1

OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Dr. Myat Kyaw Thu
Dr. San San Myint
Oxidation ("mwfwdk;jcif;) ESifh Reduction ("mwfavsmhjcif;) wGif
atmufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk usufrSwf avhusifhxm;&ygrnf/
I. Definitions of oxidation and reduction (in terms of oxygen, hydrogen,
electron, oxidation number, electronegative and electropositive elements)
("mwfwdk;jcif;eSifh"mwfavsmhjcif;wdkU\
t"dyÜg,fudk½IxmifhtrsKd;rsKd;rSazmfjyjcif;)
II. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers (oxidation states)
("mwfwdk;udef;rsm;udkowfrSwf&efpnf;rsOf;rsm;)
III. Oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions
("mwfwdk;?"mwfavsmh"mwfûyjcif;rsm;)
IV. Oxidizing agents ("mwfwdk;apaomypönf;rsm;) eSifh reducing agents
("mwfavsmhapaom ypönf;rsm;)
V. Balancing oxidation-reduction equations by oxidation number method and
ion-electron (half-reaction) method
("mwfwdk;?"mwfavsmh"mwfûyjcif;nDrQjcif;rsm;udk enf;(2) enf;jzifh
nd§,ljcif;)

I. Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction

Definition
Oxidation Reduction
In terms of
 2

Addition of oxygen to a substance Removal of oxygen from a substance

Oxygen 2Cu(s) + O2(g) 2CuO(s) CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l)

(Oxygen aygif;jcif;) (Oxygen z,fjcif;)

Removal of hydrogen from a Addition of hydrogen to a substance
substance Cl2(g) + H2(g) 2HCl(g)
Hydrogen
H2S(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g) + S(s)

(Hydrogen z,fjcif;) (Hydrogen aygif;jcif;)

Loss of electrons by an element, Gain of electrons by an element,
compound or ion compound or ion
Electron
Cu Cu 2+
+ 2ē Cu2+ + 2ē Cu

(Electron qHk;½IH;jcif;) (Electron &½Sdjcif;)

Increase in oxidation number Decrease in oxidation number
Oxidation +2 +4 +3 0
number 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
("mwfwdk;udef;wdk;oGm;jcif;) ("mwfwdk;udef;avsmhoGm;jcif;)
Addition of an electronegative Removal of an electronegative element
Electronegative element to a substance from a substance
element 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(s) + CO(g)
(vQyfppf"mwfrj'yfpifaygif;jcif;) (vQyfppf"mwfrj'yfpifz,fjcif;)
Removal of an electropositive Addition of an electropositive element to a

Electropositive element from a substance substance

element 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

(vQyfppf"mwfzdkj'yfpifz,fjcif;) (vQyfppf"mwfzdkj'yfpifaygif;jcif;)

Exercise (1): Define oxidation and reduction in terms of

(i) oxygen (ii) hydrogen (iii) electrons (iv) oxidation number
(v) electronegative element (vi) electropositive element.
Ans: (i) in terms of oxygen
Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance.
 3

Reduction is the removal of oxygen from a substance.

* usefaomar;cGef;rsm;udktxufygZ,m;xJrSusufrSwfíajzqdkyg/ Definition rsm;wGif
ygaom “to”, “from”, “by” wdkYudk wdwdusus usufrSwf&rnf/

Oxidation number ("mwfwdk;udef;)

Oxidation number shows the combining capacity of an element and indicates
the positive and negative nature.
(j'yfpifwpfck\aygif;pnf;tm;udktaygif;(odkU)tEIwfvu©PmeSifhaz:jyedkifonf/)

