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Applications of Vectors

This document provides an example lesson on using vectors to solve real-world problems involving force, work, weight, navigation, and other topics. It includes two sample problems about finding the speed and direction of an airplane based on its velocity and the velocity of wind. The first problem calculates the component form of the airplane's velocity. The second problem calculates the component forms of the airplane and wind velocities, adds them to find the airplane's true velocity, and determines the airplane's actual ground speed and direction. Solving these types of applied vector problems helps reinforce the basic vector skills needed to understand vectors.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views12 pages

Applications of Vectors

This document provides an example lesson on using vectors to solve real-world problems involving force, work, weight, navigation, and other topics. It includes two sample problems about finding the speed and direction of an airplane based on its velocity and the velocity of wind. The first problem calculates the component form of the airplane's velocity. The second problem calculates the component forms of the airplane and wind velocities, adds them to find the airplane's true velocity, and determines the airplane's actual ground speed and direction. Solving these types of applied vector problems helps reinforce the basic vector skills needed to understand vectors.

Uploaded by

Olivia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module

 8  Lesson  4:    Applications  of  Vectors  


 
So  now  that  you  have  learned  the  basic  skills  necessary  to  understand  and  operate  with  
vectors,  in  this  lesson,  we  will  look  at  how  to  solve  real  world  problems  that  involve  
vectors.    As  stated  earlier,  vectors  often  involve  applications  of  force,  work,  weight,  
navigation,  and  a  few  other  topics.  
 
Let’s  go  ahead  and  get  started.    It  will  be  best  if  you  have  your  Notes  from  Lessons  1-­‐3  
handy  in  case  you  need  to  reference  them.  
 

Using  Vectors  to  Find  Speed  &  Direction  


Ex1.    An  airplane  is  flying  on  a  bearing  of  341°  at  560  mph.    Find  the  component  form  of  
the  velocity  of  the  plane.      
 
Solution:    It  helps  to  sketch  a  picture  of  the  situation.  
 

 
If  v  has  direction  angle  𝜃,  the  components  of  v  can  be  computed  using  the  
formula  below.  
 
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃    
 
Determine  the  magnitude  of  v.    Here  in  this  instance,  if  the  plane  is  flying  at  560  
mph,  then  the  magnitude  of  the  plane  (the  length  that  it  flies)  will  be  560  miles  
(per  hour  in  flight).  
 
𝐯 = 560  
 
To  determine  the  direction  angle,  recall  that  this  is  the  counterclockwise  angle  
between  the  vector  v  and  the  positive  x-­‐axis.    The  problem  statement  gives  the  

1  
bearing  of  v,  which  is  the  measure  of  the  clockwise  angle  between  v  and  the  y-­‐
axis.  
 
The  following  graph  correctly  demonstrates  the  direction  of  v.    Notice  that  the  
measure  of  the  clockwise  angle  formed  by  the  vector  and  the  y-­‐axis  is  the  
bearing  341°.  
 

 
We  can  determine  the  direction  angle  of  v.  

 
𝜃 = 90° + 360° − 341° = 109°  
Now,  we  compute  the  component  form  of  the  velocity  of  the  angle.  
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃   = 560 cos 109° , 560 sin 109°
= −182.318, 529.490  

2  
 
Ex2.    An  airplane  is  flying  on  a  compass  heading  (bearing)  of  350°  at  355  mph.    A  wind  is  
blowing  with  the  bearing  310°  at  60  mph.      
(a) Find  the  component  form  of  the  velocity  of  the  plane.  
(b) Find  the  actual  ground  speed  and  direction  of  the  plane.  
 
Solution  for  (a):    Find  vectors  a  and  b  that  model  the  velocity  of  the  airplane  and  
the  velocity  of  the  wind,  then  use  these  vectors  to  determine  the  ground  speed  
and  bearing  of  the  plane.    Remember  that  the  bearing  is  the  clockwise  angle  of  
the  velocity  with  the  positive  y-­‐axis.    If  a  vector  v  has  direction  angle  𝜃,  the  
components  of  v  can  be  computed  using  the  following  formula.  
 
