1.

Samuel Coleridge-Taylor was a prominent classical music composer

from England who toured the US three times in the early 1900s. The
child of a West African father and an English mother, Coleridge-
Taylor emphasized his mixed-race ancestry. For example, he
referred to himself as Anglo-African. ______blank he incorporated the
sounds of traditional African music into his classical music
compositions.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In addition,
B. Actually,
C. However,
D. Regardless,

2. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was a road built between
1792 and 1794.
 It was the first private turnpike in the United States.
 It connected the cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster in the state of
Pennsylvania.
 It was sixty-two miles long.
The student wants to emphasize the distance covered by the Philadelphia
and Lancaster Turnpike. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The sixty-two-mile-long Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike
connected the Pennsylvania cities of Philadelphia and Lancaster.
B. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was the first private
turnpike in the United States.
C. The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, which connected two
Pennsylvania cities, was built between 1792 and 1794.
D. A historic Pennsylvania road, the Philadelphia and Lancaster
Turnpike was completed in 1794.

3. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Oracles of the Pink Universe was a 2021 exhibition at the Denver
Museum of Art in Colorado.
 It featured eight artworks by South African artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
 One of these works is a painting titled Assertion of Will.
 Assertion of Will depicts three standing figures.
 The figures wear clothing made of fabric pieces stitched to the
painting’s canvas.
The student wants to describe how fabric is used in Assertion of Will.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. In Assertion of Will, the figures’ clothing is made of fabric pieces
stitched to the painting’s canvas.
B. The exhibition Oracles of the Pink Universe featured artworks by
artist Simphiwe Ndzube.
C. Depicting three standing, clothed figures, Assertion of Will is a
painting by Simphiwe Ndzube.
D. Simphiwe Ndzube’s Assertion of Will was one of eight artworks
exhibited in Oracles of the Pink Universe at the Denver Museum of
Art.

4. In 1968, US Congressman John Conyers introduced a bill to establish

a national holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The bill didn’t
make it to a vote, but Conyers was determined. He teamed up with
Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman to be elected to Congress,
and they resubmitted the bill every session for the next fifteen
years. ______blank in 1983, the bill passed.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Instead,
B. Likewise,
C. Finally,
D. Additionally,

5. It has long been thought that humans first crossed a land bridge
into the Americas approximately 13,000 years ago. ______blank
based on radiocarbon dating of samples uncovered in Mexico, a
research team recently suggested that humans may have arrived
more than 30,000 years ago—much earlier than previously thought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. Similarly,
C. However,
D. In conclusion,

6. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

  Muslins are woven cotton fabrics with a variety of uses.
 Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric produced in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
 It has an extremely fine weave and is primarily used to make luxury
clothing.
 Sheeting muslin is a machine-made fabric produced in factories.
 It has a coarse weave and is primarily used to upholster furniture
and create backdrops for theater sets.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two muslins.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Dhaka muslin is a handmade fabric with an extremely fine weave,
while sheeting muslin is machine made with a coarse weave.
B. Dhaka muslin and sheeting muslin are two different types of woven
cotton fabrics.
C. Muslins can be used in a variety of ways, from making luxury
clothing to upholstering furniture and creating backdrops for theater
sets.
D. Sheeting muslin is machine made, has a coarse weave, and is used
for furniture and theater sets.

7. Researchers believe that pieces of hull found off Oregon’s coast are
from a Spanish cargo ship that was lost in 1697. Stories passed
down among the area’s Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
support this belief. ______blank Siletz stories describe how blocks of
beeswax, an item the ship had been carrying, began washing
ashore after the ship was lost.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For this reason,
B. For example,
C. However,
D. Likewise,

8. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The Azores is a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of
Portugal.
 Historians have long believed that in the fifteenth century
Portuguese mariners were the first humans to populate the Azores.
  A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel and Maria da Luz Mathias
found that Vikings from Scandinavia may have populated the Azores
as early as the ninth century.
 The researchers found a genetic connection between house mice in
the Azores and house mice in Scandinavia.
 House mice may have traveled from Scandinavia to the Azores on
Viking ships.
The student wants to specify who may have first populated the Azores,
according to the 2015 study. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Historians have long believed that the first humans to populate the
Azores, a group of islands about 870 miles off the coast of Portugal,
arrived in the fifteenth century.
B. Portuguese mariners may not have been the first humans to
populate the Azores.
C. In their 2015 study, the researchers found a genetic connection
between house mice in the Azores and those in Scandinavia.
D. According to a 2015 study, the first humans to populate the Azores
may have been Vikings from Scandinavia, not mariners from
Portugal as previously believed.

