction
angle
measured
from
the
positive
x-‐axis
to
v,
then
the
vector
can
be
expressed
in
terms
of
its
magnitude
and
direction
angle
by
the
formula
below.
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃
5
Let’s
find
the
value
of
the
direction
angle
measured
from
the
positive
x-‐axis
to
the
vector
v.
𝜃 = 60°
Since
the
basketball
is
released
with
a
speed
of
42
feet
per
second,
the
magnitude
of
v
is
42
feet
per
second.
𝐯 = 42
Now,
substitute
the
values
for
𝐯 = 42
and
𝜃 = 60°
into
our
formula
to
express
v
in
terms
of
its
magnitude
and
directional
angle.
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃 = 42 cos 60° , 42 sin 60° = 21, 36.373
Thus,
the
vector
v
is
expressed
in
component
form
21, 36.373 .
6
Finding
a
Force
The
previous
examples
are
applications
in
which
two
vectors
are
added
to
produce
a
resultant
vector.
Many
applications
in
physics
and
engineering
pose
the
reverse
problem
–
decomposing
a
given
vector
into
the
sum
of
two
vector
components.
Consider
a
boat
being
pulled
on
an
inclined
ramp
(shown
above).
The
force
F
due
to
gravity
pulls
the
boat
down
and
against
the
ramp.
These
two
orthogonal
(perpendicular)
vectors,
𝐰! + 𝐰! ,
are
vector
components
of
F.
𝐅 = 𝐰! + 𝐰!
The
negative
of
component
𝐰! represents
the
force
needed
to
keep
the
boat
from
rolling
down
the
ramp,
and
𝐰!
represents
the
force
that
the
tires
must
withstand
against
the
ramp.
7
To
find
the
force
required
in
this
problem,
we
will
use
the
formula
𝐅∙𝐯
proj𝐯 𝐅 = 𝐯
𝐯 !
Ex4.
A
600
pound
boat
sits
on
a
ramp
inclined
at
30°.
What
force
is
required
to
keep
the
boat
from
rolling
down
the
hill?
(In
other
words,
we
are
only
looking
for
𝐰! .)
Solution:
Because
the
force
due
to
gravity
is
vertical
and
downward
and
has
a
magnitude
equal
to
the
combined
weight,
you
can
represent
the
gravitational
force
by
the
vector
𝐅 = −600𝐣
The
ramp
is
inclined
at
30°.
To
find
the
force
required
to
keep
the
boat
from
rolling
down
the
ramp,
we
can
project
F
onto
a
unit
vector
v
in
the
direction
of
the
ramp,
as
follows.
3 1
𝐯 = cos 30° 𝐢 + sin 30° 𝐣 = 𝐢 + 𝐣
2 2
Therefore
the
projection
of
F
onto
v
is
as
follows.
Remember
Note:
In
this
example,
that
𝐯 = 1
if
it
v
is
a
unit
vector.
we
will
refrain
from
using
our
calculators
and
therefore
practice
our
“unit
circle”
knowledge
to
evaluate
8
our
trigonometric
functions.
𝐅∙𝐯
𝐰! = proj𝐯 𝐅 = 𝐯 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 𝐯
𝐯 !
It’s
easiest
to
find
(𝐅 ∙ 𝐯)
first
using
our
Dot
Product
knowledge.
3 1
𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 = −600𝐣 ∙ 𝐢 + 𝐣
2 2
3 1
= 0∙ + −600 ∙
2 2
= 0 − 300
= −300
So
now
we
can
substitute
this
value
3 1
𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 𝐯 = −300 𝐢 + 𝐣
2 2
The
magnitude
of
this
force
is
300,
and
therefore
a
force
of
300
pounds
is
required
to
keep
the
boat
from
rolling
down
the
hill.
Finding
Work
The
work
W
done
by
a
force
F
as
its
point
of
application
moves
along
the
vector
𝑃𝑄
is
given
by
𝑾 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝑷𝑸
Ex5.
Find
the
work
done
by
a
force
F
of
12
pounds
acting
in
the
direction
2,2
in
moving
an
object
7
feet
from
(0,
0)
to
(7,
0).
Solution:
The
work
done
by
a
force
F
moving
an
object
from
P
to
Q
is
𝑾 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝑃𝑄.
If
F
has
a
magnitude
12
and
acts
in
the
direction
2,2 ,
then
the
following
is
true
2,2 12 12 12
𝐅 = 12 = 2,2 = 2,2 = 2,2
2,2 2,2 2! + 2! 2 2
Since
the
object
is
being
moved
from
point
(0,
0)
to
(7,
0),
then
PQ = 7,0 .
𝐖 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐏𝐐
9
12
= 2,2 7,0
2 2
Use
the
Dot
Product
to
find
2,2 ∙ 7,0 .
2,2 ∙ 7,0 = 2 ∙ 7 + 2 ∙ 0 = 14 + 0 = 14
Therefore,
we
have
!"
! !
∙ 14 ≈ 59.397
foot-‐pounds.
The
area
formula
for
a
parallelogram
is
𝐴 = 𝑙 ∙ ℎ.
In
this
parallelogram,
the
length
is
the
vector
𝐴𝐷
(or
you
could
choose
𝐵𝐶)
and
the
height
is
𝐴𝐵
(or
you
could
choose
𝐶𝐷).
10
Therefore
the
area
of
the
parallelogram
will
be
𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 .
Step
1:
Find
𝐴𝐷
and
𝐴𝐵.
𝐴𝐷 = 5 − 5 𝐢 + 0 − 2 𝐣 + 6 − 0 𝐤 = 0𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 6𝐤
𝐴𝐵 = 2 − 5 𝐢 + 6 − 2 𝐣 + 1 − 0 𝐤 = −3𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 1𝐤
Step
2:
Find
𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵.
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 = 0 −2 6
−3 4 1
−2 6 0 6 0 −2
= 𝐢− 𝐣+ 𝐤
4 1 −3 1 −3 4
Using
our
TI
Graphing
Calculator
(see
Lesson
3)
we
have…
Don’t
forget
Therefore,
𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 = −26𝐢 − 18𝐣 − 6𝐤
the
minus
sign
for
the
j
component!
Step
3:
Find
𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 .
𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 = (−26)! + (−18)! + (−6)! = 1036 ≈ 32.187
So
the
area
of
this
parallelogram
is
approximately
32.187
square
units.
11
12