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃    
 
The  bearing  of  the  airplane  is  350°.    Let  𝛼  be  the  direction  angle  of  the  airplane’s  
velocity  without  wind.    Determine  the  measure  of  𝛼.  
 

 
 
𝛼 = 100°  
Compute  the  components  of  a,  the  vector  of  the  airplane’s  velocity  without  
wind.  
𝐚 = 𝐚 cos 𝛼 , 𝐚 sin 𝛼   = 335 cos 100° , 335 sin 100°
= −61.645, 349.607  
 
The  bearing  of  the  wind  is  310°.    Let  𝛽  be  the  direction  angle  of  the  wind.    
Determine  the  measure  of  𝛽 .      
 

3  
 
 
𝛽 = 140°  
 
Compute  the  component  form  of  b,  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  
𝐛 = 𝐛 cos 𝛽 , 𝐛 sin 𝛽   = 60 cos 140° , 60 sin 140° = −45.963, 38.567  
 
The  true  velocity  of  the  plane  is  𝐯 = 𝐚 + 𝐛.    Add  these  vectors  componentwise  
to  find  v.  
𝐯 = 𝐚 + 𝐛 = −61.645, 349.607 + −45.963, 38.567
= −107.608, 388.174  
 
Solution  for  (b):    The  ground  speed  of  the  airplane  is  the  magnitude  of  the  
velocity  of  the  airplane.    Recall  that  if,  𝐯 = a, b ,  then   𝐯 = 𝑎! + 𝑏 ! .    
Compute  the  ground  speed  of  the  airplane.  
 
𝐯 ≈ −107.608 𝟐 + 388.174 𝟐 ≈ 402.813  
 
The  ground  speed  of  the  airplane  is  approximately  402.813  mph.  
 
Now,  all  that  is  left  to  find  is  the  bearing  for  the  ground  speed  of  the  airplane.    
From  the  formula  for  writing  a  vector  in  component  form,  we  know  the  first  
component  of  the  velocity  vector  (which  we  found  to  be  −107.608)  can  be  
written  as   𝐯 cos 𝜃,  where  𝜃  is  the  directional  angle.    We  can  set  up  the  
equation  
 
402.813 ∙ cos 𝜃 = −107.608  

4  
 
and  solve  for  𝜃.  
 
−107.608
cos 𝜃 =  
402.813
 
−107.608
𝜃 = cos !!  
402.813
 
Compute  𝜃.    Note  that  since  the  x-­‐component  of  v  is  negative  and  its  y-­‐
component  is  positive,  this  angle  should  occur  in  Quadrant  II.  
 
𝜃 = 105.494°  
 
Determine  the  bearing  to  which  105°  corresponds.  
 

 
The  bearing  = 360° − 105.494° − 90° = 345.506°  
 
Therefore,  the  ground  speed  is  approximately  403  mph  with  bearing  346°.  
 
Ex3.    A  basketball  is  shot  at  a  60°  angle  with  the  horizontal  direction  with  an  initial  
speed  of  42  feet  per  second.    Find  the  component  form  of  the  initial  velocity.  
 
Solution:    Let  v  be  a  nonzero  vector.    If  𝜃  is  the  direction  angle  measured  from  
the  positive  x-­‐axis  to  v,  then  the  vector  can  be  expressed  in  terms  of  its  
magnitude  and  direction  angle  by  the  formula  below.  
 
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃    
 

5  
Let’s  find  the  value  of  the  direction  angle  measured  from  the  positive  x-­‐axis  to  
the  vector  v.  
 

 
𝜃 = 60°  
 
Since  the  basketball  is  released  with  a  speed  of  42  feet  per  second,  the  
magnitude  of  v  is  42  feet  per  second.  
 
