Section Two: Structure and Written Expression Questiont-12 The Native Americans of northem California were highly skilled at bask usig N\ the raw, Grasses, UAW, and rools they lound around thenfeusashien articles or and sizes - not onl containers, and cooking pots, but Hats, boats, fish traps, b: carriers, and ceremonial objects. () Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo - a group who lived ongge.nearthe coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the to the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diamejer and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Son|e of their Bagkets were completely covered with chell pondants; othors with foathors that do the baskote’ (10) surfaces as soft as the breasts “of birds. Moreover, the Pune uf mune: Z weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups mi got basketwork by ~ twining - the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called-wett, stqunddstiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily of’colling - a ptacess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired s} wag wrapping of flexible (15) strands. Only the Pomo people used both process: wal case and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variatio employing more than one of them in a single article. ‘Although a wide variety of materials was availabl&the Pomo people used only a _— few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used welt was sedge root, (20) a woody fiber that could easily be separatéthinto strands no thicker than a thread. For color, ‘ the Pomo people used the bark of regbd f jined work and dyed bull rush root for black in coiled work. Though otherdrateri ietimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry. , If the basketry mata ned the Pomo people were limited, the designs wer 25) amazingly varied. Every Pom, bas¥et maker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that aX ined igfa number of different ways. 4. What best distinguished Pomo els from baskets of other groups? (A) The range of ;, Shapes, designs (B) The unusual, ymetrit (C) The absent (0) The rare materialsUsed the Wasic twining process, often 2. The line 2 is closest in meaning to ( (8) organize @ (0) create Jeople used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT (8) feathers (C) [Saves (D) bark ‘What is the author's main point in the second paragraph? {A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques. {B) The Pomo people were the most skiled basket weavers in het real ; {C) The Pomo people leamed their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans. (0) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations 5. The word “others * in line 9 refers to (A) masters (8) baskets 9wT, (C) pendants (0) surfaces 6. According to the passage, the word “weft” is a (A) tool for separating sedge root (B) process used for coloring baskets (C) piable material woven around the warp (0) pattem used to decorate baskets 7. According to the passage, what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets’ ( (A) Bull rush (8) willow (C) Sedae (0) Redbud 8. The word “article” in line 17 is close in meaning to (A) decoration (8) shape (C) design (0) object 9. According to the passage. The relationship between redbud aN st similar to the relationship between (A) bull rush and coiling ) \d war (C) willow and feathers (0) s68ge nd weaving 10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) combinations (B) limitations (C) accessories (0) basic efements 11. The word “distinct” in lime 26 is closestif#meatiing to (A) systematic eautiful (C) different ) compatible 12. Which of the following stat mo baskets can be best inferred from the passage? (A) Baskets produced the Pomo people. (8) Baskets prodi Weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.” (C) There was, gtimber of basket making materials available to the Pomo. people. (0) The basket makingiproduction of the Pomo people has increased over the years. Questions 1360" B ent MS k that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. refore, be ar began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its ofa maj ‘ave been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, — =, pteximalely 95 percent ofthe entre crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material well fpf tie Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This (ata cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma Pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface. All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon ‘oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically (10) from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous focks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. ae Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains, / buried wel below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have been formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarserained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic. In the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickl (20) cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite ‘iferent from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called hyo. The most tnnely yrsimed iyiwous rk és vulcuniL yluss UF Ubsidl crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rp wuuliny, ulwts belicve it because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava, The black obsidian clifs (25) Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basall running head on jnto glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a black mass of glassy stone, 13. _ Inthe first paragraph, the author mentions that (A) the Earth began as a molten mass (6) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust (C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common (0) igneous rock is continually being formed 44, The word “invade" in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) move into (C) cover 45, The word “contemporary” in line 15 is closest in meaning to (A) vast (8) natural (C) existing (0) uneven. 16. The word “t*in line 16 refers to (A) granite ) surface (C) landscape (0) texture 17. Granite that has been four oungihas been (A) pushed up from bel fagma (8) produced during a n (C) gradually exp: n (0) pushed up by ing of the Earth 48. Which of the folowing ¥&yproduced when magma cools rapidl (A) Gra (8) Plutonic rock (C) Rhyplite (D) Mineral crystals 19. Thi fi line 22 is closest in meaning to Bw (C) Sensitive! ure easiively 20.Wyhichtpr the following is another name for volcanic glass? x) Plutonic rock (8) Crystal (C)Lava (0) Obsidian juestions 21-33 H eee ‘Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city.the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared - the use of money and (5) commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference 95chy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appear ar ra Coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople weg” twith hand tools. "The cities predicted the future,” wrote historian Gary. B. Nast even though they were overgrown with villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle Cast and China.” Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cj grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years pi the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 imr (10) (15) was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the’ Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm cot (@0) eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber. ‘occupied, there was litte in the region beyond the cit York and Philadelphia, by contrast, served a rich ai navigable watercourses. Scots, Irish, and Ge (25) followed the rivers inland. The regions aroy Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of Norffi Amesica, sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and southem Europe, where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market. 21. “Which of the following aspects of AiRerica jp the eighteenth century does the passage mainly discuss? of (A) The effects of war on the gro (8) The growth and influence offeiti rounding cities (C) The cities were growing at a great rate. (0) Mos le pretended to live in cities 23. Th in Place of "in line 5 is closest in meaning to (8) in addition to (0) instead of A Relword "attendant" in line 6 is closest in meening to A) aifoidable (8) accompanying (@VEinwelcome (0) unexpected Which of the following is mentioned as an element of modern capitalism? (A) Open competition () Social deference (C) Social hierarchy (0) Independent craftspeople 26. Iean be inferred that in comparison with North American cities, cities in Europe, the Middle East, and China had (A) large populations (6) ite independence {C) frequent social disorder 9627, The phrase “exponential leaps* ; betta PS" inne 12s closest in meaning to (C) rapid increases Sen exciting changes 28. ‘The word “it" in line 15 refers to (A) population (€) Boston vee 29. How many it ri How many nian arvein Noth Ames between 70) an 1775? (©) About 30,000 Oe ined ( (D) More than 200,000 30. The word “dictated” in line 18 is cl tin Tee jsestn meaning og (C) determined (0) aviaea 31. The word “virtually” in line20 is closest in meaning to (A) usually (8) hardly (©) very quickly (0) almost completely 32, The region surrounding New York at hiladelphia is contrasted with the region taoundng Soto terms of quality of farmland (8) origin of immigrants (C) opportunities for fishing (0) type of grain grown 33. Why does the author © around the cities of New York and Philadelphia as “breadbaskets"” (A) They produce: sspecially for making bread. (8) They stores ‘quahtitiesst grain during periods of drought (C) They supplied grain to other parts ‘of North America and other county {0) They consumed mde grain than al the other regions of North America, Questions sin the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to Fr ion uch ag choosing a university to atlend or a business to invest gains the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization € Wee ectual decisions made by people to theoretical deal decisions to see how (0) few power sources Gols Ray ove. Proponens of the worksheet procedure bekeve tha it wil yield opine he beet decisions. Although there are several variaions on the exact format that ree ne eet ake, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require “Joins tn problem ina clear and concise way and then Ising ll possible solulons fp re serie) Next the pertinent considerations that wil be affected by each decision are lst, Prolene importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each eared a rumercal value o reflect i relative importance. A decision consideration these values together. The alternative with the highest mathematically calculated by adding rnumber-of points emerges as the best decision. Pease most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alemanies to (15) choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages ‘One of the benefits of a ”We, 20) 5) 36. 36, 37. 38. a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in thei minds at once. A worksheet can be especialy Useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. a realistic example for many college students is the question ‘What will 1 do graduation?” A graduate might seek a positon that offers specialized training, pursue ‘advanced degree, or travel abroad fora year ‘A decision-making worksheet begins with a:sUting! statement of the probler will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction bet range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating studght might Ryise the question above to "What will | do after graduation that will ead to sycce Sul career? ‘What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Aluol lo assist in making eamplex decisions. (8) Acomparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions {C) Research on how people make decisions. (0) Differences between long-range and shor-range d isionttgaking The word “essentlal" In ine 8 Is closest in meaning (A) introductory (8) changable (C) beneficial {O) fundaméntal ‘The word ‘pertinent in ine 9 is closest jfmedhing to (A) relevant receding {C) insightful ) responsive Of te following steps, which others In making a decision worksheet? (A) Listing the consequences (8) Calculating a numerigatst (C) Deciding which co: 10st important (0) Waiting down alpo: ‘According to a€&:sihworkshieet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that (A) has the fewest variables to consider ‘worksheets 3 points assigned to it the greatest number of people The author states that "On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once (lines 17-18) to explain that (A) most decisions involve seven steps (8) human mental capacity has limitations (C) some people have dif culty making minor as well as major decisions (©) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice The word “succinct ‘in line 23 is closest in meaning to (A) creative (6) satisfactory on= ot 42. Which of the following terms is defined in the (C) Variables (line 18) (D) Long-range goals (line 26) mae fice 44, The word "revise" inline 26 is closest in meaning to (ayask (8) explain (0) change hpeac Questions 45-50 Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown (@patEAIEY one of wonder drugs of the postSecond World War years stimulated by the wartime need to find a cure for the fu military personnel. Scientists had beenifeverishly ser (3) _ kill the fungi but safe enough for human use, since, such as penicilin and streptomycin killed the very act fungi twas to discover a fungicide without that double Department of Health Laboratories at Albany, and Widely acclaimed ia in th@body that controlled the that Brown, New York State's n,"senior microbiologist at the Department of Health in New York, begaityeir long-distance collaboration. Based upon (10) Hazen's previous research at Columbia Univérsity,dihere she had built an impressive collection of fungus cultures, both that an antifungal organism already existed in cortain sols. They divided the wo samples, which she then (15) active agents, and si biological properties, | ically screened and cultured scores of sol 1, who prepared extracts, isolated and purified to New York, where Hazen could study their '2 1948 Yacalion, Hazenforuitousl.collected acum of soll from the edge of W.agNour asture in Fauquier County, Viginia, that, when tested, reveoled the prgserice of th anisms. In farm owner Nourse's honor. Hazen named ‘Streptomyces nourse and within a year the two scientists Knew that the propertios of thelr (20) suhtonpeatingished't from previously desetbed antibiotics. Mtr further research they eventually rédyced their substance to a fine, yelow powder, which they first named “jungicidén.” Thén renamed *nystati" (to honor the New York State laboratory) when they taarnad the nous ame was already in use. OF their major discovery. Brown said liahlly eonthat it sinply illustrated *how unpredictable consequences can come from rather modest (25) paginas” ,. "What is the main topic of the passage? (A) The lives of Hazen and Brown. {@) The development of a safe fungicide. {C) The New York State Depariment of Health (0) The development of peniciin. what can be reed tom te passage about pein? (ai ofecive wets urgsineiors San daveloes betore ny 0) tas dove ed ere the Second Worle Wat 1 nea a byprodvts nstatn ”a7. 48. 43, 50. Why does th 2 {A) Hazen and Brown developed nystatin there. {8) Brovm was educated there, (G) Hazen did reacarch there. {D) ltawarded a prize to Hazen and Brown, ‘The word "both in ine 11 refers to Hazen and Brown (@)peniellin and streptomycin (0) double effect What substance did Brown aoe and Hazen analyze? (8) Streptomycin (C) Bacteria (0) Properties Who was W. B. Nourse? (A) Amicrobiologist : (8) Ateacher of Hazen's {C)Acollector of fungi (0) A farmer 1e author mention Columbia University in line 10? a \\ {C) the Department of Health laboratories at Albany and New York \