Handwritten Notes - Chemical Reactions and Equations - Chemical Handwritten
Handwritten Notes - Chemical Reactions and Equations - Chemical Handwritten
Handwritten Notes - Chemical Reactions and Equations - Chemical Handwritten
Reactions
&
Equations
Chemical reactions and equations
Chemical reaction -
ed chemical reaction is a
process in which
one or more sublo-mcescriactan.to) reacts to
form new
products)
substances ( with
entirely different properties .
change , ,
only a
rearrangement of
atoms takes
place .
Reactants -
Heat
ellagnesiwm
(
+
Oxygen Magnesium
(white
oxide
ribbon )
powder
→ a.
reactants
product
" eat
2mg + 02 259
go .
by rubbing with a
sand to the
protective
paper remove
it combine with
can
the air.
readily oxygen of
Some
of chemical
examples when reactions
from daily life are -
Souring of milk at
kept temperature during
•
,
room summers .
• Formation of
cued .
cooking of food
• .
in
Digestion of food body
•
our .
Fermentation
of grapes
•
.
Rusting of iron
• .
Burning of candles
• .
reacts with
change of Example
state .
-
Ammonia
gas
chloride .
hydrogen chloride
gas
to
produce solid ammonium
N Hg CL (s)
(g) + HCL
(g) NH
↳
)
(ammonia (
hydrogen (ammonium
chloride chloride
iron CFe)
change in colour .
hscample -
When a
few pieces
solution
of added the blue
copper sulphate the
are to
.
colour
of solution fades & turns into
light green due to
formation
of ferrous solution .
Fes 04 ( + .
When
evolution
of gas .
eescample -
zinc granules
reacts with dilute sulphuric acid ,
bubbles
of hydrogen gas are
produced .
Line
granules + dilute
sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate +
hydrogen
In + 112504 In 504 + HZT
4.
Change in
temperature -
Some chemical reactions are characterised
by change in
temperature hscample . - When
by formation of precipitate .
eescample -
When dilute
sulphuric acid is added to barium chloride solution a
Chemical Equations
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of chemical a
reaction In the
form of symbols and formulae wherein the reactant ,
on
hand side
the
right
-
eescample -
Magnesium
--
Oxygen +
Magnesium
±
oxide
Reactants Product
equation
The word can
be
changed the . into a chemical equation
writing symbol and
bytheir
formulae of substance in
place of name .
2mg 2kg0
+
02
chemical Equation
Writing a
-
the
arrow ( ) placed
reactants
between them .
On the
with
left hand
of arrow
,
are written a
plus
G) hand side ( RHS)
sign between them .
similarly ,
on
right ,
water
resulting
in
formation of .
Hz + Oz 1-120
Water
In the equation ,
number
of oxygen atoms are not same on both
unbalanced equations called
side
of an equation Such . an are
Unbalanced Balanced
Itas
Itas unequal number atoms equal number of atoms of
.
of
elements
of one or more in the
different elements in the reactants
reactants and product .
and product .
The chemical
balancing of a equation is based on law
of
conversation
" of
neither be
mass .
According to law
of conservation of mass
chemical
mass
reaction
can
"
created nor be
destroyed during
each element
a
similarly and
the number
of atoms
of remains
.
chemical To
the
number
same ,
before
atom
after a
of equal ,
we
equation .
The
process of making the number
of different atoms equal on
both side
of balancing
an equation is called
of equation The .
balanced Consider
equations by hit and trial method
are the
.
Steps involved in
balancing a chemical equation are as
follows :
of .
of
Fe " 3
H 2 2
0 , 4
Start
Step ☒ -
Fez 04 has
four oxygen atom RHS and there is one atom
oxygen
on
on LHS .
In reactants In
Atoms
of oxygen products
④ Intial 1Lin Hao) 4 Lin Fei4)
To balance 1×4 4
4 H2O
-
Fe +
Fez 04 + Hz
Step -
It is not
balanced . To balance
hydrogen .
In reactants In
Atoms of
hydrogen products
④ Intial 8 (in 4h20) 20mHz)
To balance 8 2×4
Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 + 4 Hz
,
Step I
Balancing the other element which is unbalanced Fe
-
is unbalanced . To balance Fe .
In reactants In
Atoms of Iron products
④ Intial 1- ( in Fed 3 ( in FezO↳)
To balance 1×3 3
4 Hz
-
3 Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 +
,
Step VI -
Finally ,
check the correctness
of the equation by
the number atoms each element
counting of of .
elements
The number
of atoms
of on both side
of equation
are
equal .
: .
Balanced chemical equation -
3 Fe + 4 H2O Fez 04 + ↳ Hz
VI
Step Writing symbols of physical states
-
Final equation -
(5)
3 Fe + 41-120 (g) Fez 04 G) + 4 Hz (g)
s solid
aq aqueous/liquid g- gas
l
liquid
- -
-
.
, , ,
Hzo is g
as it means water is in the
form of steam .
••
1.
Physical state of substance
Physical state
of reactants &
-
aqueous ,
(g) for gas ,
for liquid .
G.)
Precipitation can be
represented by pointing
downward arrow
(9)
Evolved
instead
gas
can be
represented by upward pointing arrow
of (g) .
acid
sulphate
2. Reaction condition -
The
specific conditions
of the reaction like
340 atm
(g)
Co + 2 Hz (g) cHzOH (e)
Carbon
monoxide
Hydrogen methanol
3. Evolution/ absorption of energy -
hrolution
of heat can be indicated
by writing [+ ]
Heat on the RHS
of the
equation and on LHS
for absorption of heat .
On the basis
exothermic reactions
of heat
change the reaction is
and endothermic reactions
,
.
of two
types
-
hnample
-
cts
Carbon
+
0dg ) coz(g)
Carbon
+ Heat
Oxygen dioxide
gas
as methane burns in
carbon dioxide
oxygen
to
form ,
water
and heat
vapour .
City (g) +
(g)
Oz coz (g) + 2h20 (g) + Heat
Methane Carbon
Onygen water
dioxide
vapour
Respiration We need
energy stay alive which
to we
get from
-
food we eat .
combustion
These
broken down to
form are
glucose .
undergoes
Glucose then slow
by combining with
oxygen
in the cell
of body to produce energy in process called a
if when
nitrogen and
oxygen
are heated to a
very high temperature
( about 3000°c) monoxide &
they ,
combine to
form nitrogen lot
.
ofa
heat is absorbed .
Nitrogen monoxide
]
ii When calcium carbonate is heated ,
it
decomposes to
form calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide .
chemical reactions
☒ I, I
,
t,
↳
Combination
Decomposition Displacement Double Oxidation
reaction reaction reaction displacement & reduction
reaction
combination reaction .
combine to a
form single product is called
hscamples -
--_
carbon dioxide
Calcium
hydroxide
applied to ,
when walls reacts
,
slowly with
gas present in air to form a thin shining layer ,
called white -
washing .
c) Formation
of water -
ed reaction in which
2.
Decomposition reaction -
a
single reactant breaks
down to
form two products is or more
called
decomposition reaction . The
decomposition reaction is carried
out
by applying
heat ,
light on
electricity A
decomposition reaction
.
is
opposite of a combination reaction On the basis
.
of the form
of energy required for the reaction , the reactions are
of three
types -
a) Thermal decomposition -
When
decomposition reaction is carried out
decomposition .
by heating ,
it is called thermal
eeocample -
BEGGED
which
decomposition gives ferric
on oxide
,
gases
are .
Heat
G)
2 Fe soy
Feig G) + s0z(g) +
song (g)
Ferrous sulphate Ferric onide sulphur sulphur
dionede trioxide .
Iif Decomposition of calcium carbonate -
Calcium carbonate on
heating ,
calcium
decomposes to
give
oxide ( quicklime and carbon dioxide . Calcium oxide is used in
manufacturing of cement .
Heat
(g)
Caco
,
Cao G) + coz (g)
)
( Limestone ( Quicklime
-8$
iii. Decomposition of lead nitrate -
On
heating lead nitrate ,
it
give
decompose yellow
dioxide
to
lead monoxide brown , fumes of nitrogen
&
oxygen gas
.
Heat
(Nog )z 0dg)
2 Pb (g) 2 Pbo G) + 4 NO
z (g)
dioxide
+
Example -
sunlight Cs) )
2
Ageless
silver chloride
2
silver
Ag +
clzlg
chlorine
)
(white (
Grey) (
yellowish
greens
ii] Decomposition of silver bromide -
in
gas
presence of sunlight .
G) Sunlight Cs)
2
Ag
silver bromide
Br 2
Ag
silver
+ Brz( g)
Bromine .
(Pale (
yellow) Grey) (Browns
white
photography .
☐ Electrolysis When
decomposition is carried out
using electricity
it
-
called
is
electrolysis .
