ABBREVIATIONS

Qo (m3 / h) Influent flow - rate

Qe (m3 / h) Effluent flow - rate
Qr (m3 / h) Recycled sludge flow - rate
Qw (m3 / h) Wasted sludge flow - rate
BOD (mg / L) Biochemical oxygen demand
BODo (mg / L) Influent biochemical oxygen
demand
SS (mg / L) Suspended solids (SS)
SSr , w (mg / L) Recycled and wasted sludge SS
A (m3 / h) Air flow - rate
MLSS (mg / L) Mixed liquor suspended solids
t (h) Hydraulic retention time
OL (kg BOD / m3 . day) Organic loading
F / M (kg BOD / kg MLSS . Food to microorganism ratio
day)
R Recycle ratio
SA (day) Sludge age
ASR (m3 / kg BOD) Air supply rate
E (%) BOD removal efficiency
Cd Co-efficient of discharge

1
 INTRODUCTION

SEWERAGE – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater

and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. Its objective is to produce a treated effluent and a solid waste or
sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is
often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic
compounds.

Sewage implies the collecting of wastewaters from occupied areas and

conveying them to some point of disposal. The liquid wastes will require treatment
before they are discharged into the water body or otherwise disposed of without
endangering the public health or causing offensive conditions.

As the cities have grown, the more primitive method of excreta disposal
have gain place to the water-carried sewerage system. Even in the small cities the
greater safety of sewerage, its convenience, and freedom from nuisance have
caused it to be adopted wherever finances permit.

DEFINITIONS

Sewerage is the art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of the

sewage.

Sewage is liquid, consists of any one or a mixture of liquid waste origins

from urinals, latrines, bath rooms, kitchens of a dwelling, commercial building or
institutional buildings.

Storm sewage is a liquid flowing in sewer during or following a period of

rainfall and resulting there from.

2
 A Partially Separate Sewer System is the sewerage system in which the
domestic sewage is carried with the storm water in the rain season.

Activated sludge is the active biological floc produced in activated sludge

plants, largely composed of saprotrophic bacteria, protozoan flora (amoebae) and a
range of other filter feeding species.

Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) is the amount of suspended solids

in the mix of raw water and activated sludge.

Return activated sludge (R.A.S) is the activated sludge extracted from the
system and mixed with raw water to form the mixed liquor.

Waste activated sludge (W.A.S.) or Surplus Activated Sludge (S.A.S.) is

excess activated sludge that is extracted from the system to be directed to sludge
treatment.

Sludge Age is the average residence time of biological solids in the system.
It can be defined as the average lifespan of bacteria in the system.

Overflow rate / Surface loading is the discharge per unit of plan area. This
parameter is the design factor in designing the settling tanks.

Food to Micro-organisms ratio (F/M ratio) is the ratio between daily BOD
load applied to Aerator System and total microbial mass in the system.

Objective of the Study

The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and
industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or
unacceptable damage to the natural environment. An environmentally-safe fluid
waste stream is produced. No danger to human health or unacceptable damage to
the natural environment is expected. Sewage includes household waste liquid from
toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via sewers.
Sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce.
3
 Methodology of the Study

The treatment of sewage consists of many complex functions. The degree of

treatment depends upon the characteristics of the raw inlet sewage as well as the
required effluent characteristics.

Treatment processes are often classified as:

(i) Preliminary treatment

(ii) Primary treatment
(iii) Secondary treatment
(iv) Tertiary treatment.

PRELIMINARY TREATMENT:- Preliminary treatment consists solely in

separating the floating materials like tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood
etc. and heavy settable inorganic solids. It helps in removal of oils and greases and
reduces the BOD by 15% to 30%. The processes under this are:

 Screening – to remove floating papers, rags, clothes.

 Grit chamber – to remove grit and sand.
 Skimming tank – to remove oils and greases.

PRIMARY TREATMENT:- Primary treatment consists in removing large

suspended organic solids. It is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling
basins. The liquid effluent from the primary treatment often contains a large
amount of suspended organic material and has a high BOD (about 60% of
original).