9. Geoscientists have long considered Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano to

be Earth’s largest shield volcano by volume, measuring
approximately 74,000 cubic kilometers. ______blank according to a
2020 study by local geoscientist Michael Garcia, Hawaii’s Pūhāhonu
shield volcano is significantly larger, boasting a volume of about
148,000 cubic kilometers.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Secondly,
B. Consequently,
C. Moreover,
D. However,

10. Before the 1847 introduction of the US postage stamp, the

cost of postage was usually paid by the recipient of a letter rather
than the sender, and recipients were not always able or willing to
pay promptly. ______blank collecting this fee could be slow and
 arduous, and heaps of unpaid-for, undeliverable mail piled up in
post offices.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. On the contrary,
C. Consequently,
D. For example,

11. A potter choosing which type of clay to use for a piece

considers two key factors: the desired look of the piece and its
intended use. ______blank earthenware clay is often used for
decorative pieces because of its rustic look. This type of clay is not
often used in industrial settings, though, because it is less durable
than other clays.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Regardless,
C. In conclusion,
D. For example,

12. In Gothic architecture, flying buttresses are large arches that

help support a building’s exterior walls. Before the Gothic era,
cathedrals’ heavy ceilings had to be supported by thick, short walls,
but the invention of flying buttresses eliminated this need.
______blank Gothic cathedrals could be built with thinner, higher
walls.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. For instance,
C. Nevertheless,
D. As a result,

13. Tyrian purple was a highly prized dye among the Phoenicians
(an ancient civilization located in present-day Lebanon). The
 Phoenicians were famous for using this natural dye to color their
clothes a distinctive purple. ______blank the name “Phoenicia” itself,
some historians claim, may have originally meant “land of purple.”
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In fact,
B. Regardless,
C. Lastly,
D. On the contrary,

14. Etched into Peru’s Nazca Desert are line drawings so large
that they can only be fully seen from high above. Archaeologists
have known of the lines since the 1920s, when a researcher spotted
some from a nearby foothill, and they have been studying the
markings ever since. ______blank archaeologists’ efforts are aided by
drones that capture high-resolution aerial photographs of the lines.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Currently,
B. In comparison,
C. Still,
D. However,

15. Most conifers (trees belonging to the phylum Coniferophyta)

are evergreen. That is, they keep their green leaves or needles
year-round. However, not all conifer species are evergreen. Larch
trees, ______blank lose their needles every fall.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. for instance,
B. nevertheless,
C. meanwhile,
D. in addition,

16. Small, flat structures called spatulae are found at the tips of
the hairs on a spider’s leg. These spatulae temporarily bond with
 the atoms of whatever they touch. ______blank spiders are able to
cling to and climb almost any surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For instance,
B. However,
C. Similarly,
D. As a result,

17. As a young historian in the 1950s, Alixa Naff began

interviewing fellow Arab American immigrants about their
experiences straddling two cultures. Over the next few decades,
Naff conducted more than 450 such interviews, also known as oral
histories. ______blank she collected photographs and other artifacts
that represented her subjects’ experiences.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. On the contrary,
C. In addition,
D. Today,

18. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Yellowstone is a national park in the northwest United States.
 In 1995, gray wolves were reintroduced into the park.
 Since then, the number of gray wolves in the park has stabilized at
roughly 100.
 This number is believed to be the park’s carrying capacity.
 Carrying capacity describes the maximum number of a species that
a specific environment’s resources can sustain over time.
The student wants to specify the number of gray wolves in Yellowstone.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone, a national park in
the northwest United States, in 1995.
B. As of 1995, there were gray wolves living in Yellowstone, a national
park in the northwest United States.
C. The carrying capacity of an environment, such as Yellowstone,
describes the maximum number of species that the environment
can sustain over time.
 D. Yellowstone is a national park that has roughly 100 gray wolves
living in it.