𝐯 = 42  
 
Now,  substitute  the  values  for   𝐯 = 42  and  𝜃 = 60°  into  our  formula  to  
express  v  in  terms  of  its  magnitude  and  directional  angle.  
 
𝐯 = 𝐯 cos 𝜃 , 𝐯 sin 𝜃   = 42 cos 60° , 42 sin 60°   = 21, 36.373  
 
Thus,  the  vector  v  is  expressed  in  component  form   21, 36.373 .  
 
   

6  
Finding  a  Force  
 
The  previous  examples  are  applications  in  which  two  vectors  are  added  to  produce  a  
resultant  vector.    Many  applications  in  physics  and  engineering  pose  the  reverse  
problem  –  decomposing  a  given  vector  into  the  sum  of  two  vector  components.  

 
Consider  a  boat  being  pulled  on  an  inclined  ramp  (shown  above).    The  force  F  due  to  
gravity  pulls  the  boat  down  and  against  the  ramp.    These  two  orthogonal  
(perpendicular)  vectors,  𝐰! + 𝐰! ,  are  vector  components  of  F.  
 
𝐅 = 𝐰! + 𝐰!  
 

 
The  negative  of  component  𝐰! represents  the  force  needed  to  keep  the  boat  from  
rolling  down  the  ramp,  and  𝐰!  represents  the  force  that  the  tires  must  withstand  
against  the  ramp.    
 

7  
To  find  the  force  required  in  this  problem,  we  will  use  the  formula  
 
𝐅∙𝐯
proj𝐯 𝐅 = 𝐯  
𝐯 !
 
 
Ex4.    A  600  pound  boat  sits  on  a  ramp  inclined  at  30°.    What  force  is  required  to  keep  
the  boat  from  rolling  down  the  hill?    (In  other  words,  we  are  only  looking  for  𝐰! .)  

 
Solution:    Because  the  force  due  to  gravity  is  vertical  and  downward  and  has  a  
magnitude  equal  to  the  combined  weight,  you  can  represent  the  gravitational  
force  by  the  vector  
 
𝐅 = −600𝐣  
 
The  ramp  is  inclined  at  30°.    To  find  the  force  required  to  keep  the  boat  from  
rolling  down  the  ramp,  we  can  project  F  onto  a  unit  vector  v  in  the  direction  of  
the  ramp,  as  follows.  
 
3 1
𝐯 = cos 30° 𝐢 + sin 30° 𝐣 = 𝐢 + 𝐣  
2 2
 
Therefore  the  projection  of  F  onto  v  is  as  follows.    Remember   Note:    In  this  example,  
that   𝐯 = 1  if  it  v  is  a  unit  vector.   we  will  refrain  from  
  using  our  calculators  
and  therefore  practice  
our  “unit  circle”  
knowledge  to  evaluate  
8   our  trigonometric  
functions.  
𝐅∙𝐯
𝐰! = proj𝐯 𝐅 = 𝐯 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 𝐯  
𝐯 !
 
It’s  easiest  to  find  (𝐅 ∙ 𝐯)  first  using  our  Dot  Product  knowledge.  
 
3 1
𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 = −600𝐣 ∙ 𝐢 + 𝐣  
2 2

3 1
= 0∙ + −600 ∙  
2 2
= 0 − 300  
= −300  
 
So  now  we  can  substitute  this  value  
3 1
𝐅 ∙ 𝐯 𝐯 = −300 𝐢 + 𝐣  
2 2
 
The  magnitude  of  this  force  is  300,  and  therefore  a  force  of  300  pounds  is  
required  to  keep  the  boat  from  rolling  down  the  hill.  
 

Finding  Work  
The  work  W  done  by  a  force  F  as  its  point  of  application  moves  along  the  vector  𝑃𝑄  is  
given  by    
𝑾 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝑷𝑸  
 
Ex5.    Find  the  work  done  by  a  force  F  of  12  pounds  acting  in  the  direction   2,2  in  
moving  an  object  7  feet  from  (0,  0)  to  (7,  0).  
 