SECONDARY TREATMENT:- Here the effluent from primary treatment is

treated through biological decomposition of organic matter carried out either
aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

Aerobic Biological Units:

4
 I) Filters ( intermittent sand filters, trickling filters)
II) Activated Sludge Plant (feed of active sludge, secondary settling tank
and aeration tank)
III) Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons.

Anaerobic Biological Units:

I) Anaerobic lagoons
II) Septic tanks
III) Imhoff tanks.

The effluent from the secondary treatment contains a little BOD (5% to 10%
of original) and may contain several milligrams per litre of s DO.

TERTIARY TREATMENT:- The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a

final treatment stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to the
receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary
treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it
is always the final process. It is also known as "effluent polishing".

DESIGN PERIOD:- A sewerage scheme involves the laying of underground

sewer pipes and construction of costly treatment units, which cannot be replaced or
increased in their capacities easily or conveniently at a later date. In order to avoid
such complications, the future expansions of the city and consequent increase in
the sewage quantity should be forecasted to serve the community satisfactorily for
a reasonable year. The future period for which the provision is made in designing
the capacities of various components of the sewerage is known as design period.
This sewage treatment plant is designed for 30 years.

5
 RAW SEWAGE OF EFFLUENT
PARAMETERS
VELLORE Corp.* (expected)**

Ph 6.4 5.5-9.0

BOD 300 mg/l ≤ 20 mg/l

COD 600 mg/l ≤ 250 mg/l

Oil & Grease 50 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

Total Suspended Solids 600 mg/l ≤ 30 mg/l

Nitrogen 61 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

Ammonia Nitrogen 50 mg/l ≤ 50 mg/l

Total Phosphorus
5 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l
(as PO4)
Total Coli form 100000 MPN/ml ≤ 1000 no/100 ml

* - Raw sewage characteristics, tested in Environmental laboratory with

Technical division, Ajmer Municipal Corporation.

** - Expected effluent characteristics according the design.

POPULATION FORECAST:- Forecasting method: Incremental increase
method.

Year Population Incremental Incremental

increase
1951 1,06,024
7,718

1961 1,13,742 17,622

25,430

1971 1,39,082 9,825

35,165

1981 1,74,247 -34,351

814

6
1991 1,75,061 1,538
2,352

2001 1,77,413

Avg =71,389 Avg = -5,366

71,389
x = 5 = 14,278.

−5366
y = 4 = -1342.

= P + nx + n ( )xy
n+1
Pn 0
2

Base period as 2010,

P2010 = 1,77,413 + 0.9 x 14278 + 0.9 ( 0.9+1

2 ) x (-1342)

= 1,89,116.

Intermediate period as 2025,

P2025 = 1,77,413 + 2.4 x 14278 + 2.4 ( 2.4+1

2 ) x (-1342)

= 2,10,343.

Ultimate design period as 2040,

P2040 = 1,77,413 + 3.9 x 14278 + 3.9 ( 3.9+1

2 ) x (-1342)

= 2,45,920

7
 At design period of 30 years the forecasted population of the Vellore city is
2,45,920.

CALCULATION OF SEWAGE GENERATION:

Ultimate design period = 30 years

Forecasted population at 2040 = 24.920

Per Capita Water Supply = 135 lpcd

Avg. water supply per day = 24920 x 135

= 33199200

≈ 33200000 = 33.2 MLD

Avg. sewage generation per day = 80% of supplied water

= 0.8 x 33.2

= 26.56 MLD

In cumec,

26.56 X 106
Avg. sewage generation per day =
1000 X 24 X 60 X 60

Avg. discharge = 0.308 cumec

Max. discharge = 3 x avg. discharge

= 3 x 0.308

= 0.924 cumec

8
SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESS

GENERAL:- Sewage contains various types of impurities and disease bacteria.

This sewage is disposed of by dilution or on land after its collection and
conveyance. If the sewage is directly disposed of, it will be acted upon the natural
forces, which will convert it into harmful substances. The natural forces of
purification cannot purify any amount of sewage within specified time. If the
quantity of sewage is more, then receiving water will become polluted or the land
will become sewage sick. Under such circumstances it becomes essential to do
some treatment of the sewage, so that it can be accepted by the land or receiving
water without any objection. These treatment processes will directly depend on the
types of impurities present in the sewage and the standard up to which treatment is
required.

OBJECT OF TREATMENT:- The main object of treatment units is to reduce

the sewage contents (solids) from the sewage and remove all the nuisance causing
elements and change the character of the sewage in such a way that it can be safely
discharged in natural water course applied on the land.

In other words, the objective of sewage treatment is to produce a

disposable effluent without causing harm or trouble to the communities and
prevent pollution.

Practically the treatment of sewage is required in big cities only where

the volume of the sewage is more as well as the quantity of various types of solid,
industrial sewage etc. is more and porous land or large quantity of water bodies is
not available for the proper disposal of sewage.

DEGREE OF TREATMENT:- The degree of treatment will mostly be

decided by regulatory agencies and the extent to which the final product of
treatment are to be utilized. The regulatory bodies might have laid down standard
for the effluent or might specify the condition under which the effluent must be

9
discharged into the natural stream. The method of treatment adopted should not
only meet the requirement of the regulatory bodies, but also result in the maximum
use of the end product with economy.

DESIGN PERIOD:- The treatment plant is normally designed to meet the

requirement over a 30 year period after it completion. The time lag between the
design and completion should not normally exceed 2-3 years. Care should be taken
that the plant is not considerably under loaded in the initial stages, particularly the
sedimentation tank.

The ultimate design period should be 30 years and to that extent

sufficient accommodation should be provided for all the units necessary to cater to
the need of ultimate population. In some cases, it may be necessary to combine a
number of sewage systems with a common sewage treatment plant.

LOCATION OF TREATMENT PLANT:- The treatment plant should be

located as near to the point of disposal as possible. If the sewage as to be disposed
finally in to the river, the plant should be located near the river bank. Care should
be taken while locating the site that it should be on the downstream side of the city
and sufficiently away from water intake works. If finally the sewage as to be
applied on land, the treatment plant should be located near the land at such a place
from where the treated sewage can directly flow under gravitational forces toward
the disposal point. The plant should not be much far away from the town to reduce
the length of the sewer line.

On the other hand the site should not be close to the town, that it
may cause difficulties in the expansion of town and may pollute the general
atmosphere by smell and fly nuisance.

LAYOUT OF TREATMENT PLANT:- The following point should be kept

in mind while giving layout of any sewage treatment plant:

10
  All the plant should be located in the order of sequence, so that
sewage from one process should directly go to other process.
 If possible all the plant should be located at such elevation that sewage
can flow from one plant into next under its force of gravity only.
 All the treatment units should be arranged in such a way that
minimum area is required it will also ensure economy in its cost.
 Sufficient area should be occupied for future extension.
 Staff quarter and office also should be provided near the treatment
plant, so that operators can watch the plant easily.
 The site of treatment plant should be very neat and give very good
appearance.
 Bypass and overflow weir should be provided to cut out of operation
any unit when required.

All channels, conduits should be laid in such a way as to obtain flexibility,

convenience and economy in the operation.

11
12
POINT CONSIDERED IN DESIGN:- Following points are considered
during the design of sewage treatment unit:

 The design period should be taken between 25 to 30 years.

 The design should not be done on the hourly sewage flow basis, but
the average domestic flow plus the maximum industrial flow on the yearly record
basis.
 Instead of providing one big unit for each treatment more than two
numbers small units should provided, which will provide in operation as well as no
stoppage during maintenance and repair of the plant.
 Overflow weirs and the bypasses should be provided to cut the
particular operation if desired.
 Self cleaning velocity should develop at every place and stage.
 The design of the treatment units should be economical; easy in
maintenance should offer flexibility in operation.

RECEIVING CHAMBER
Receiving chamber is the structure to receive the raw sewage collected
through Under Ground Sewage System from the city. It is a rectangular shape tank
constructed at the entrance of the sewage treatment plant. The main sewer pipe is
directly connected with this tank.

13
14
 SCREENING
GENERAL:- Screening is the very first operation carried out at a sewage
treatment plant and consists of passing the raw sewage through different types of
screens so as to trap and remove the floating matter such as tree leaves, paper,
gravel, timber pieces, rags, fibre, tampons, cans, and kitchen refuse etc.

PURPOSE OF SCREENING:- Screening is essential in sewage treatment for

removal of materials which would otherwise damage the plant, interfere with the
satisfactory operation of treatment unit or equipment.

 To protect the pumps and other equipments from the possible damages
due to floating matter.
 To remove the major floating matters from the raw sewage in a simple
manner before it reaches into the complex high energy required
process.

COARSE SCREENS:- The coarse screens essentially consist of steel bars or

flat placed 30° to 60° inclination to the horizontal. The opening between bars are
50mm or above. These racks are placed in the screen chamber provided in the way
of sewer line.

The width of the rack channel should be sufficient so that self cleaning velocity
should be available and a bypass channel should be provided to prevent the
overtopping. The bypass channel is provided with vertical bar screen. A well
drained trough is provided to store the impurities while cleaning the rack. These
racks are cleaned mechanically.

15
GRIT CHAMBER
16
 Grit removal basins are the sedimentation basins placed in front of the fine
screen to remove the inorganic particles having specific gravity of 2.65 such as
sand, gravel, grit, egg shells and other non-putrescible materials that may clog
channels or damage pumps due to abrasion and to prevent their accumulation in
sludge digesters. The grit chamber is designed to scour the lighter organic particles
while the heavier grit particles remain settled.

Here the horizontal flow type grit chamber is designed to give a horizontal
straight line flow velocity, which is kept constant over varying discharge.

17
18
 FINE SCREEN
Fine screens are the structures built between the grit chambers and primary
sedimentation tank in order to remove some amount of suspended solids from
sewage. The fine screens often get clogged need frequent cleaning. The brass metal
is used as it has higher resistant towards rust and corrosion.

Here the disc type fine screen is designed and the wire mesh of the screen is
made up of brass metal. The fine screen is attached with electric motors. The
clogged screen is often cleared by cone brush.

19
20
 SKIMMING TANK

Skimming tanks are the tanks removing oils and grease from the
sewage constructed before the sedimentation tanks. Municipal raw sewage contains
oils, fats, waxes, soaps, fatty acids etc. The greasy and oily matter may form
unsightly and odorous scum on the surface of settling tanks or may interfere with
the activated sludge process.

In skimming tank air is blown along with chlorine gas by air diffuser
placed at the bottom of the tank. The rising air tends to coagulate and solidify the
grease and cause it to rise to the top of the tank whereas chlorine destroys the
protective colloidal effect of protein, which holds the grease in emulsified form.
The greasy materials are collected from the top of the tank and the collected are
skimmed of specially designed mechanical equipments.

21
22
 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

Primary sedimentation tank is the settling tank constructed next to

skimming tank to remove the organic solids which are too heavy to be removed i.e.
the particles having lesser size of 0.2 mm and specific gravity of 2.65.

The designed tank is circular type which makes settling by allowing radial
flow. These are fabricated using carbon steel with epoxy lining on the inside and
epoxy coating on the outside. Built on the concept of inclined plate clarification,
these clarifiers use gravity in conjunction with the projected settling area so as to
effect a fairly high percentage of removal of suspended solids as 60 to 65% of the
suspended solids and 30 to 35% of the BOD from the sewage.

23
24
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
The activated sludge process is an aerobic, biological sewage
treatment system to treat the settled sewage consist a variety of mechanisms and
processes that use dissolved oxygen to promote the growth of biological floc that
substantially removes organic material. The essential units of the process are an
aeration tank, a secondary settling tank, a sludge return line from the secondary
settling tank to the aeration tank and an excess sludge waste line.

CONCEPT:- Atmospheric air is bubbled through primary treated sewage

combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces
the organic content of the sewage. The Mixed Liquor, the combination of raw
sewage and biological mass is formed. In activated sludge plant, once the effluent
from the primary clarifier get sufficient treatment, the excess mixed liquor is
discharged into settling tanks and the treated supernatant is run off to undergo
further treatment. Part of the settled sludge called Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S.)
is returned to the head of the aeration system to re-seed the new sewage entering
the tank. Excess sludge which eventually accumulates beyond R.A.S known Waste
Activated Sludge (W.A.S.) is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio
of biomass to food supplied (F:M) ratio. W.A.S is further treated by digestion
under anaerobic conditions.

METHOD: CONTACT STABILIZATION METHOD

 Microorganisms consume organics in the contact tank.

 Effluent from primary clarifier flows into the contact tank where it is aerated
and mixed with bacteria.

 Soluble materials pass through bacterial cell walls, while insoluble materials
stick to the outside.

25
 FLOW CHART OF CONTACT STABILIZATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

 Solids settle out later and are wasted from the system or returned to a
stabilization tank.

 Microbes digest organics in the stabilization tank, and are then recycled back
to the contact tank, because they need more food.

 Waste Activated Sludge is removed and sent to further treatment.

PROCESS:- The activated sludge functions in the above mentioned concept by

following the Contact stabilization method. The effluent from primary clarifier is

26
mixed with 40 to 50% of own volume of activated sludge (R.A.S). Then it is mixed
for 4 to 8 hours in the aeration tank by the combined aerator which does
compressed air diffusion and mechanical mixing. The moving organisms oxidize
the organic matter and make it to settle in the secondary clarifier.

The settled sludge known as activated sludge is then recycled to head of

aeration tank and mixed with the new entering sewage. New activated sludge is
produced continuously and W.A.S is disposed along with primary treated sludge
after proper digestion.

The activated sludge plant results 80 to 95% of BOD removal and 90 to 95%
bacteria removal by making the necessary set up such as

(i) Ample supply of oxygen to plant

(ii) Intimate and continuous mixing sewage with activated
sludge.
(iii) Constant rate of return sludge is made to be kept through out
the process.

AERATION TANK

Aeration tank is the mixing and diffusing structure in the activated sludge
plant. These are rectangular in shape having the dimensions ranging 3 to 4.5m
deep, 4 to 6m wide and 20 to 200m length. Air is introduced continuously to the
tank.

Combined Aeration type aerators having the diffused air aeration as well as
mechanical aeration together in a single unit are used in the project. The Dorroco
model is designed as it gives higher efficiency and occupies less space. This results
in higher efficiency and lesser detention period and lesser amount of compressed
air.

27
28
 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

A sedimentation tank constructed next to the aeration tank is the secondary

sedimentation. This tank will be as the primary sedimentation tank with certain
modifications as no floating materials are here, provisions for the removal of scum,
floatage are not needed.

The surface area for the secondary sedimentation tank is designed for both
overflow rate basis and solids loading rate basis. The larger value is adopted.

(i)CHECK FOR WEIR LOADING:

Average flow = 26560 m3/day

26560
Weir loading = 37 X π

= 176.13 m3/day/m

It is lesser than 185 m3/day/m. Hence it is OK

(ii)CHECK FOR SOLIDS LOADING:

Recirculated flow = 14070 m3/day

Average flow = 26560 m3/day

MLSS in the tank = 3000 mg/l

Total solids in flow = (26560+14070) x 3

= 121890 kg/day

121890
Solids loading = 967.54

= 125.98 kg/day/m2
29
 It lies between 100-150 kg/m2/day

Hence it is OK

Provide secondary sedimentation as 37 m (dias) X 3.5 m (depth) + 0.5 m

(FB)

Hopper slope shall be 1in 12.

STABILIZATION TANK:

Total return flow = 14070 m3/day

= 9.771 m3/min

Detention time = 15 min

Volume of wet well = 9.771 x 15

= 146.6 m3

Provide depth as 3m, width as 5 m

Therefore length is = 9.8 m

Wet well dimension as 9.8m X 5m X 3m + 0.5m (FB)

Dry well dimension as 9.8m X 9.8 m

2 No. of pump house each of 14.07 MLD capacity in the dry well are provided

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

Drying of the digested sludge on open beds of land is sludge drying and
such open beds of land are known as sludge drying beds. The digested sludge from
digestion tank contains a lot of water. So it is necessary to dry up or dewater the
digested sludge before it disposed of dumping. It is the quite suitable to dewater in
Vellore due to its hot climate.

