WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Science 9, Quarter 2, Week 3

CHEMICAL BONDING

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Grade : _________________________________________ Date: ______________________
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)
Explain how ions are formed. (S9MT-IIe-f-16)

Learning Objectives:
1.1 Illustrate how ionic bond is formed;
1.2 Explain how covalent bonding takes place;
1.3 Illustrate the sharing of electrons.
1.4 Differentiate polar covalent from nonpolar covalent ; and
1.5 Recall how metals behave to attain stability.
Time Allotment: 1 week

Key Concepts:

Ionic bonds are found in substances composed of a combination of metal and

nonmetal elements. Example of common compounds with ionic bonds are table salt, baking
soda, lime, limestone and rust. The complete transfer of electrons from metals to nonmetals form
ionic compounds. Upon losing the electrons, the metals become positively charged. On the other
hand, the nonmetals become negatively charged upon gaining the electrons. Hence, there exists
an electrostatic force of attraction between metals and nonmetals. They also manifest certain
characteristics due to the bond formed. Let us illustrate through the example of the formation of
an ionic bond by forming table salt. Table salt is composed of sodium and chlorine atom. See
figure 1.

Na + Cl Na+ Cl-

Na Cl Na Cl Na + Cl-

Figure 1. Shows the Transfer of Electrons in NaCl.

The second major type of atomic bonding occurs when atoms share electrons, this
atomic bonding is called covalent bond. Covalent bonding occurs when two nonmetals bond
together. For example the Hydrogen molecule, H2.. A hydrogen atom has one electron in its 1s
orbital. To attain the noble gas configuration of helium, two hydrogen atoms must share
electrons. Using electron –dot symbols, we can represent the sharing as
H + H H H
There is one particle (instead of two hydrogen atoms) developed or formed – the hydrogen
molecule. The pair of electrons shared may be represented by a dash, hence the bonding may be
shown. See figure 2 below.

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
 H H

H H

H H
H2
Figure 2. Shows the Hydrogen Molecule
Oxygen and nitrogen are also gases with diatomic. An oxygen atom has 6 outer electrons,
two of which are unpaired. It tends to accept two electrons during a chemical reaction. In O 2 gas
two pairs of electrons (two electrons from each atom) are shared by two atoms. A nitrogen has 5
outer electrons, three of which are unpaired. It tends to accept three electrons during a chemical
reaction. In N2 gas, three pairs of electrons (three electrons from each atom) are shared by two
atoms. See figure 3 below.

O O N N

O O N N
O2 N2
A double bond is composed A triple bond is composed
Of two pairs of electrons. three pairs of electrons.

Figure 3. Covalent bonds in O2 and N2 (diatomic molecules)

From the periodic table, group VIIA elements (seven valence electrons) form one covalent
bond; group VIA (six valence electrons) form two covalent bonds; group VA (five valence
electrons) form three covalent bonds; and group IVA (four valence electrons), form four covalent
bonds.
You have learned that electrons are shared in a covalent bond, while in ionic bonding ,
electrons are lost or gained. The shape of the electron cloud around a diatomic molecules
depends on the degree of polarity between the combined atoms. There are two subtypes of
covalent bonds; the polar covalent bond and nonpolar covalent bond. Polar covalent bond is
formed when electrons are unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond,
different atoms share their electrons, the electrical charges are unevenly distributed in the
molecule. This is due to the difference in the electronegativity of the atoms of different elements.

2H + O H O
H

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
 Water molecules which contain two atoms of hydrogen and one atoms of oxygen. The
Oxygen may share the two electrons from the two hydrogen atoms to complete its own valence
shell. On the other hand, in a covalent bond formed between the same kind of atom, such as
those formed in the hydrogen molecule (H 2) and the fluorine molecule (F2), the shared pair of
electrons is attracted equally by the two atoms because the atoms involved in the bonding have
the same electronegativity. Thus the bond formed is a nonpolar covalent bond.
If the molecule is polar or nonpolar, how it is classified?
1. Nonpolar molecules can be formed:
a. By two atoms of similar element (e.g. H2); or
b. When the molecules are electrically uniform as a result of similar bonds oriented
equally in space (e.g. CH4)

2. Polar molecules can be formed:

a. By two atoms of different elements (e.g. HF)
b. When the molecules are electrically non uniform or as a result of unsymmetrical
shape;
c. When the central atom is bonded to different substituent atoms (e.g. CH 3 Cl).
Is it possible to predict the kind of bonding between two atoms from their positions in
periodic table? Electronegativity can be used to predict the nature of the bond in a compound.
The larger the electronegativity difference between the two atoms, the more polar the bond will
be. For example, the bond between two hydrogen atoms (H-H) is a non polar covalent because
the difference between their electronegativities is zero, 2.2 – 2.2 = 0. For a complete description
of the bonds and the electronegativities, see table below:
Table1. Difference in Electronegativity Between Atoms and the Type of Bond Formed

Difference in Electronegativity Type of Bond Formed

0 – 0.4 Non polar covalent

0.4 – 1.78 Polar covalent
Greater than 1.78 Ionic bond

Metals exhibit a special kind of bonding where the valence electrons of individual atoms
are loosely bonded to a lattice of positive kernels (the nucleus and the lower – level electrons)
rather than to individual atoms themselves. This is because of their low ionization energies and
the presence of empty orbitals in the last shell. Although few in number, these valence electrons
can give each atom the close configuration by hopping from one atom to the next, giving metals
their metallic property. The metallic property of an element refers to the “looseness” of the
outermost electron. Metallic property decreases from left to right within a period excluding the
inert or noble gases which are chemically unreactive. Among the elements in period 3 sodium
(Na) is the most metallic and chlorine (Cl), the least metallic. Down a group, the metallic property
increases from top to bottom. Among the group 2A elements (alkaline earth metals), the most
metallic is radium (Ra) and the least metallic is beryllium (Be).