Solution:    The  work  done  by  a  force  F  moving  an  object  from  P  to  Q  is    
𝑾 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝑃𝑄.  
 
If  F  has  a  magnitude  12  and  acts  in  the  direction   2,2 ,  then  the  following  is  true  
2,2 12 12 12
𝐅 = 12 = 2,2 = 2,2 = 2,2  
2,2 2,2 2! + 2! 2 2
 
Since  the  object  is  being  moved  from  point  (0,  0)  to  (7,  0),  then  PQ = 7,0 .    
 
𝐖 = 𝐅 ∙ 𝐏𝐐  
 

9  
12
= 2,2 7,0  
2 2
 
Use  the  Dot  Product  to  find   2,2 ∙ 7,0 .  
 
2,2 ∙ 7,0 = 2 ∙ 7 + 2 ∙ 0 = 14 + 0 = 14  
 
Therefore,  we  have  
 
!"
! !
∙ 14 ≈ 59.397  foot-­‐pounds.  
 
 

Geometric  Applications:    Area  


 
For  applications  of  3D  vectors,  we  will  be  calculating  the  area  of  figures  in  the  3D  plane.    
Here  in  this  example,  we  will  find  the  area  of  a  parallelogram.      
 
Ex6.    Find  the  area  of  a  parallelogram  with  vertices  𝐴 5, 2, 0 , 𝐵 2, 6, 1 , 𝐶 2, 4, 7 ,  and  
𝐷 5, 0, 6 .  
 
Solution:    Let’s  first  sketch  these  points  in  the  xyz  plane.  

 
The  area  formula  for  a  parallelogram  is  𝐴 = 𝑙 ∙ ℎ.    In  this  parallelogram,  the  
length  is  the  vector  𝐴𝐷  (or  you  could  choose  𝐵𝐶)  and  the  height  is  𝐴𝐵  (or  you  
could  choose  𝐶𝐷).  

10  
 
Therefore  the  area  of  the  parallelogram  will  be  𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵 .      
 
Step  1:    Find  𝐴𝐷  and  𝐴𝐵.  
 
  𝐴𝐷 = 5 − 5 𝐢 + 0 − 2 𝐣 + 6 − 0 𝐤 = 0𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 6𝐤  
 
  𝐴𝐵 = 2 − 5 𝐢 + 6 − 2 𝐣 + 1 − 0 𝐤 = −3𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 1𝐤  
 
Step  2:    Find  𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵.  
 
𝐢 𝐣 𝐤
𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵 = 0 −2 6  
−3 4 1
 
−2 6 0 6 0 −2
= 𝐢− 𝐣+ 𝐤  
4 1 −3 1 −3 4
 
Using  our  TI  Graphing  Calculator  (see  Lesson  3)  we  have…  
 

 
  Don’t  forget  
Therefore,  𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵 = −26𝐢 − 18𝐣 − 6𝐤   the  minus  
  sign  for  the  j  
  component!  
Step  3:    Find  𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵 .  
 
𝐴𝐷  ×  𝐴𝐵 = (−26)! + (−18)! + (−6)! = 1036 ≈ 32.187  
 
So  the  area  of  this  parallelogram  is  approximately  32.187  square  units.  
 
 
 
 
 

11  
 

Finding  the  Area  of  Any  Figure  


 
We  can  find  the  area  of  any  shape  in  the  3D  plane.    First,  simply  state  your  area  formula  
to  determine  which  sides  of  the  figure  you  will  need  to  find.  
Second,  find  the  vectors  of  the  corresponding  vertices  necessary  for  your  sides.  
Third,  find  the  length  (or  magnitude)  of  each  of  your  vectors  (sides).    Use  these  values  in  
your  area  formula.    
 
 
 
 

12  

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