Example -
Electrolysis of water -
When
electricity and
through water ,
it
decomposes
to
give oxygen hydrogen .
electric current
(e)
µ, 2
(g)
Ha + Oz (g)
Water
Hydrogen Onygen
-
3.
Displacement reaction -
When a more
eenample -
a) When a
piece of iron metal is placed in
copper sulphate solution ,
then
ferrous sulphate and
copper are
formed
Fe (s) + Cus Og Lag ) .
Fe
504 Cag ) + Cuts
Iron Ferrous
Copper sulphate sulphate copper metal
(Blue) )
( Green
b) similarly zine is ,
more reactive than
copper , displaces Cu
from
cus 04solution and
forms zinc sulphate & Cu
metal .
Pb G) +
Cwclzcag) Pb Uzlag) + Cuts
Lead chloride Lead chloride metal
Copper copper
It also called
is
precipitation reaction as
precipitate is produced
in the reaction .
Example -
On
adding sulphate to barium chloride
sodium
,
a
curdy precipitate of barium sulphate
white
and solution
a
of sodium chloride is formed
.
Nais Oulaq) +
Ballzlag) Bas 04671×-1 2N
actcaq
Sodium Barium Barium Sodium
zfhozg
sulphate chloride sulphate chloride
(white ppt)
In the reaction
exchange
precipitate of ions take place The white
an .
"
Bas is
of reaction
04 & Ba
formed by of SOF .
Oxidation It is
defined
-
as -
Example -
The
surface of copper powder becomes coated
with black
copper (E) oxide this is because
,
added to
oxygen
is
copper & copper is
obtained .
Heat
2 Cu + 02 zcuo
Reduction -
It is
defined as -
eenample - 2N a + H 2 NAH
sodium
hydride .
on removes
hydrogen is called
oxidising agent .
or removes
oxygen
is called
reducing agent
-
Redon reactions -
The reaction in which oxidation & reduction
takes
place simultaneously is called redone
reaction .
eenample -
if when
copper oxide is heated with
hydrogen ,
then
copper metal and
water are
formed .
Reduction
Ciro + Hazmat in +
1220
Oxidation
In the reaction
copper (E) oxide is
losing& oxygen
& is
being reduced .
added to onidised
whereas
oxygen
is
hydrogen is
being
-
Reduction
%)
Ino + c In + co
n n
oxidation
Reduction
Ñ]
grqvnoz + ↳ HCL
n
XÑnUz -1 2h20
n
+ U2
oxidation
The
phenomenon due to which open surface of the metals slowly are
the
atmosphere is called corrosion ,
.
Iron articles
Example are
shiny when new but
get coated with a
-
reddish brown
powder when
left for sometime . The
iron is The
process of corrosion
of called
rusting .
rusting of
iron is redone reaction .
Other
examples are black
coating on silver and the
green coating on
copper .
corrosion
some methods to prevent painting galvanishing
are &
,
electroplating .
Effects of corrosion -
a) Corrosion can
damage to car bodies iron
bridgesthose
,
railings
, ships & ,
made
all
objects up of metals ,
specially which made
up are
iron
up of .
b) Corrosion
of iron is a serious
problem hreey year
.
enormous
amount
of money is
spent to
replace iron
damaged .
railing ,
car bodies ,
ships etc .
& cuts short their
life
.
Rancidity
-
Oxidation have
food items containing oils & fats when
effect on .
the
food materials prepared in fats & oils are kept for long time a
,
they start giving unpleasant smell & taste i. they become rancid
C.sour or stale .
,
e-
The slow in
process of oridation
of fats & oils
foods resulting
in
change of smell & taste is called
rancidity
.
The methods to
prevent rancidity are -
If eddding antioxidants
food containing fats
to & oils . Antioxidant
oxidants
is substance that
a
prevents oxidation ednti .
-
are
Antioxidants when added in
reducing agents to
food helps prevent
. -
antioxidant BHA (
-
ing rancidity
Anisole) &
.
hreample of are
Toluene)
Duty lated Hydroxy -
2.
Packaging fat & oil
containing foods in nitrogen gas - When the
3.
keeping
the
food in
refrigerator Refrigerator
-
has low
temperature
to slow down the
inside ,
which helps process of oxidation
of fats &
oils .
airtight food
4. -
there is little
oxygen of
to air Due to
exposure ,
.
5.
storing food away from light
In absence
of light oxidation of fats
-