19. Neuroscientist Karen Konkoly wanted to determine whether

individuals can understand and respond to questions during REM
sleep. She first taught volunteers eye movements they would use to
respond to basic math problems while asleep (a single left-right eye
movement indicated the number one). ______blank she attached
electrodes to the volunteers’ faces to record their eye movements
during sleep.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. Next,
C. For instance,
D. In sum,

20. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Novelist Willa Cather grew up in Nebraska and attended the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
 Some of Cather’s best-known novels are set in Nebraska.
 Two such novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My Ántonia (1918).
 Cather’s novels describe the experiences of immigrants who settled
in the Great Plains.
The student wants to identify the setting of Cather’s novel My Ántonia.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. My Ántonia is set in Nebraska, where Cather grew up.
B. Cather, author of My Ántonia, described the experiences of
immigrants in her novels.
C. Among Cather’s best-known novels are O Pioneers! (1913) and My
Ántonia (1918).
D. Cather attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and set some of
her novels in Nebraska.
 21. In June, female loggerhead sea turtles will swim back to the
sandy beaches where they were born to lay eggs of their own. First,
the turtle will dig her nest in the sand. ______ she will lay up to 100
eggs in the nest. Finally, she will cover it all with sand, before
returning to the ocean.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. By contrast,
B. Similarly,
C. Next,
D. For example,

22. When Chinese director Chloé Zhao accepted the Oscar in 2021
for her film Nomadland, she made Academy Award history. ______
only one other woman, Kathryn Bigelow of the United States, had
been named best director at the Oscars, making Zhao the second
woman and the first Asian woman to win the award.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. Previously,
C. However,
D. Likewise,

23. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 2013, paleontology professor Hesham Sallam and his students
from Mansoura University in Egypt made a discovery.
 The team found a partial dinosaur skeleton at a site in Egypt’s
Dakhla Oasis.
 The skeleton belonged to a dinosaur species that lived
approximately 80 million years ago.
 The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team
that discovered it.
The student wants to explain the origin of the species’ name. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Mansourasaurus, a new species discovered in Egypt in 2013, lived
approximately 80 million years ago.
B. A partial dinosaur skeleton found in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis belonged
to a species named Mansourasaurus.
 C. Mansourasaurus, a species that lived approximately 80 million years
ago, was discovered in 2013 by Egyptian paleontologist Hesham
Sallam and a team of university students.
D. The new species was named Mansourasaurus to recognize the team
that discovered it, a professor and students from Mansoura
University.

24. The envelope-shaped paper bags common in the US 150 years

ago were impractical for carrying goods. ______ because they were
the only paper bags that could be mass-produced, these bags
dominated the market. That all changed in the 1870s, when
industrial designer Margaret Knight patented a machine to make
flat-bottomed, foldable paper bags.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. For instance,
C. Thus,
D. In other words,

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The tundra is a type of environment characterized by especially
harsh winter conditions.
 Winter temperatures in the tundra average a frigid −30negative 30
degrees Fahrenheit.
 Animals that have adapted to these conditions can survive tundra
winters.
 During the tundra’s short growing season, average temperatures
can reach a relatively mild 54 degrees Fahrenheit.
 Around 1,700 different kinds of plants are able to grow in the
tundra.
The student wants to emphasize how harsh the conditions can be in the
tundra. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Winters in the tundra are especially harsh, with temperatures
averaging a frigid −30negative 30 degrees Fahrenheit.
 B. Animals that have adapted to harsh winter conditions can survive
tundra winters.
C. There are around 1,700 different kinds of plants that can live in the
tundra, where average temperatures can reach a mild 54 degrees
Fahrenheit.
D. Along with animals that have adapted to the tundra’s conditions,
around 1,700 different kinds of plants can live in the tundra.

26. Although novels and poems are considered distinct literary

forms, many authors have created hybrid works that incorporate
elements of both. Bernardine Evaristo’s The Emperor’s Babe, ______
is a verse novel, a book-length narrative complete with characters
and a plot but conveyed in short, crisp lines of poetry rather than
prose.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. by contrast,
B. consequently,
C. secondly,
D. for example,

27. In studying whether jellyfish sleep, researchers Michael

Abrams, Claire Bedbrook, and Ravi Nath attempted to answer three
questions. ______ is there a period each day when the pulse rates of
jellyfish decline? Second, do jellyfish respond more slowly to stimuli
during that period? Finally, if prevented from sleeping, are jellyfish
adversely affected?
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. First,
C. Additionally,
D. However,

28. Every chemical compound has a spectroscopic fingerprint, a

pattern of reflected light unique to that compound. ______ upon
analyzing the light reflected by the bright regions on the surface of
 the dwarf planet Ceres, Maria Cristina De Sanctis of Rome’s National
Institute of Astrophysics was able to determine that the regions
contain large amounts of the compound sodium carbonate.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. Meanwhile,
C. Thus,
D. In comparison,

29. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Seikan Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Japan.
 It connects the island of Honshu to the island of Hokkaido.
 It is roughly 33 miles long.
 The Channel Tunnel is a rail tunnel in Europe.
 It connects Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France.
 It is about 31 miles long.
The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rail tunnels. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Some of the world’s rail tunnels, including one tunnel that extends
from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, are longer than 30
miles.
B. The Seikan Tunnel is roughly 33 miles long, while the slightly shorter
Channel Tunnel is about 31 miles long.
C. The Seikan Tunnel, which is roughly 33 miles long, connects the
Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.
D. Both the Seikan Tunnel, which is located in Japan, and the Channel
Tunnel, which is located in Europe, are examples of rail tunnels.

30. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 A wok is a cooking pan that originated in China during the Han
dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).
 The wok’s round, wide base helps to cook food evenly.
 The wok’s high, angled sides help to contain oil splatters.
  Grace Young is a cook and culinary historian.
 Her book The Breath of a Wok (2004) traces the history of the wok.
The student wants to describe the wok’s shape. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Grace Young’s 2004 book, The Breath of a Wok, traces the history of
the cooking pan.
B. Able to cook food evenly and contain oil splatters, the wok is the
subject of Grace Young’s 2004 book.
C. A wok is a cooking pan with a round, wide base and high, angled
sides.
D. The design of a wok, a type of cooking pan that originated in China
during the Han dynasty, helps the pan cook food evenly and contain
oil splatters.

31. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 NASA uses rovers, large remote vehicles with wheels, to explore the
surface of Mars.
 NASA’s rovers can’t explore regions inaccessible to wheeled
vehicles.
 Rovers are also heavy, making them difficult to land on the planet’s
surface.
 Microprobes, robotic probes that weigh as little as 50 milligrams,
could be deployed virtually anywhere on the surface of Mars.
 Microprobes have been proposed as an alternative to rovers.
The student wants to explain an advantage of microprobes. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Despite being heavy, NASA’s rovers can land successfully on the
surface of Mars.
B. Microprobes, which weigh as little as 50 milligrams, could explore
areas of Mars that are inaccessible to NASA’s heavy, wheeled
rovers.
C. NASA currently uses its rovers on Mars, but microprobes have been
proposed as an alternative.
D. Though they are different sizes, both microprobes and rovers can be
used to explore the surface of Mars.
 32. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 The Sasanian Empire lasted about 400 years (AD 224 to AD 651).
 The Sasanians controlled an area spanning 1.4 million square miles.
 This area included present-day Iran and Iraq.
 The empire’s capital was the ancient city of Ctesiphon.
 Ctesiphon was located near present-day Baghdad, Iraq.
The student wants to specify the location of Ctesiphon. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The Sasanian Empire began in AD 224 and ended in AD 651.
B. The capital of the Sasanian Empire, which spanned 1.4 million
square miles, was Ctesiphon.
C. The Sasanians controlled an area of 1.4 million square miles,
including present-day Iran and Iraq.
D. Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire, was located near
present-day Baghdad, Iraq.

33. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Archaeologist Dr. Sada Mire founded the Horn Heritage Foundation
to preserve the cultural history of regions in the Horn of Africa.
 Horn Heritage has overseen a preservation project to create 3D
digital scans of ancient rock art in Somaliland.
 Paintings found at the Laas Geel caves are included in the scans.
 The Laas Geel paintings feature human figures and animals.
 Paintings found at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves are included in the
scans.
 The Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature what are thought to be the
earliest examples of writing in East Africa.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Laas Geel
paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. The earliest examples of writing in East Africa are thought to be
featured in the paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves in
Somaliland.
B. The paintings at the Dhagah Nabi Galay caves feature examples of
writing, while those at the Laas Geel caves feature humans and
animals.
 C. In Somaliland, the paintings in the Laas Geel caves feature human
figures and animals.
D. The Laas Geel paintings and the Dhagah Nabi Galay paintings are
both examples of ancient rock art found in Somaliland.

34. Practical movie effects, such as the use of actual locations in a

film, provide a more realistic visual experience than computer-
generated imagery (CGI) does, but giving audiences the “real thing”
can be prohibitively expensive. ______ many filmmakers use a
blended approach, employing practical effects whenever possible
and CGI elements as necessary to control costs.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. For this reason,
C. Furthermore,
D. In other words,

35. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s 2013 novel Americanah

chronicles the divergent experiences of Ifemelu and Obinze, a young
Nigerian couple, after high school. Ifemelu moves to the United
States to attend a prestigious university. ______ Obinze travels to
London, hoping to start a career there. However, frustrated with the
lack of opportunities, he soon returns to Nigeria.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Meanwhile,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Secondly,
D. In fact,
 36. In the 1850s, William Still was instrumental in helping nearly
1,000 people escape from slavery, earning him the moniker “the
Father of the Underground Railroad.” ______ despite the fame of his
contributions during his lifetime, Still is discussed far less today than
other prominent Black abolitionists from his era, such as Frederick
Douglass and Harriet Tubman.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. However,
C. Specifically,
D. Similarly,

37. In 2018, Kurt Luther and Vikram Mohanty created the web-
based tool Civil War Photo Sleuth (CWPS). A user uploading an
unknown Civil War soldier’s photograph to CWPS first tags the photo
with all known information. ______ CWPS’s facial-recognition
software analyzes twenty-seven different physical features and
looks for matches to tagged images already in the database.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Then,
B. In fact,
C. Likewise,
D. For example,

38. Arkansas aviator Louise Thaden was already a record breaker

when she won the inaugural National Women’s Air Derby, a race
from California to Ohio, in August of 1929. ______ in December of
1928, Thaden had set an aviation record when she reached an
altitude of 20,269 feet in a Travel Air biplane.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Earlier,
B. However,
C. Next,
D. As a result,
 39. With darkness falling, a mother elephant loses sight of her calf
and wants to make sure it is safe. ______ she releases an infrasonic
call for the calf to hear. Infrasonic sound is below the range of
human hearing, but many animals can hear these sounds from
several miles away.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. For this reason,
C. Nowadays,
D. Similarly,

40. The number of dark spots that appear on the Sun, known as
sunspots, can vary greatly. For example, there were about 180
sunspots in November 2001. ______ there were only about 2
sunspots in December 2008.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Similarly,
C. Therefore,
D. By comparison,

41. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 1897, African American inventor Andrew Beard invented an
automatic coupler.
 It improved on the existing design of train car couplers.
 It made the job of connecting train cars safer.
  In 1938, African American inventor Frederick Jones invented a
mobile refrigeration system.
 It improved on the existing design of food transport trucks.
 It enabled trucks to carry perishable foods farther.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between Beard’s invention
and Jones’s invention. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Beard’s automatic coupler and Jones’s mobile refrigeration system
both improved on existing designs.
B. In 1897, Beard invented an automatic coupler, which made the job
of connecting train cars safer.
C. Beard’s invention made the job of connecting train cars safer,
whereas Jones’s invention enabled food transport trucks to carry
perishables farther.
D. Jones’s mobile refrigeration system, which he invented in 1938,
made it possible for food transport trucks to carry perishable foods
farther.

42. Organisms have evolved a number of surprising adaptations to

ensure their survival in adverse conditions. Tadpole shrimp (Triops
longicaudatus) embryos, ______ can pause development for over ten
years during extended periods of drought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in contrast,
B. for example,
C. meanwhile,
D. consequently,

43. By 1936, Spanish Romani dancer Carmen Amaya was known

all over Spain for her powerful style of flamenco dancing. However,
in July of that year, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War made it
difficult for her to perform in her home country. ______ Amaya left
Spain to perform abroad, dancing for audiences across North and
South America.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In comparison,
B. As a result,
C. First of all,
D. For example,
 44. “O2 Arena,” an award-winning science fiction story by
Nigerian author Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki, takes place in an
alternate version of Nigeria where breathable air is a rare
commodity that is owned and sold by companies. ______ people
must purchase it with currency called O2 credits.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. As a result,
B. In any case,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Earlier,

45. As biologist Terrie Williams has documented, deep dives

present a challenge for seals and other marine mammals. A seal
must exert enough energy to propel itself hundreds of meters
downward, while keeping its heart rate low enough that it doesn’t
run out of oxygen while underwater. ______ a seal moves its flippers
as little as possible on a deep dive, gliding to conserve energy.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In the first place,
B. On the other hand,
C. For this reason,
D. In comparison,

46. To explore how blinking affects social interactions, Dutch

researchers observed interactions between human speakers and
“listeners” (animated human faces on a screen). The researchers
found that when the listeners blinked slowly, the speakers tended to
talk for less time. ______ quicker blinks were associated with longer
talking times.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. Specifically,
C. Firstly,
 D. By contrast,

47. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Jon Ching is a Los Angeles-based painter.
 He uses the term “flauna” to describe the plant-animal hybrids that
he depicts in his surreal paintings.
 “Flauna” is a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
 His painting Nectar depicts a parrot with leaves for feathers.
 His painting Primaveral depicts a snow leopard whose fur sprouts
flowers.
The student wants to provide an explanation and example of “flauna.”
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The term “flauna,” used by Los Angeles-based painter Jon Ching, is
a combination of the words “flora” and “fauna.”
B. Jon Ching uses the term “flauna,” a combination of the words “flora”
and “fauna,” to describe the subjects of his surreal paintings: plant-
animal hybrids such as a parrot with leaves for feathers.
C. Jon Ching, who created Nectar, refers to the subjects of his paintings
as “flauna.”
D. The subjects of Nectar and Primaveral are types of “flauna,” a term
that the paintings’ creator, Jon Ching, uses when describing his
surreal artworks.

48. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The painter Frida Kahlo is one of the most influential artists of the
twentieth century.
 She was born in Coyoacán, Mexico, in 1907.
 She is best known for her vivid and richly symbolic self-portraits.
 The Two Fridas (1939) features two versions of Kahlo sitting
together.
 One version wears a European-style dress and the other a
traditional Tehuana dress.
The student wants to introduce Kahlo to an audience unfamiliar with the
artist. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
 A. Known for being vivid and richly symbolic, Frida Kahlo’s self-
portraits include The Two Fridas (1939).
B. The 1939 painting The Two Fridas is one example of a self-portrait
by Frida Kahlo.
C. One painting by Frida Kahlo features two versions of herself, with
one version wearing a European-style dress and the other a
traditional Tehuana dress.
D. One of the most influential artists of the twentieth century, Mexican
painter Frida Kahlo is best known for her self-portraits, which are
vivid and richly symbolic.

49. In 1885, Chinese-born California resident Mary Tape became a

hero of the Asian American civil rights movement. In January of that
year, she won an antidiscrimination case in the California Supreme
Court. ______ in April, she wrote an open letter criticizing her local
board of education for discrimination. Both actions are remembered
today as historic stands against racism.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Later,
B. For instance,
C. In other words,
D. Rather,

50. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Bioluminescence is the emission of light by living organisms.
 This light is produced by chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.
 Jellyfish emit flashes of blue light.
 This behavior serves to startle predators.
 Black dragonfish emit a steady red light.
 This behavior helps them locate prey in deep waters.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the behavior of
jellyfish and that of black dragonfish. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Both jellyfish and black dragonfish are organisms that emit light,
which is produced by chemical reactions in these organisms’ cells.
 B. Black dragonfish emit a steady red light, which helps them locate
prey in deep waters.
C. Bioluminescence, the emission of light by living organisms, results
from chemical reactions in organisms’ cells.
D. Jellyfish emit light to startle predators, whereas black dragonfish do
so to locate prey.

51. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Annie Wu is a prominent American flutist who graduated from the
New England Conservatory.
 She has won multiple national flute competitions.
 She is best known for a 2011 YouTube video that has been viewed
over two million times.
 The video shows her performing Three Beats for Beatbox Flute, an
original work by composer Greg Pattillo.
 Wu combines flute playing and beatboxing in the video.
The student wants to emphasize Wu’s most well-known achievement.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Annie Wu, who has won multiple national flute competitions, has
also combined flute playing and beatboxing.
B. Among her many achievements, prominent American flutist Annie
Wu graduated from the New England Conservatory and has won
multiple national flute competitions.
C. Annie Wu is best known for a 2011 YouTube video performance of
Three Beats for Beatbox Flute that has been viewed over two million
times.
D. Composer Greg Pattillo’s original work Three Beats for Beatbox
Flute combines flute playing and beatboxing.

52. During a 2021 launch, Rocket Labs’ Electron rocket

experienced an unexpected failure: its second-stage booster shut
down suddenly after ignition. ______ instead of downplaying the
incident, Rocket Labs’ CEO publicly acknowledged what happened
and apologized for the loss of the rocket’s payload, which had
consisted of two satellites.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Afterward,
B. Additionally,
C. Indeed,
D. Similarly,

53. In 1891, dancer and choreographer Loie Fuller first performed

her celebrated Serpentine Dance, artfully twirling her long, flowing
skirt to create striking visual effects. ______ in 1896, cinema
pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière made a groundbreaking short
film of Fuller’s dance.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. In conclusion,
C. Later,
D. In other words,

54. Phytoplankton play a crucial role in the ocean’s uptake of

carbon from the atmosphere. When alive, these tiny marine
organisms absorb atmospheric carbon via photosynthesis. ______
after they die, the phytoplankton sink to the seafloor, where the
carbon in their cells gets stored in sediment, preventing it from
cycling back into the atmosphere.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. By contrast,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Then,
 55. Riley Black—the author of critically acclaimed books such as
My Beloved Brontosaurus (2013)—is best known for writing about
dinosaurs, but she has also conducted hands-on fieldwork. ______
her fieldwork has included paleontological digs in Utah, Montana,
and Wyoming, and her dinosaur fossil discoveries can be seen at
places such as the Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Regardless,
B. Subsequently,
C. Specifically,
D. Conversely,

56. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The calendar used by most of the world (the Gregorian calendar)
has 365 days.
 Because 365 days can’t be divided evenly by 7 (the number of days
in a week), calendar dates fall on a different day of the week each
year.
 The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar, developed as an alternative
to the Gregorian calendar, has 364 days.
 Because 364 can be divided evenly by 7, calendar dates fall on the
same day of the week each year, which supports more predictable
scheduling.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the Hanke-Henry calendar.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The Gregorian calendar has 365 days, which is one day longer than
the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar.
B. Adopting the Hanke-Henry permanent calendar would help solve a
problem with the Gregorian calendar.
C. Designed so calendar dates would occur on the same day of the
week each year, the Hanke-Henry calendar supports more
predictable scheduling than does the Gregorian calendar.
D. The Hanke-Henry permanent calendar was developed as an
alternative to the Gregorian calendar, which is currently the most-
used calendar in the world.
 57. Laetitia Ky’s hair is her art. Inspired by hairstyles from various
African tribes, the Ivorian artist uses wire and thread to sculpt her
hair into all kinds of shapes. ______ she once made her hair into the
shape of the continent of Africa—including the island of
Madagascar!
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Soon,
B. Elsewhere,
C. For example,
D. However,

58. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Organisms release cellular material into their environment by
shedding substances such as hair or skin.
 The DNA in these substances is known as environmental DNA, or
eDNA.
 Researchers collect and analyze eDNA to detect the presence of
species that are difficult to observe.
 Geneticist Sara Oyler-McCance’s research team analyzed eDNA in
water samples from the Florida Everglades to detect invasive
constrictor snake species in the area.
The study determined a 91% probability of detecting Burmese python eDNA in a given location.

