Here are the steps to balance a redox reaction using the half-reaction method:
1. Separate the reaction into two half-reactions - one for oxidation and one for reduction. Write out each half-reaction showing only the species being oxidized or reduced.
2. Balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen.
3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O on the side with fewer oxygen atoms.
4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ on the side with fewer hydrogen atoms.
5. Balance charges by adding electrons to the side with higher positive charge.
6. Multiply one or both half-reactions by an appropriate number so the electrons balance when adding the two half-reactions
Here are the steps to balance a redox reaction using the half-reaction method:
1. Separate the reaction into two half-reactions - one for oxidation and one for reduction. Write out each half-reaction showing only the species being oxidized or reduced.
2. Balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen.
3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O on the side with fewer oxygen atoms.
4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ on the side with fewer hydrogen atoms.
5. Balance charges by adding electrons to the side with higher positive charge.
6. Multiply one or both half-reactions by an appropriate number so the electrons balance when adding the two half-reactions
Here are the steps to balance a redox reaction using the half-reaction method:
1. Separate the reaction into two half-reactions - one for oxidation and one for reduction. Write out each half-reaction showing only the species being oxidized or reduced.
2. Balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen.
3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O on the side with fewer oxygen atoms.
4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ on the side with fewer hydrogen atoms.
5. Balance charges by adding electrons to the side with higher positive charge.
6. Multiply one or both half-reactions by an appropriate number so the electrons balance when adding the two half-reactions
Here are the steps to balance a redox reaction using the half-reaction method:
1. Separate the reaction into two half-reactions - one for oxidation and one for reduction. Write out each half-reaction showing only the species being oxidized or reduced.
2. Balance all atoms except oxygen and hydrogen.
3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O on the side with fewer oxygen atoms.
4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ on the side with fewer hydrogen atoms.
5. Balance charges by adding electrons to the side with higher positive charge.
6. Multiply one or both half-reactions by an appropriate number so the electrons balance when adding the two half-reactions
REDOX REACTIONS Oxidation of Food: What a Waste! Fruits and Vegetables oxidised when left in open air Solution: Seal in plastic wrap More radical: Add lemon juice to the cut fruit Oxidation of… People! Oxidation of nutrients causes increased activity of cells, leading to aging skin Solution: Beauty products? What will I learn? 8.1 Identify characteristics and examples of redox reactions 8.2 Determine the oxidation number of any element in a compound 8.3 Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in a redox reactions 8.4 Balancing redox equations in acidic and basic medium 8.5 Perform stoichiometry calculations in redox reactions 8.1 Identify characteristics and examples of redox reactions
8.2 Identify the oxidizing
and reducing agents in a redox reactions What is a redox reaction? Redox – reduction + oxidation Both processes occur simultaneously
Oxidation Reduction gain in oxygen loss of oxygen loss of hydrogen gain in hydrogen loss of electrons gain of electrons Gain oxidation number Loss oxidation number PbO – oxidising agent (experiences reduction
( undergoes oxidation) --- hydrogen sulphide reduces chlorine to hydrogen chloride B Transfer of Electrons oxidation involves the loss (releases) of electrons reduction involves a gain (receives) in electrons metals are oxidised & its loss their electrons to form cations
non- metal are reduced & its receive electrons to form anions . Chlorine – oxidising agent Reduction Process Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- (gain of electron)
2Na(s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl(s)
C : Change in Oxidation Number ( O.N ) oxidation is the increase in oxidation number reduction is the decrease in the oxidation number O.N of ions is same value to the charge of the ion. Ex : Na+, K+ , H+ is +1 Mg2+ , Ca+2 is +2 O2- , S2- is -2 O.N for atom or molecule in a neutral elements are zero ( 0 ) example : O2 , N2 , Na , Mg, Br 2 is 0 .
Oxidising agent --- chlorine gas O.N Oxidation number decreases (0 → -1) reduction +2 -1 0 +3 -1 2FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3 (i) The total oxidation number of all the atoms is equal to the charge on the ion . (ii) the total oxidation numbers for all atoms in neutral compound is zero . Example : (i) ClO - , oxidation number of chlorine is X 3
X + 3(-2) = -1 The charge of X -6 = -1 chlorate X = +5 (ii) The oxidation number of S in MgSO4 +2 + X + 4 (-2) = 0 +2 + X - 8 =0 Oxidation number of S X =+6
the total oxidation number for dichromate (VI) ion, Cr2O72- is -2 ,
manganate (VII) , MnO4-1 is -1
Oxidising and Reducing Agents Remember: An oxidising agent is itself REDUCED when it oxidises something A reducing agent is itself OXIDISED when it reduces something
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO Mg is oxidised, and thus is the reducing agent O2 is reduced, and thus is the oxidising agent List of common Oxidising and Reducing Agents
Realise something? H2O2 is both an oxidising and a reducing agent! If a stronger oxidising agent is present, H2O2 is reducing 8.3 Determine the oxidation number of any element in a compound Oxidation and Reduction ON is an indicator of the degree of the oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound Shows electrons transferred or shared in chemical substances To identify oxidation agent/ reduction agent
In terms of Oxidation States:
Oxidation: Gain in oxidation state in a species E.g. Mg is oxidized to MgO (Mg from 0 to +2 in Mg2+)
Reduction: Gain of electrons in a species
E.g. O2 is reduced to H2O2 (O from 0 to -1 in O22-)
Note: Oxidation states are always written in +x
or –x, never just x or x- (e.g. Oxidation State of Mg in MgO is +2, not 2 or -2) Chemical example ON species 1- Any element Fe, O2 , S8 0 2- Neutral CO2, H2SO4 0 compound 3- Monoatomic Na+ ,Mg2+, O2- +1,+2,-2 ion 4- Polyatomic Cr2O7-2 , NH4+ -2, +1 ion 5 - Alkali metal Li in LiF , K in K2CO3 +1 (G1) 6- Alkaline earth Mg in MgSO4, Ba in Ba3(PO4)2 +2 metal 7- Oxygen in O in any compound MgO, H2O , -2 any O in peroxides eg: H2O2 or Na2O2 , -1 compound O in with fluorine (F2O) +2 8- Fluorine F in any compound (being most -1 electronegative) 9- Hydrogen in H in nonmetal - HCl, H2O, CH4 +1 any H in metal hydrides (Na or Ca) -1 compound 10- Halogen (Cl, if bonded to less electronegative (NaCl). -ve Determine the oxidation numbers of the following 1) F- 2) Li 3) N 4) Ca2+ 5) CO2 Determine the oxidation state of… 1) H in H2O 2) N in NH4+ 3) S in S2O32- 4) Cr in Cr2O72- Determine the oxidation state of… 1) P in PO43- 2) H in H2S2 3) S in H2SO4 4) NH4+ 5) C6H12O6 6) Cr2O72- Identify oxidation and reducing agent
MnO4 5Fe 2 8H Mn 2 5Fe 3 4 H 2O Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents 1) Fe (s) + Cl2 (g) FeCl2 2) 2NH3 (g) + 3Cu(s) N2 (g) + 3Cu (s) + 3H2 (g) 3) Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) Cu (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq) Interlude: More real-life redox! Balancing redox reactions To make calculations in redox titrations, you need a balanced equation Thereare two ways of balancing redox reactions:-
1. Oxidation-number method 2. Ion-electron method (Half-reaction method) a) in Acidic solution b) in Basic solution 1.Oxidation-number method Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers. Step 2: Calculate number of electrons lost/gained – notice the number of atoms. Step 3: Balance atoms that lose / gain electrons. – Use lowest common multiple. – multiply numbers to make atoms equal. Step 4: Balance others by conventional method.
K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S → SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3
Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers.
K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S → SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3
Step 2: Calculate number of electrons
lost/gained – notice the number of atoms.
K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S → SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3
Step 3: Balance atoms that lose / gain electrons. – Use lowest common multiple.
K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S → SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3
Step 4: Balance others by conventional method.
K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S → SO2 + KOH + Cr2O3
P + HNO3 + H2O → NO + H3PO4 H2SeO3 + HClO3 → H2SeO4 + Cl2 + H2O
Step 3: Balance atoms that lose / gain electrons.
– Use lowest common multiple. TRY! 1) FeO (s) + C (s) Fe (s) + CO2 (g)
2) Sn (s) + HNO3 (aq) SnO2 (s) + NO2 (g) + H2O (g)
Balancing redox reactions
Example: Try to balance the following reaction by trial and error. 2 MnO4 H 2O2 H Mn O2 H 2O
Possible answer: MnO4 H 2 O2 2H Mn 2 2O2 2H 2 O 2MnO4 4H 2O2 4H 2Mn2 3O2 6H 2O Balancing redox reactions Example: Try to balance the following reaction by trial and error. MnO4 H 2O2 H Mn 2 O2 H 2O Actual answer: 2MnO4 5H 2O2 6H 2Mn 2 5O2 8H 2O Note: You might not even be told at the beginning that H+ is reactant, H2O is product. To be completed by student TRY 1) Assign On for each elements underlined a) CO32- b) I2 a) B4O72- b) PF3 c) CH4 c) SO42- d) NH4Cl d) AsH3
2) Identify the oxidizing and reducing agent
a) Fe (s) + Cl2 FeCl2 (s) b) Zn(s) + Cu (NO3) 2 (aq) Cu (s) + Zn(NO3) 2 (aq) c) 4Al(s) + 3O2 2Al2O3 (s)
3) Balance the equation
A) Fe + O2 Fe2O3 B) Cu + HNO3 + H2O Cu2+ + NO + 6OH- C) 2NH3 (g) + 3CuO(s) 3Cu (s) + 3H2O(g) Each half equation equations is separately balanced and then both equations are combined to obtain the whole.
May occur in:
(i) Acidic solution (ii) Basic solution The half-equation method Write down the given reactants and products of the reaction Identify the atoms in the given species that are undergoing oxidation / reduction and construct the unbalanced oxidation / reduction half-equations Balance both the half-equations using the following steps: Balance the “odd” atoms (“odd” atoms refer to atoms other than oxygen and hydrogen) Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions Balance charges by adding electrons Multiply the balanced half-equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal Add the resulting half-equations together, and eliminate any common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation. Oh yeah, the blue bottle… “Angry bottle” The blue colour is methylene blue in the oxidised form Before the bottle was shaken, the methylene blue is in the reduced state (colourless) After the bottle was shaken, the oxygen in the air oxidised the methylene blue to the oxidised state (blue) After a while, the glucose (reducing sugar) in the solution reduces the methylene blue back to the reduced state (colourless)
methyleneb lue(reduced )(colourless ) O2 (aq)
methyleneb lue (oxidised )(blue ) The half-equation method Example: Balance the following reaction: 2 MnO4 H 2O2 Mn O2 The half-equation method Step 1: Write down the given reactants and products of the reaction 2 MnO4 H 2O2 Mn O2 The half-equation method Step2: Identify the atoms in the given species that are undergoing oxidation / reduction and write the unbalanced oxidation / reduction half-equations
2 MnO4 H 2O2 Mn O2
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance the atoms undergoing oxidation / reduction
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance charges by adding electrons
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance charges by adding electrons
Reduction half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps:
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half-equations using the following steps:
Balance the atoms undergoing oxidation /
reduction Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance charges by adding electrons
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 3: Balance both the half- equations using the following steps: Balance charges by adding electrons
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 4: Multiply the balanced half- equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 4: Multiply the balanced half- equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 4: Multiply the balanced half- equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 4: Multiply the balanced half- equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half-equations are equal
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 4: Multiply the balanced half- equations by appropriate integers such that the number of electrons in both half- equations are equal
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations together, and eliminate any common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation.
Reduction half-equation:
Oxidation half-equation: The half-equation method Step 5: Add the resulting half- equations together, and eliminate any common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation. The half-equation method Step 5: Add the resulting half- equations together, and eliminate any common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation.
Balanced Equation: The half-equation method Step 5: Add the resulting half-equations together, and eliminate any common species on both sides to obtain the balanced equation.
Balanced Equation: TRY 1) MnO4- (aq) Mn2+ 2) Ni2+ (aq) Ni (s) 3) NO2 (g) NO3- 4) Ba (s) + Ag+ (aq) Ba2+ (aq) + Ag (s) 5) Fe2+ (aq) + MnO4– (aq) Mn2+ (aq) + Fe3+ (aq) 6) S2O32- + Cl2 SO42- + Cl-