II. Rules for assigning Oxidation Numbers

("mwfwdk;udef;rsm;udkowfrSwf&efpnf;rsOf;rsm;)
 formula wpfckwGifyg0ifaom tufwrftm;vHk;\ "mwfwdk;udef;rsm;udk
tu©&mocsmFenf;jzifh aygif;í &&Sdaom &v'fonf4if; formula
uudk,fpm;ûyaomtom;wif vQyfppf"mwfwefbdk; eSifhwlnD&rnf/
(MnO wGif Mn \"mwfwdk;udef;eSifh atmufpD*sif(4)vHk;\
"mwfwdk;udef;pkpkaygif;onf (-1) eSifhnD&rnf/ NaCl wGif Na
\"mwfwdk;udef;eSifh Cl \"mwfwdk;udef;aygif;v'fonf okn jzpfonf/)
 j'yfpifrsm;\"mwfwdk;udef;onfoknjzpfonf/
(oxidation number of K = 0; oxidation number of N2 = 0)
 ½dk;½dk;tdkif;,Gef (ion) wdkU\ "mwfwdk;udef;onf 4if;tdkif;,Gefay:½Sd
vQyfppf"mwfwefbdk;eSifh wlnDonf/
(oxidation number of Al3+ = +3; oxidation number of S2- = -2)
(*Ion ay:&Sd charge udk azmfjyvdkvQif ocsmF*Pef;\aemufwGif
vu©Pmxnfh&rnf/ oxidation number ("mwfwdk;udef;)
udka&;vQifocsmF*Pef;\a&SUwGifvu©Pmxnfh&rnf/)
 j'yfaygif;rsm;wGif Group IA rS alkali metals rsm;\"mwfwdk;udef;onftjrJwrf;
+1 jzpfonf/
(oxidation number of Na in NaCl = +1)
 j'yfaygif;rsm;wGif Group IIA rS alkaline earth metals
rsm;\"mwfwdk;udef;onftjrJwrf; +2 jzpfonf/
(oxidation number of Mg in MgBr2 = +2)
 Oxygen atom \"mwfwdk;udef;rSm atmufygtwdkif; av;rsKd;jzpfedkifonf/
 4

in elements
0 (zero) (e.g. O2, O3)

in most compounds
-2 (e.g. Na2O, CaO, H2O, etc.)
H2O,etc H2O,etc.)
Oxidation no. of oxygen in peroxides
-1 (e.g. Na2O2, BaO2, H2O2)

in oxygen difluoride
+2
(OF2)
 Hydrogen atom \"mwfwdk;udef;rSmatmufygtwdkif;oHk;rsKd;jzpfedkifonf/

in H2
0 (zero)

in most compounds
Oxidation no. of hydrogen +1 (e.g. HCl, H2S, H3PO4, etc.)

in metallic (ionic) hydrides

-1 (e.g. NaH, CaH2, AlH3)
AlH3)

Exercise (2): What is the oxidation number for the underlined element in each of the
following substances?
(i) NaHCO3 (ii) P4 (iii) Cr2O (iv) MnO (v) Fe2O3 (vi) BaO2
(vii) CaH2 (viii) Na2CrO4 (ix) H2O2

+1 +1 +4 (-2)x3

Ans: (i) Oxidation number of C in NaHCO3 = +4

[formula ay:wGif "mwfwdk;udef;rsm;udk tao;pdwf wGufjyjyD;rS
tajza&;&rnf/ taygif;teIwf vu©Pm rsm;udk ocsmF*Pef;a&SUwGif
aoaocsmcsmaz:jyrSom vQif"mwfwdk;udef;jzpfonf/]
(OR)
[ar;xm;aom element udk symbol twdkif;xm;yg/
Na + H + C + 3(O) = 0
usefaom element
(+1)+(+1)+ C + 3(-2) = 0 \"mwfwdk;udef;rsm;udkvu©PmeSifh
+2 + C – 6 = 0 wGJítpm;oGif;wGufyg/]
C–4 = 0
 5

C = +4 [vu©PmrusefygapeSifh]
Oxidation number of C = +4

(ii) 4(P) = 0
P = 0
Oxidation number of P = 0

(iii) +6 (iv) +7 (v) +3 (vi) +2 (vii) +2 (viii) +6 (ix) -1

Exercise (3): Calculate the oxidation number of nitrogen in

(i) N 2O (ii) NO (iii) NO 2 (iv) HNO3 (v) N2 (vi) NH (vii) N2O5

(viii) NH3 (ix) Mg3N2 (x) AlN (xi) NCl3 (xii) NO (xiii) NaNO3
(xiv) N2O4 (xv) HNO2.
Ans: (i) +1 (ii) +2 (iii) +4 (iv) +5 (v) 0 (vi) -3 (vii) +5 (viii) -3 (ix) -3 (x) -3
(xi) +3 (xii) +3 (xiii) +5 (xiv) +4 (xv) +3

Exercise (4): Find the oxidation number of chlorine in

(i) MgCl2 (ii) Cl2 (iii) HOCl (iv) KClO3 (v) NaClO4 (vi) CCl4
(vii) HClO3 (viii) HClO4 (ix) NaOCl.
Ans: (i) -1 (ii) 0 (iii) +1 (iv) +5 (v) +7 (vi) -1 (vii) +5 (viii) +7 (ix) +1

Exercise (5): Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur in

(i) SO2 (ii) SO3 (iii) H2S (iv) K2SO3 (v) S2O (vi) Na2S2O3
(vii) H2SO3 (viii) H2SO4 (ix) SO2Cl2.
Ans: (i) +4 (ii) +6 (iii) -2 (iv) +4 (v) +5 (vi) +4 (vii) +4 (viii) +6 (ix) +6

Exercise (6): Find the oxidation number of phosphorus in

(i) PBr3 (ii) PCl5 (iii) PH3 (iv) POCl3 (v) H3PO3 (vi) H2PO
(vii) P4O10 (viii) P4O6 (ix) H3PO4.
Ans: (i) +3 (ii) +5 (iii) -3 (iv) +5 (v) +3 (vi) +5 (vii) +5 (viii) +3 (ix) +5

III. Oxidation - Reduction (Redox) Reactions

 6

Reactions in which simultaneous oxidation and reduction are occurring are

known as redox reactions. loss of 2ē (oxidation)

+2 0 0 +2

e.g. ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn(s) + CO(g)

gain of 2ē (reduction)

txufyg"mwfûyjcif;wGif carbon onf electron (2) vHk;qHk;½IH;jyD;

"mwfwdk;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if; electron (2)vHk;udk zinc rSvufcHjyD;
"mwfavsmhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkU electron twdk;tavsmh (electron t½IH;tjrwf)
wpfûydifeufjzpfay:aom "mwfûyjcif;udk redox reaction [kowfrSwfedkifonf/
"mwfûyjcif;tm;vHk;onf redox reaction rsm;r[kwfonfudk
owdûy&efvdktyfayonf/ "mwfûyjcif; wpfckwGif reactants ("mwfûyypönf;rsm;)eSifh
products ("mwfjzpfpönf;rsm;) &Sdj'yfpif (odkU) ion rsm;onf electron twdk;tavsmh
r&SdvQif redox reaction r[kwfay/
e.g. CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O

txufyg"mwfûyjcif;wGif electron twdk;tavsmh r&SdaomaMumifh

"mwfwdk;udef; ajymif;vJjcif; r&Sdyg/ xdkUaMumifh redox reaction r[kwfyg/

Exercise (7): Define “Redox reactions”. Explain why every oxidation takes place
together with a corresponding reduction and vice versa.
Ans: Reactions in which simultaneous oxidation and reduction are occurring are
known as redox reactions.
This is because in the redox reactions one substance loses electrons
and then another must gain them.

Exercise (8): State which reactant is oxidized and which one is reduced in each of
the following reactions. Give reasons for your answers.