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
 Activity 1. Can I Transfer?
Direction: Use Lewis Electron Dot Structure to show the ionic bonding in the following pairs of
elements. Show the transfer of electrons using arrows. Write the correct chemical formula for the
ionic compounds that forms. The first one is done for you.

Materials: Periodic Table of Elements, pen and paper

A. Sodium fluoride (Na and F)

Na + F Na F

Formula = Na F
B. Magnesium oxide (Mg and O)

Formula : _____________________
C. Barium oxide (Ba and O)

Formula: _____________________

Activity 2. What is my Bond Type?

Direction: Determine if the elements in the following compounds are metals or non-metals. Then
describe the type of bond that occurs in the compound. The first one is done for you.

Materials: Periodic Table of Elements, pen and paper

Table1. Shows the Bond Type Formed of Some Common Compounds
Compounds Element 1 Element 2 Bond Type
(metal or (metal or (Ionic or Covalent)
nonmetal?) nonmetal?)
1. NO2 N = nonmetal O = nonmetal Covalent
2. NaCl
3. SO2
4. MgBr2
5. CaO

Guide Questions:
1. Which compound formed covalent bond? Ionic bond?
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate between ionic and covalent bond.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
 ______________________________________________________________________________________

Rubric for scoring: (adapted from courser.org)

Is the response correct?
___ 1 points- No, the response was incorrect.
___ 3 points- The response was partially incorrect.
___ 5 points- Yes, the response was correct and especially
insightful or detailed.

Activity 3. Share and Pair

Direction: Using the Electron Dot Symbol, show the formation of bond in the following
compounds. Write your answer inside the box. The first one is done for you.(Hint: remember
Hydrogen (H) can only form a single bond, Carbon (C) needs to form 4 bonds. Elements can bond
to themselves and can use single, double or triple bonds.

Materials: pen and paper, periodic table of elements

Table1. Shows the Bond Formed by Sharing Electrons

Compound Lewis Structure

1. Methane H H
(CH4)

C +4H H C H H C H CH 4

H H

2. Carbon
tetrachloride
(CCl4)

3. Ammonia
(NH3)

4. Carbon
dioxide (CO2)

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
 Activity 4. Our Differences

Direction: Using the periodic table of elements, look for the electronegativity of the following
atoms and determine the type of bond form from the difference of their electronegativities.

Materials:
pen and paper and periodic table of elements

Table1. Shows the Bond Type Using Difference in Electronegativities

Atoms Difference in Electronegativities Bond Type
(Polar covalent/nonpolar
covalent/ionic)
1. N - O 3.4 - 3.0 = 0.4 Non Polar Covalent
2. C - F
3. O - H
4. In - F
5. S - Cl

Activity 5. Metallic Property

Direction: Using the periodic table of elements, select only one (1) among the elements as to the
most metallic and least metallic. Write your answer on the table below.

Materials:

Periodic table of Elements

Pen and paper

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
Table 1. Shows the Metallic Properties of Some Elements
Elements Most Metallic Least Metallic
1. N, P, As, Bi N Bi
2. Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn
3. Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
4. Li, Be, B, C, N, O

Reflection

Direction: Answer the following questions:

1. How is the ionic and covalent compound formed?

2. How do you appreciate the concept of chemical bonding?

References for Learners:

Textbooks:
Alvarez, Liza A, et.al. Science Grade – 9 Learner’s Module: Textbooks for Junior High School.
Bureau of Learning Resources – DepEd –BLR Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, 2014. Page 111- 124.

Bayquen, Aristea V. Exploring Life Through Science CHEMISTRY. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City 2008.

Soriano, Emil F. et.al CHEMISTRY for the New Millennium. Adriana Publishing House, Inc.
Quezon City 2000.
Answer Key

Activity 1. Can I Transfer?

B. Magnesium oxide
Mg + O Mg O

Formula : MgO

C. Barium Oxide

Ba + O Ba O

Formula: BaO

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
Activity 2. What is My Bond Type? Activity 2 Guide
Questions
2. NaCl Na = metal Cl = nonmetal Ionic
SO2 – covalent
3. SO2 S = nonmetal O = nonmetal Covalent
NaCl, MgBr, CaO - Ionic
4. MgBr Mg = metal Br = nonmetal Ionic
5. CaO Ca = metal O = nonmetal Ionic

Activity 3 #2.
Cl

Cl Cl
C + 4 Cl C

Cl

Activity 3 #3.
H
H

H N H
N + 3 H H N H =

Activity 3 #4.

O C O
C O O C O
+ 2

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
Activity 4 . Our Differences
N–O 3.4 – 3.0 = 0.4 Non polar
Covalent
C- F 4.0 – 2.6 = 1.4 Polar Covalent
O–H 3.4 - 2.2 = 1.2 Polar Covalent
In – F 4.0 – 1.8 = 2.2 Ionic

Activity 5. Metallic Property

Most Metallic Least Metallic
N Bi
Sc Mn
Ra Mg

Reflection:

Answer may Vary

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO
School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph