QUICK REVISION MODULE (UPSC PRELIMS 2021)
MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
SOCIO RELIGIOUS
REFORM MOVEMENTS
THE GAVE RISE TO
INDIAN PROCESS OF DESIRE FOR
RENAISSANCE REAWAKENING. REFORMS.
FACTORS FOR THE REFORM MOVEMENTS
NEW
IMPACT SOCIAL OPPOSITION AWARENESS
OF BRITISH CONDITIONS TO WESTERN AMONG
RULE RIPE FOR CULTURE ENLIGHTENED
REFORM INDIANS
Religious and An attempt to
Social Ills. Modern Western
Re-unification reinvigorate culture and
and consolidation. traditional new awakening
Depressing Position institutions and and consciousness
of Women. revival. about defeat
Caste Problem/
divide.
NATURE OF THE MOVEMENTS:
NATURE
Different parts Without Intellectual
of India in Leadership religious Criteria:
different period by emerging reformation, Rationality &
but having Intellectual there cannot be
considerable Religious
middle class any social
similarities. Universalism
reformation
Rationalism
Raja Ram Akshay Kumar Religious
Mohan Roy Dutt Universalism
Rejected Supernatural Explanations. Rationalism is our only
preceptor.
Affirmed the principle of causality.
Demonstrability was the sole criterion
of the truth.
Raja Ram Sir Syed Keshub Chandra
Mohan Roy Ahmed Khan Sen
Different religion as All prophets had the same Our position is not that truth are
national embodiments din (faith) and every to be found in all religions, but all
of Universal theism. country and nation had established religions of the world
different prophets. are true.
TIMELINE OF MAJOR REFORM MOVEMENTS
Atmiya Establishment Young Bengal Widow Marriage
Sabha (1814) of vendanta Movement
Collage (1825) (1820s-30s) Association 1850s
Founding of Brahmo Samaj
Brahmo Samaj Tattvabodh
Tattvabodhini
ini of India and Adi
Hindu Collage Sabha (1839) Brahmo Samaj
(1817) (1828)
(1866)
Social Sadharan Satyashodhak Prarthana
Conference
Confrenece Brahmo Samaj Prarthana
Samaj (1873) Samaj
Samaj (1867)
Movement (1887) (1878) (1867)
Arya Samaj (1875) Poona
Ramakrishna Arya Mahila Arya Samaj (1875) Sarvajanak
Samaj (1881) Theosophical Society
Mission (1897) Theosophical
(1875) Society Sabha (1870)
(1875)
Sri Narayana
Guru Dharma Self Respect
Paripalana (SNDP) Movement (1920)
Yogam (1902)
Servants of Vaikom
India Society Satyagraha
(1905) (1924-25)
TIMELINE OF LEGISLATIVE MEASURES FOR WOMEN
Bengal
Regulation Hindu Widow’s Sarda Act,
(1829) Remarriage Act,
Banning Sati 1856 1929
Bengal Regulation
(1795, 1804) declaring Age of Consent Special Marriage
Act, 1891 Act, 1954
infanticide illegal
Dowry Prohibition Maternity Hindu Marriage
Act,1961 Benefits Act,1961 Act, 1955
Equal Hindu Succession act,
remuneration 1956, Hindu Adoption
Act, 1976 and Maintenance Act
REFORM MOVEMENTS (AMONG HINDUS)
PAN INDIA MOVEMENT
Ramkrishna Movement
Arya Samaj
Theosophical Movement
1. Student’s Library and 1. Brahmo Samaj.
Scientific Society. 2. Tattvabodhini Sabha.
2. Paramhansa Mandalis 3. Brahmo Samaj of India
3. Satyashodhak Samaj 4. Young bengal Movement.
4. Servants of India Society 5. Prarthana Samaj.
1. SNDP Movement.
2. Vokkaliga Sangha.
3. Justice Movement.
4. Self-respect Movement.
5. Temple Entry Movement.
MOVEMENT/
MAIN IDEAS BOOKS, JOURNALS,
REFORMER ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPLES AND NEWSPAPERS
ASSOCIATED
Raja Ram Atmiya Sabha(1814) Denounced polytheism, Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin
Mohan Roy idol worship, practices like (A Gift to Monotheism).
Brahmo Sabha (1828) Sati.
later renamed as Brahmo Precepts of Jesus (1820).
Samaj. Discarded faith in
incarnations. Translation of Veda's and
Note: Dharma Sabha by Upnishads into Bengali.
Primacy of human reason
Radhakant Deb for and conscience over any
countering Brahmo Samaj. Samvad Kaumudi.
scripture.
Miratul-Akbar(Persian).
Worship of eternal,
unsearchable, immutable Atmiya Sabha Publication
god. (Bengal Gazette).
Criticism of caste system.
Promotion of charity,
morality, benevolence, etc.
No definite stand on
doctrine of Karma.
Maharishi Tattvabodhini Sabha Promoted systematic Tattvabodhini Patrika
Debendranath (1839). study of India's past in Bengali.
Tagore Joined Brahmo Samaj with a rational outlook
in 1842. and propagation of
Rammohan's ideas.
Adi Brahmo Samaj.
A new vitality and
strength of member-
ship of Brahmo Samaj.
Keshab Branches of the Brahmo Popularization of
Samaj were opened Samaj outside Bengal.
Chandra outside Bengal.
Sen Cosmopolitanisation
Brahmo Samaj of India in of the Samaj's
1866. meetings by inclusion
of aspects from all
religion.
Strong views against
caste system.
Support to inter-caste
marriages.
Ishwar Principal of Sanskrit Pioneer of higher Associated with:
Chandra College. education for women.
Tattvabodhini Patrika.
Vidyasagar Secretary of Bethune Legalization of widow
School. remarriage. Somprakash.
Sarbashubhankari Patrika.
Against child marriage and
polygamy. Hindu Patriot.
Swami Arya Samaj Vision for classless and Satyarth Prakash
Dayananda casteless society, a united (The True Exposition).
Dayananda AngloVedic
Saraswati (D.A.V.) College in 1886.
India (religiously, socially
and nationally).
Shuddhi (purification)
movement. India free from foreign
rule, with Aryan religion
being the common religion
of all.
“Back to the Vedas”.
Revival of Vedic learning
and Vedic purity of religion
and not Vedic times.
Attacked Hindu
orthodoxy, caste rigidities,
untouchability, idolatry,
polytheism, belief in magic,
charms and animal
sacrifices, etc.
Swami Ramakrishna Math at Objective was to bridge
Vivekananda Belur. gap between Paramartha
(service) and Vyavahara
(behaviour).
Fundamental oneness of
God.
Attended the Parliament of
Religions held at Chicago in
1893.
Subscribed to Vedanta
system.
The service of jiva (living
objects) is the worship of
Siva.
Mahadeo Prominent role in Disapproval of caste Newspaper: Induprakash
Govind Prarthana Samaj system.
Ranade (Established by Atmaram
Women education.
Pandurang).
Widow Remarriage.
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
Raising the age of
Social conference marriage for both
movement.
male and female.
Widow Remarriage
Association. Regarded as father of
Indian economics.
Founding member of INC.
Emphasised the term
Indian National Social retrograde movement.
Conference.
Member of Bombay
legislative council.
Judge of the Bombay High
Court.
OTHER PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (REGION-WISE):
EASTERN INDIA:
AKSHAY KUMAR DUTTA:
Progressive Bengali
thinker behind the
reformist Brahmo
Samaj.
Formulated treatises
1. Bahya Bastur Sahit
RAMAKRISHNA PARAMAHAMSA: Manavprakritir Sambandha
Ramakrishna Math Vichar.
Spreading the ideals of Vedanta. 2. Dharmaneeti
preaching, philanthropic and
charitable work, all men, women and
children, irrespective of caste, creed, HENRY VIVIAN DEROZIO:
etc. as equal. Inspirer of progressive trend, influence
of French revolution, supported women’s
right and education, first nationalist poet
of modern India.
Brahmo Samaj (1828) by Raja Rammohan Roy
Split in Brahmo Samaj in 1866:
1. Keshab Chandra Sen formed Brahmo Samaj of India.
2. Debendranath Tagore’s samaj became Adi Brahmo Samaj.
In 1878, Cooch-Behar controversy: 13 year-old daughter
married to the minor Hindu Maharaja of Cooch-Behar.
New faction is Sadharan Brahmo Samaj started by Ananda
Mohan Bose, Shibchandra Deb and Umesh Chandra Datta.
WESTERN INDIA:
BALSHASTRI JAMBHEKAR: Father of Marathi
Journalism, attacked orthodoxy.
STARTED NEWSPAPER: Darpan in 1832, as 1st
Marathi Newspaper, Digdarshan in 1840.
Bombay Native General Library and Native
Improvement Society.
Jyotiba Phule: Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873.
Aim: Complete abolition of caste system and
socio economic inequalities, education among
women and lower caste people.
Works: Sarvajanik Satyadharma and Gulamgiri.
Awarded by title of Mahatma.
Pandita Ramabai: Arya Mahila Samaj, Mukti
Mission, Sharda Sadan.
Work areas: Against child marriages, promotion
of girls education and improvement of
conditions of women.
Gopalhari Deshmukh Gopal Ganesh Gopal Krishna
‘Lokahitawadi’ Agarkar Gokhale
Weekly Prabhakar Educationist and social reformer. Servants of India Society
under the pen name of in 1905.
Lokahitawadi. Co-founder: New English School,
the Deccan Education Society and To train national missionaries.
Other works: Gyan
Prakash, Indu Prakash Fergusson College. Works like the Hitavada.
and Lokahitawadi. 1st editor of Kesari and
started Sudharak.
SOUTH INDIA:
MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION MAIN IDEAS AND
REFORMER PRINCIPLES
ASSOCIATED
SRI NARAYANA Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Removal of much discrimination
GURU Paripalana (SNDP) Movement in Kerala's society.
Aruvippuram movement. Held all religions are same.
Against divisiveness on the
basis of caste, race or creed.
Took issues like right of
admission to public schools,
government services, access
to roads and entry to
temples, etc.
E.V. Self-Respect Movement. Rejection of the Brahminical
RAMASWAMY religion.
NAICKER
KANDUKURI Hitakarini (Benefactor). Influenced by the ideals of
VEERESALINGAM Brahmo Samaj.
OTHER HINDU REFORM MOVEMENTS:
THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA
Founded in the United States by Lead K P Kesava
Madam H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel Demanding throwing open
H.S. Olcott.
of Hindu Temples and roads to
Headquarters at Adyar. untouchables.
Preaching the wisdom of Krishna
and Gita.
DEVA SAMAJ RADHASWAMI MOVEMENT
Shiv Narain Agnihotri Tulsi Ram (Shiv Dayal Sahab).
Eternity of the soul, the One Supreme Being, supremacy
Supremacy of the guru and the of the guru, a company of pious
need for good action. people (satsang), and a simple
social life.
JUSTICE MOVEMENT VOKKALIGA SANGHA TEMPLE ENTRY MOVEMENT
Madras Presidency In Mysore: Mainly by T.K. Madhavan on
C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair and An anti-brahmin movement. the ideals of Sree Narayana
P. Tyagaraja Guru and N. Kumaran Asan.
For representation of
non-brahmins.
MUSLIM REFORM MOVEMENTS:
FARAIZI MOVEMENT AHMADIYA MOVEMENT DEOBAND MOVEMENT
Founded by Haji Shariatullah Mirza Ghulam Ahmed in Mohammad Qasim Nanautavi
in East Bengal. 1889. (1832-1880) and Rashid Ahamd
Eradication of social Principle of Universal religion Gangohi (1828-1916)
innovations current among of all humanity, opposing Propagating pure teachings of
the Muslims of the region. jihad. Quaran and Hadis among
Muslims and keeping alive the
spirit of jihad against the
foreign rule.
WORKS:
1. Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind
2.Tahdhib AI-Akhlaq
Reconcile Western scientific
education with the teachings
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN of the Quran.
Aligarh Movement.
Social reforms among Muslims
Member of the Imperial Legislative
related to Purdah, polygamy,
Council. widow remarriage, etc.
Knighthood in 1888.
Anglo-Oriental College. Growth among Indian muslims
through better education and
employment opportunities.
SHAH WALLIULLAH
MUSLIM Revivalist response to Western influences.
SOCIAL Harmony among the four schools of Muslim
REFORMERS jurisprudence.
Recognition of the role of individual
conscience in religion.
TITU MIR
Adopted wahabism.
Organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal
against the landlords.
SIKH REFORM MOVEMENTS:
SINGH SABHA KHALSA SCHOOLS & AKALI MOVEMENT, 1920
MOVEMENT, 1873 COLLEGES, 1892
Modern western education Promote Gurumukhi, Sikh Gurudwara Reform Movement.
to the Sikhs. learning and Punjabi Shiromani Gurudwara
To counter the proselytising literature. Prabandhak Committee (SGPC)
activities. as the Apex body.
PARSI REFORM MOVEMENTS
Rahnumai
Mazdayasnan
Sabha 1851 with
leaders like Naoroji
Furdonji, Dadabhai
Naoroji, K.R. Cama
and S.S. Bengalee.
Rast Goftar
(Truth-Teller)
Anglo-Gujarati
paper started by
Dadabhai Naoroji.
Seva Sadan
by Behramji
M. Malabari
in 1885.
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