(i) SO2 + 2H2O + I2 H2SO4 + 2HI

(ii) MgO + C + Cl2 MgCl2 + CO
(iii) Na2O2 + 2Na 2Na2O
 7

(iv) 2H+ + Fe2+ + NO Fe3+ + NO2 + H2O

Ans: (i)
oxidize

+4 0 +6 -1
SO2 + 2H2O + I2 H2SO4 + 2HI

reduce

SO2 is oxidized because the oxidation number of S increases from +4 in SO 2 to

+6 in H2SO4. (OR) S of SO2 loses two electrons to form S6+ in H2SO4.
I2 is reduced because the oxidation number of I decreases from 0 in I 2 to -1 in
HI. (OR) I2 gains one electron to form I1- in HI.
(txufygar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif "mwfûyypönf; (reactant) onf j'yfaygif;jzpfaevQif
4if;j'yfaygif;\ yHkaoenf; (formula) tjynfhtpHkudka&;yg/ Oyrm- “SO2” [ka&;yg/ “S”
wpfckwnf;ra&;ygeSifh/)
(ii) oxidize

0 0 -1 +2
MgO + C + Cl2 MgCl2 + CO
reduce
C is oxidized because the oxidation number of C increases from 0 in C to +2
in CO. (OR) C loses two electrons to form C2+ in CO.
Cl2 is reduced because the oxidation number of Cl decreases from 0 in Cl 2 to -
1 in MgCl2. (OR) Cl2 gains one electron to form Cl1- in MgCl2.
oxidize
(iii)
-1 0 +1 -2
Na2O2 + 2Na 2Na2O

reduce
Na is oxidized because the oxidation number of Na increases from 0 in Na to
+1 in Na2O. (OR) Na loses one electron to form Na1+ in Na2O.
Na2O2 is reduced because the oxidation number of O decreases from -1 in
Na2O2 to -2 in Na2O. (OR) O of Na2O2 gains one electron to form O2- in Na2O.
oxidize
(iv)
+5 +4

2H+ + Fe2+ + NO reduce Fe3+ + NO2 + H2O

 8

Fe2+ is oxidized because the oxidation number of Fe increases from +2 in Fe 2+

to +3 in Fe3+. (OR) Fe2+ loses one electron to form Fe3+ ion.
NO is reduced because the oxidation number of N decreases from +5 in NO

to +4 in NO2. (OR) N of NO gains one electron to form N4+ in NO2.

Exercise (9): State which element is oxidized and which one is reduced. Give
reasons for your answers.
(i) 2KI + 2HCl + H2O2 I2 + 2KCl +2H2O
(ii) 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O
(iii) NH3 + 3Cl2 NCl3 + 3HCl
(iv) 2MnO + 3NO + H2O 2MnO2 + 3NO + 2OH

oxidize
Ans: (i)
-1 -1 0 -2

2KI + 2HCl + H2O2 I2 + 2KCl + 2H2O

reduce
I in KI is oxidized because the oxidation number of I increases from -1 in KI
to 0 in I2. (OR) I of KI loses one electron to form I2.
O in H2O2 is reduced because the oxidation number of O decreases from -1 in
H2O2 to -2 in H2O. (OR) O of H2O2 gains one electron to form O2- in H2O.
(þar;cGef;wGif"mwfwdk;"mwfavsmhcH&onfh j'yfpifudkar;onfhtwGuf
j'yfaygif;xJ&Sd"mwfwdk;udef; ajymif;vJoGm;aom j'yfpifudk oD;oefUaz:jy&ef
vdktyfonf/)
oxidize
(ii)
-2 +4 0

2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O

reduce

S in H 2S is oxidized because the oxidation number of S increases from -2 in

H2S to 0 in S. (OR) S of H2S loses two electrons to form S.
S in SO2 is reduced because the oxidation number of S decreases from +4 in
SO2 to 0 in S. (OR) S of SO2 gains four electrons to form S.

(iii)
oxidize

reduce
 9

-3 0 +3 -1

NH3 + 3Cl2 NCl3 + 3HCl

N in NH3 is oxidized because the oxidation number of N increases from -3 in

NH3 to +3 in NCl3. (OR) N of NH3 loses six electrons to form N3+ in NCl3.
Cl2 is reduced because the oxidation number of Cl decreases from 0 in Cl 2 to
-1 in HCl. (OR) Cl2 gains one electron to form Cl1- in HCl.
(iv)

oxidize
+7 +3 +4 +5

2MnO + 3NO + H2O 2MnO2 + 3NO + 2OH

reduce
N in NO is oxidized because the oxidation number of N increases from +3

in NO to +5 in NO . (OR) N of NO loses two electrons to form N5+ in NO .

Mn in MnO is reduced because the oxidation number of Mn decreases from

+7 in MnO to +4 in MnO2. (OR) Mn of MnO gains three electrons to form Mn4+

in MnO2.

IV. Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents

("mwfwdk;apaomypönf;rsm;ESifh "mwfavsmhapaom ypönf;rsm;)
Oxidizing agent Reducing agent
An oxidizing agent is an “acceptor” of A reducing agent is a “donor” of
electrons. electrons.
An oxidizing agent causes the oxidation A reducing agent causes the reduction
of another species, and in the process it is of another species, and in the process it is
reduced. oxidized.
e.g. O2, Cl2, H2O2, HNO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, e.g. H2, C, CO, H2S, SO2
CuO
(electron vufcHaomypönf;onf oxidizing (electron xkwfay;aomypönf;onf reducing
agent jzpfonf/ oxidizing agent onf electron agent jzpfonf/ reducing agent onf electron
udk vufcH&aomaMumifh udk
udk,fwdkif"mwfavsmhoGm;jyD; tjcm;aom xkwfay;&aomaMumifhudk,fwdkif"mwfwd
 10

ypönf;rsm;udk "mwfwdk;aponf/) k;oGm;jyD;tjcm;aom ypönf;rsm;udk

"mwfavsmhaponf/)

Redox Reactions
involve

Reducing agent Oxidizing agent

electron
transfer

Exercise (10): From the electronic point of view, define “an oxidizing agent” and “a
reducing agent”. Give two examples each of common oxidizing and
reducing agents.
Ans: An oxidizing agent is an acceptor of electrons.
e.g. Cl2, KMnO4
A reducing agent is a donor of electrons.
e.g. H2, C

Exercise (11): Which of the following equations represent oxidation-reduction

reactions (redox reactions)? Identify each oxidizing and reducing
agents. Give reasons for your answers.

(i) 2NO + Cl2 2NOCl

(ii) 3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O + 3S
(iii) FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

Ans: (i)
oxidize

+2 0 +3 -1

2NO + Cl2 2NOCl

reduce
 11

This equation represents the redox reaction.

Cl2 is the oxidizing agent because Cl 2 can oxidize NO to NOCl and in this
process Cl2 is reduced from Cl2 (oxidation number of Cl2 = 0) to NOCl (oxidation
number of Cl in NOCl = -1). (OR) Cl2 is an electron acceptor.
NO is the reducing agent because NO can reduce Cl2 to NOCl and in this
process NO is oxidized from NO (oxidation number of N in NO = +2) to NOCl
(oxidation number of N in NOCl = +3). (OR) NO is an electron donor.
(oxidizing agent eSifh reducing agent wdkUudk a&G;cs,f&mwGif equation
b,fbuf&Sd reactant rsm;xJrS a&G;&rnfudk owdûyoifhonf/ "mwfavsmhoGm;aom
ypönf;onff oxidizing agent jzpfí "mwfwdk;oGm;aom ypönf;onf reducing agent
jzpfonf/)

oxidize
(ii)
-2 +6 +3 0

3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O + 3S

reduce

This equation represents the redox reaction.

K2Cr2O7 is the oxidizing agent because K2Cr2O7 can oxidize H2S to S and in
this process K2Cr2O7 is reduced from K2Cr2O7 (oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7 =
+6) to Cr2(SO4)3 (oxidation number of Cr in Cr2(SO4)3 = +3). (OR) K2Cr2O7 is an
electron acceptor.
H2S is the reducing agent because H 2S can reduce K2Cr2O7 to Cr2(SO4)3 and in
this process H2S is oxidized from H2S (oxidation number of S in H2S = -2) to S
(oxidation number = 0). (OR) H2S is an electron donor.

(iii) FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl

This equation does not represent the redox reaction.
(txufyg "mwfûyjcif;wGif "mwfwdk;jcif;? "mwfavsmhjcif;r&SdaomaMumifh redox
reaction r[kwfyg/ odkUjzpfí oxidizing agent eSifh reducing agent r&Sdyg/)

Electrolytic Processes involving Redox Reactions

e.g. Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using platinum electrodes
 12

Molten NaCl contains Na+ and Cl- ions.

Reaction at the cathode (negative electrode): Na+ + ē Na (Reduction)
Reaction at the anode (positive electrode): 2Cl- Cl2 + 2ē (Oxidation)

qdk'D,rfuvdk½kd'f tcJaysmf&nfudk vQyfppf"mwfjzwfoef;apaomtcg half-

reaction (wpf0uf"mwfûyjcif;) rsm;onf "mwfrwdkif (cathode) ESifh "mwfzdkwdkif
(anode) wdkUwGifjzpfay:Muonf/
Cathode onf electron rsm;udkxkwfay;Edkifí reducing agent (donor of
electrons) eSifh wlonf/ 4if; electron rsm;udk"mwfzdk ion (Na+) uvufcHí reduction
(gain of electrons) jzpfay:onf/
Anode onf electron rsm;udk vufcHedkifaomaMumifh oxidizing agent
(acceptor of electrons) eSifh wlonf/ "mwfr ion (Cl ) onf electron rsm;udk anode
odkUxkwfay;jyD oxidation (loss of electrons) jzpfay:onf/
Note
■ A cathode (an electron donor/ a source of electrons) is equivalent to a reducing
agent.
■ An anode (an electron acceptor) is equivalent to an oxidizing agent.
■ In the electrolytic processes, the discharge of positive ions (cations) at a cathode is a
reduction.
(i.e., Cations Reduce at the Cathode.) [Red Cat [krSwf,lyg/]
■ The discharge of negative ions (anions) at an anode is an oxidation.
(i.e., Anions Oxidize at the Anode.) [An Ox [krSwfom;yg/]

V. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Equations

Oxidation number method

TWO methods for balancing redox equations

Ion-electron (half-reaction) method

Oxidation number enf;jzifh nDrQjcif;nSdenf;

(1) "mwfwdk;jcif;jzpfaomypönf;ESifh
"mwfavsmhjcif;jzpfaomypönf;rsm;udk&Smyg/
(2) oxidation eSifh reduction jzpfaom element (odkU) ion \atom ta&twGufudk
nDatmifnSdyg/
 13

(3) oxidation jzpfaomypönf;rS qHk;½HI;oGm;aom electron ta&twGufudk a&;yg/

reduction jzpfaom ypönf;rS vufcH&&Sdonfh electron ta&twGufudk a&;yg/
(4) qHk;½IH;oGm;aom electron ta&twGuf\ a&SUwGif tEIwfvu©Pm (-) jzifh
azmfjyNyD; vufcH&&Sdaom electron ta&twGuf\ a½SUwGif taygif;vu©Pm (+)
jzifh azmfjy&rnf/
* oxidize (-ē) ESifh reduce (+ē)
(5) xkwfay;aom electron ta&twGufeSifh vufcHaom electron ta&twGufnDatmif
vdktyfaom ajr§mufaz:udef;eSifh ajr§mufyg/
(6) oxidation number rajymif;aom metal yg0ifcJhvQif 4if; metal \ atom
ta&twGufudk OD;pm;ay;nd§yg/
(7) tufqpfrS&aom tkyfpkvGwf (acid radical) udk tkyfpkvkduf n§dyg/ Oyrm -
ponfwdkYudk tufwrfwpfckcsif; rn§dbJ tkyfpkvdkuf n§dyg/
hydrogen eSifh oxygen atom ta&twGufrsm;udk nDatmifn§dyg/

Exercise (12): Balance the following equations by oxidation number method.

(a) CuO + NH3 Cu + H2O + N2

oxidize (- 6ē) x 1 = - 6ē
Ans:
+2 -3 0 0

CuO + 2NH3 Cu + H2O + N2

reduce (+ 2ē) x 3 = + 6ē

3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + H2O + N2

3CuO + 3NH3 3Cu + 3H2O + N2

(txufyg"mwfûyjcif;wGif NH3 &Sd N onf N2 tjzpf"mwfwdk;oGm;onf/ N atom

rnDaomaMumifh NH3 udk (2) jzifht&ifajrSmufyg/
odkUjzpfípkpkaygif;qHk;½IH;oGm;aom electron ta&twGufrSm (-3ē) x 2 = ( - 6ē)
jzpfonf/
CuO &Sd Cu onf Cu tjzpf "mwfavsmhoGm;onf/ vufcHvdkufaom electron
ta&twGufonf (+2ē) jzpfonf/ qHk;½IH;oGm;aom electron ta& twGufeSifh
vufcHvdkufaom electron ta&twGufwdkU wlnD&rnfjzpfí electron udk
nd§ay;&efvdktyfonf/ xdkUaMumifh (+2ē) udk (3) jzifhajr§muf&ojzifh (+6ē)
jzpfoGm;onf/)
 14

(b)
Ans:
oxidize (-2ē) × 3 = - 6ē

reduce (+6ē) × 1 = + 6ē

(txufygykpämwGif H2O2 &Sd O wpfvHk;\ "mwfwdk;udef;rSm (-1) jzpfonfudk

OD;pGm azmfjy&rnf/ (-2) [k wdkuf½dkuf ra&;&/ &Sd Cr wpfvHk;\
"mwfwdk;udef;rSm (+6) jzpfonf/ (+12) [k wdkuf½dkufra&;&/)
(c) H2S + KMnO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + S

oxidize (- 2ē) x 5 = - 10ē

-2 +7 +2 0

H2S + KMnO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + S

reduce (+ 5ē) x 2 = + 10ē

5H2S + 2KMnO4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + H2O + 5S

5H2S + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5S
(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Ion-electron (half-reaction) enf;jzifhnDrQjcif;nSdenf;

(1) Oxidation eSifh Reduction jzpfaom half-reaction eSpfaMumif;cGJa&;yg/
(2) Oxidation number ajymif;aom atom ta&twGufudknDatmifnSdyg/
 15

(3) (i) acidic solution jzpfvQif oxygen vdkaombufwGif H2O aygif;jyD; hydrogen
vdkaombufwGif H+ aygif;xnfhyg/
(ii) basic solution jzpfvQif oxygen vdkaombufwGif OH- aygif;jyD; hydrogen
vdkaombufwGif H2O aygif;xnfhyg/
(4) Total oxidation number MuD;aombufwGif electron aygif;xnfhjyD; charge
nDatmifnSdyg/
(5) Oxidation reaction wGifygaom electron ta&twGufeSifh Reduction reaction
wGifygaom electron ta&twGufnDatmifnSdyg/
(6) Half-reaction eSpfaMumif;udkaygif;íjyefa&;yg/
(7) Atom ta&twGufeSifh charge nDrnDppfaq;yg/
(rSwfcsuf/ Molecular equation jzpfvQif ionic equation tjzpfajymif;yg/ oxidation
number rajymif;aom ions udkcsefcJhyg/)
e.g. K2Cr2O7 + HI + HClO4 KClO4 + Cr(ClO4)3 + I2 + H2O
Cr2O + I + H+ Cr3+ + I2 + H2O

Exercise (13): Balance the following equations by half-reaction (ion-electron) method.

(a) NO + H+ + H2S NO + H2O + S (acidic solution)

Ans: (oxidation)

(reduction)

H2S S + 2H+ + 2ē
NO + 4H+ + 3ē NO + 2H2O
(H2S half-reaction wGif equation \ b,fbufjcrf;&Sd total oxidation no. onf “0” (zero)
jzpfNyD; nmbufwGif “+2” jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oxidation no. BuD;aom
nmbufwGif electron aygif;xnfh&rnf/ half-reaction wGif equation \
b,fbufjcrf;&Sd total oxidation no. onf “+3” jzpfNyD; nmbufwGif “0” (zero) jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí oxidation no. BuD;aom b,fbufjcrf;wGif electron aygif;xnfh&rnf/
xdkYaemuf electron ta&twGuf wlnD&ef vdktyfaom ajr§mufazmfudef;ESifh
ajr§mufyg/ )

( H2S S + 2H+ + 2ē) x 3

(NO + 4H+ + 3ē NO + 2H2O )x2
 16

3H2S 3S + 6H+ + 6ē
2NO + 8H+ + 6ē 2NO + 4H2O

2NO + 2H+ + 3H2S 2 NO + 4H2O + 3S

(b) Br2 + OH BrO + Br + H2O (basic solution)

(Br2 + 12OH 2BrO + 6H2O + 10ē) x 1

(Br2 + 2ē 2Br )x5

Br2 + 12OH 2BrO + 6H2O + 10ē

5Br2 + 10ē 10Br

6Br2 + 12OH 2BrO + 10Br + 6H2O

3Br2 + 6OH BrO + 5Br + 3H2O

(txufygykpämwGif oxidation jzpfaom half-reaction ü oxygen vdkaombufwGif

vdktyfaom oxygen ta&twGuf\ eSpfq&Sdaom OH- udkaygif;xnfhyg/ usefwpfbufwGif
OH- ta&twGuf\ wpf0uf&Sdaom H2O ta&twGuf aygif;xnfh&rnfudkowdûyyg/)

(c) MnO + NO + H2O MnO2 + NO + OH (basic

solution)
(NO + 2OH NO + H2O + 2ē ) x 3

(MnO + 2H2O + 3ē MnO2 + 4OH )x2

3NO + 6OH 3NO + 3H2O + 6ē

2MnO + 4H2O + 6ē 2MnO2 + 8OH

2MnO + 3NO + H2O 2MnO2 + 3NO + 2OH

(d) Cr2O + H+ + SO2 Cr3+ + SO + H2O (acidic solution)

 17

(SO2 + 2H2O SO + 4H+ + 2ē) x 3

(Cr2O + 14H+ + 6ē 2Cr3+ + 7H2O )x1

3SO2 + 6H2O 3SO + 12H+ + 6ē

Cr2O + 14H+ + 6ē 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Cr2O + 2H++ 3SO2 2Cr3+ + 3SO + H2O

(e)

(f)

(g)

Q : Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.

(i) Oxidation is the addition of hydrogen to a substance.

(ii) Reduction is the removal of electronegative element from a substance.

(iii) A loss of electrons from a substance is called oxidation.

(iv) Oxidation number is used to assign an electrical charge to an atom in a

molecule.

(v) The sum of the oxidation number in is 0 (zero).

(vi) The oxidation number of oxygen in O3 is -2.

(vii) Oxidation brings about an increase in oxidation number.

(viii) The oxidation number of potassium in K2O is +2.

(ix) The oxidation number of magnesium in Mg3(PO4)2 is +3.

(x) Any element which decreases in oxidation number is said to be reduced.

(xi) In a redox reaction, if one substance loses electrons then another must gain
them.

(xii) Oxidizing agents are good at accepting electrons.

(xiii) Electronegative elements may be oxidizing agents.

(xiv) In an electrochemical reaction negative ions oxidize at the cathode.

 18

(xv) In redox reactions electrons are transferred from a reducing agent to an

oxidizing agent.

(xvi) An anode can serve as an electron donor.

(xvii) Electropositive elements are electron acceptors.

(xviii) The oxidation number of iron in Fe3+ ion is 0 (zero).

(xix) In the reaction acts as an electron

acceptor.

(xx) Oxygen oxidizes most metals and non-metals to their oxides.

Ans: (i) FALSE (ii) TRUE (iii) TRUE (iv) TRUE (v) FALSE (vi) FALSE

(vii) TRUE (viii) FALSE (ix) FALSE (x) TRUE (xi) TRUE (xii) TRUE

(xiii) TRUE (xiv) FALSE (xv) TRUE (xvi) FALSE (xvii) FALSE

(xviii) FALSE (xix) TRUE (xx) TRUE