30
 The sewage sludge is brought and spread over the top of drying beds to a
depth of 20 to 30 cm, through distribution troughs. A portion of the moisture drains
through the bed while most of it gets evaporated to the atmosphere. In hot countries
like India it takes 6 to 12 days to dry. After the period the sludge cakes are
removed with spades and they are used as manure as it contains 2 to 3% of NPK

Sludge drying beds are open beds of land 45 to 60 cm deep, 30 to 45 cm

thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15cm at bottom
and 1.25 cm at top. Open jointed under drain pipes of 15 cm diameter are laid
below the gravel layers. Large beds are portioned by concrete walls, and a pipe
header from the digesters with gated openings allows application of sludge
independently to each cell. Seepage collected in the under-drains is returned to the
plant wet well for treatment with the raw wastewater.

SEWAGE DISPOSAL
The disposal of treated effluent into land or water body is sewage disposal.
This can be of two methods,

(i) Dilution – disposal in water bodies.

(ii) Effluent irrigation – disposal on land.

DILUTION:- The disposal of effluent by discharging it into water courses such

as streams, rivers or large body of water such as lake, sea is called dilution.

EFFLUENT IRRIGATION:- When the effluent is evenly spread on the surface

of land it is effluent irrigation. The water of sewage percolates on the ground and
the suspended solids remain at the surface of the ground. The remaining organic
suspended solids are partly acted upon by the bacteria and are partly oxidized by
exposure to atmospheric actions of heat, light and air.

While considering the characteristics of Ajmer Corporation it is

preferred that Effluent Irrigation i.e. land disposal for the following reasons.

31
 (i) Ajmer Corporation is not a coastal city i.e. sea is out of reach. Ajmer
does not have any perennial river makes impossible for dilution.
(ii) The nearby river stream Pallar has very small amount of dry weather
flow. In summer season it runs dry.
(iii) The Sewage Treatment Plant is designed according to Indian
Standards which produces effluent having lesser hazardous
characteristics than the standards of land disposing.
(iv) It is an alternative source of water for irrigation and it contains the
manure and some amount of NPK compounds.

Tolerance limit as per

Sl.no Characteristics Effluent from the plant
IS : 3307-1986

1 pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0

2 BOD 100 mg/l ≤ 20 mg/l

3 Suspended solids 200 mg/l ≤ 30 mg/l

4 Oil & Grease 10 mg/l ≤ 5 mg/l

5 Chlorides 600 mg/l ≤ 400 mg/l

6 Sulphate 1000 mg/l ≤ 250 mg/l

Comparison between IS : 3307-1986 and expected effluent’s characteristics.

The effluent to be disposed in Land Effluent Irrigation method and it is done

by constructing Ridge and Furrow in the disposal land. Here the land is first
ploughed up to 45cm, then leveled and divided into plots and sub-plots. Then each
sub-plot is enclosed by small dykes. Now ridges and furrows are formed in each
sub-plot. The sewage is allowed to flow in furrows, whereas crops are grown on

32
ridges. After an interval of 8-10 days the sewage can be again applied depending
on the crops requirement and the nature of the soil.

SALIENT DETAILS OF PROJECT

Sl.N
ATTIBUTE DATA
o

Sewage Treatment Plant for Ajmer

1 Project
Municipal Corporation.

2 Sewerage type Partially Separate Sewerage System

3 Population Census
1951 1,06,024
1961 1,13,742
1971 1,39,082
1981 1,74,247
1991 1,75,061
2001 1,77,413

4 Method of Forecasting Incremental increase method

5 Design Population
Base year-2010 1,89,116
Intermediate 2025 2,10,343
Ultimate year 2040 2,45,920
6 Per Capita Water Supply 135 lpcd

7 Existing Sewerage system Nil

33
 Statement of the Problem

Energy Consumption:- One of the largest issues facing wastewater management

facilities is energy consumption. Sifting through wastewater and storm water
consumes almost 3% of a developed nation’s electrical power annually. That
means it’s one of the largest expenses in the entire wastewater industry! It might
not seem like a lot, but truly the number is exceedingly large.

Staffing:- When it comes to wastewater treatment, it’s important to have highly

skilled individuals who have the necessary training and education to get the job
done right. These individuals are responsible for everything from pipe leaks to
electrical malfunctions. And unfortunately, there aren’t enough of them.

Environmental Footprint:- Wastewater management facilities produce sludge;

it’s the product of pulling all of the waste out of our water supply. Unfortunately,
producing this sludge also means cleaning it up, which means there’s a huge
footprint left on the environment.

Input Data of Khanpura STP Plant Ajmer

34
ROW SEWAGE:

S.No. pH(Numeric) TSS(mg/L) COD(mg/L) BOD(mg/L)

1. 6.89 120 276 145

2. 6.87 125 280 150

3 6.84 130 272 140

4. 6.88 125 276 145

5. 6.91 120 280 150

6. 6.89 130 280 150

7. 6.84 120 272 155

8. 6.83 125 276 145

9. 6.95 120 268 145

10. 6.89 130 276 150

Output Data

TREATED SEWAGE:
35
 S.No. pH(Numeric) TSS(mg/L) COD(mg/L) BOD(mg/L)

1. 7.49 14 44 13

2. 7.45 13 48 12

3 7.47 15 44 14

4. 7.49 16 40 14

5. 7.51 14 44 13

6. 7.46 16 48 14

7. 7.43 14 40 14

8. 7.49 15 44 12

9. 7.51 14 40 13

10. 7.41 16 44 15

Analysis

The sewage water samples are taken after treatment with the sewage treatment
plant and the following parameters are analysed:

 Suspended solids

 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

36
  Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

 pH (acidity)

 Chlorine residue

Total Suspended Solids:- Analyses are carried out according Domestic

wastewater usually contains large quantities of suspended solids that are organic
and inorganic in nature. These solids are measured as Total Suspended Solids or
TSS and are expressed as mg TSS/ litre of water. There are several ways to reduce
TSS in wastewater. The simplest is the use of a septic tank effluent filter. The filter
prevents passage of floating matter out of the septic tank and, as effluent filters
through the slots, fine particles are also

caught. Many types of alternative systems are also able to reduce TSS, usually by
the use of settling compartments and/or filters using sand or other media. Report
“Sewage Treatment Plants”

Biological Oxygen Demand:- Analyses are carried out according to

sample ,Biochemical oxygen demand or BOD is a procedure for determining the
amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of
water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at a certain
temperature over a specific time period. It is not a precise quantitative test,
although it is widely used as an indication of the organic quality of water. It is most
commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during
5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a robust surrogate of the degree
of organic pollution of water.

BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants.

BOD has traditionally been used to measure the strength of effluent released from
conventional sewage treatment plants to surface waters or streams. This is because

37
sewage water high in BOD can deplete oxygen in receiving waters, causing fish
kills and ecosystem changes.

Because BOD serves as a food source for microbes, BOD supports the growth of
the microbial biomat. A healthy biomat is desirable because it is capable of
removing many of the bacteria and viruses in the sewage water. The bacteria in a
healthy biomat also digest most of the remaining BOD in the sewage. Too much
BOD however, may cause excessive growth of bacteria in the biomat.

Chemical Oxygen Demand:- Analysis are carried out according to sample,

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the
organic carbon completely to CO2 and H2O. Some organic chemicals are not
completely oxidized.

A COD value greatly exceeding the BOD value indicates that the sample contains
large amounts of organic compounds that are not easily biodegraded.

pH:- Analysis are carried out according to NEN 6411 (equal NEN-ISO 10523)
Generally, wastewater organisms in biological treatment systems function best at
pH values ranging from 6.5 to 8.0. Chlorination is most effective at low pH, and
wastewater in sewage collection systems should be maintained at a value close to
7.0.

Chlorine residue:- Remaining concentrations of oxidizing hypochlorous acid and

hypochlorite ions may be measured as chlorine residual to estimate effectiveness of
disinfection or to demonstrate safety for discharge to aquatic ecosystems. Report
“Sewage Treatment Plants”.

RESULTS

38
The average ranges of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
waste water quality are experimented and found out.
The pH ranges from 7.8 to 8.01. The Turbidity ranged from 10 to 120 NTU.
The value of Turbidity was found to be within the permissible limit.
The Chloride and Alkalinity were in the range of 3.5 to 120 mg/l and 15 to 80
mg/l respectively.
The Total Iron content was in the range of 0 to 3 mg/l.
The Zinc content was in the limits of 0.1 to 2 mg/l.
Copper content ranged from 0 to 0.2 mg/l.
Potassium was present in the limits of 2 to 12 mg/l.
The parameters studied resemble the waste water quality.
Total amount of waste water treated = 0.423 mld.

CONCLUSION
A successful technical project involves integration of various fields. This is an
attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological and chemical and
civil engineering.

Since, in Ajmer Municipal Corporation there is no proper treatment plant for

sewage, it is necessary to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant. The plant is
designed perfectly to meet the future expansion for the next 30 years in accordance
with Indian Codal provisions. This project consists the design of the complete
components of a Sewage Treatment Plant from receiving chamber, screening
chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier,
active sludge tank and sludge drying beds for sewage.

Scope of future study

The scope of future study will be divided into four broad components namely
Planning, Design and Supervision and Project Management. The scope includes
among others, preparation of City Wide Concept Plan, Service Level Improvement
39
Plan and State Annual Action Plan . It will identify projects on the basis of SLIP
framework, and carry out required investigation, design, procurement and
implementation. It will also ensure compliance and monitoring of the project
activities using PMIS / latest IT tools and techniques such as online monitoring of
work sites with the aid of cyber tools. The consultant will carry out a multi-stage
exercise in close collaboration with the ULB / State Govt and other stakeholders.
The proposed project has been taken up for improvement / introduction of Urban
Infrastructure including ensuring delivery of services. Without limiting the scope, it
has to work in close liaison with the Municipal Corporation / Council of the City /
Urban Development Department of the State and will be responsible for the
following tasks. The scope of service excludes the component of parks &
development of open spaces. Scope of work of sewage and Septage Management
under SAAP 2016-20 As decided in Minutes of Meeting of the AMRUT proposal
for the SAAP 2016-20, the scope of work for sewage and Septage Management is
20 MLD Capacity of sewage treatment plant.

40
 PLANT DETAILS

COMPONENT TYPE NOS DIMENSIONS

Receiving
1 6.2m X 3m X 3m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
chamber

1 manual
Coarse screen 2 1.2m X 0.7m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
1 mechanical

Horizontal
Grit chamber 2 5.7m X 6m X 3m
Flow type

Disc type,
Fine screen 2 3.2 m X 0.8 m (SWD) + 0.5 m (FB)
Mechanical

Air diffuser +
Skimming tank 1 1.5m X 1m X 3m + 0.5m (FB)
Chlorine gas

Circular type,
Primary clarifier 1 29.2m Ø X 2.5m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
Radial flow

Combined-
Aeration tank 1 54m X 10m X 4.5m + 0.5m (FB)
Dorocco type

Circular type,
Secondary
1 37m Ø X 3.5m (SWD) + 0.5m (FB)
clarifier Radial flow

Sludge Drying Sand + Graded

5 12.5m X 8m
bed Graveled

41
 REFERENCES

1. AMERICAN HEALTH ASSOCIATION , 1985 : STANDARD

METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF WATER & WASTE
WATER - (16th edition )
2. ORHON.D. ATES. E., SOZEN. S. , 1997 : CHARACTERIZATION
AND COD FRACTIONATION OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER,
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 95(2), 191 – 204
3. GERARD KIELY, 2007 , ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
4. KHANNA PUBLISHER, GARG S.K. , 1976 : ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING - (2010 edition)
5. S. I. KHAN AND N. KAMAL: ASSESSMENT OF TREATMENT
EFFICIENCY BY QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF INDICATOR
BACTERIAAND PATHOGENS IN SEWAGE EFFLUENTS. 129.
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA,
BANGLADESH.
6. IS: 3025 (PART 10) – 1984 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST
(PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE
WATER, PART 10 - TURBIDITY.
7. IS: 3025 (PART 15) – 1984, METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST
(PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE
WATER, PART 15 - TOTAL RESIDUE (TOTAL SOLIDS —
DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED).
8. IS: 3025 (PART 16) – 1984, METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST
(PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE
WATER, PART 16 - FILTERABLE RESIDUE (TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS).

42