The student wants to present the study to an audience already familiar

with environmental DNA. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed eDNA in water samples
from the Florida Everglades for evidence of invasive constrictor
snakes, which are difficult to observe.
B. An analysis of eDNA can detect the presence of invasive species
that are difficult to observe, such as constrictor snakes.
C. Researchers found Burmese python eDNA, or environmental DNA, in
water samples; eDNA is the DNA in released cellular materials, such
as shed skin cells.
D. Sara Oyler-McCance’s researchers analyzed environmental DNA
(eDNA)—that is, DNA from cellular materials released by organisms
—in water samples from the Florida Everglades.
 59. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Sam Maloof (1916–2009) was an American woodworker and
furniture designer.
 He was the son of Lebanese immigrants.
 He received a “genius grant” from the John D. and Catherine T.
MacArthur Foundation in 1985.
 The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, owns a rocking
chair that Maloof made from walnut wood.
 The armrests and the seat of the chair are sleek and contoured, and
the back consists of seven spindle-like slats.
The student wants to describe the rocking chair to an audience unfamiliar
with Sam Maloof. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. With its sleek, contoured armrests and seat, the walnut rocking
chair in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts is just one piece of furniture
created by American woodworker Sam Maloof.
B. Sam Maloof was born in 1916 and died in 2009, and during his life,
he made a chair that you can see if you visit the Museum of Fine
Arts in Boston.
C. Furniture designer Sam Maloof was a recipient of one of the John D.
and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s “genius grants.”
D. The rocking chair is made from walnut, and it has been shaped such
that its armrests and seat are sleek and contoured.

60. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Species belonging to the Orchidaceae (orchid) family can be found
in both tropical and temperate environments.
 Orchidaceae species diversity has not been well studied in
temperate forests, such as those in Oaxaca, Mexico.
 Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández led a study to determine how
many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests of
Oaxaca.
 Muñoz-Hernández and her team collected orchids each month for a
year at a site in Oaxaca.
 Seventy-four Orchidaceae species were present at the site.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
 A. A study led by Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández identified a total
of 74 Orchidaceae species in the temperate forests of Oaxaca,
Mexico.
B. There are orchids in many environments, but there are 74
Orchidaceae species in Oaxaca, Mexico.
C. Oaxaca, Mexico, is home to temperate forests containing 74
Orchidaceae species.
D. Arelee Estefanía Muñoz-Hernández and her team wanted to know
how many different Orchidaceae species are present in the forests
of Oaxaca, Mexico, so they conducted a study to collect orchids.

61. Most of the planets that have been discovered outside our
solar system orbit G-type stars, like our Sun. In 2014, ______
researchers identified a planet orbiting KELT-9, a B-type star more
than twice as massive and nearly twice as hot as the Sun. Called
KELT-9b, it is one of the hottest planets ever discovered.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. likewise,
B. however,
C. therefore,
D. for example,

62. The Babylonian king Hammurabi achieved much during his

forty-year reign. He conquered all of Mesopotamia and built Babylon
into one of the most powerful cities of the ancient world. Today,
______ he is mainly remembered for a code of laws inscribed on a
seven-foot-tall block of stone: the Code of Hammurabi.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. therefore,
B. likewise,
C. however,
D. for instance,
 63. Some members of the US Supreme Court have resisted calls to
televise the court’s oral arguments, concerned that the participants
would be tempted to perform for the cameras (and thus lower the
quality of the discourse). ______ the justices worry that most viewers
would not even watch the full deliberations, only short clips that
could be misinterpreted and mischaracterized.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. Additionally,
C. In comparison,
D. For example,

64. Award-winning travel writer Linda Watanabe McFerrin

considers the background research she conducts on destinations
featured in her travel books to be its own reward. ______ McFerrin
admits to finding the research phase of her work just as fascinating
and engaging as exploring a location in person.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. By contrast,
B. Likewise,
C. Besides,
D. In fact,

65. In 1873, Spanish scientist Santiago Ramón y Cajal observed

that brain fibers have distinct boundaries with clear end points, a
finding that went against earlier assumptions about the brain. ______
scientists had assumed that the brain was a continuous web of
fused fibers, not a vast network of distinct, individual cells.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. Previously,
C. As a result,
D. Likewise,
 66. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Platinum is a rare and expensive metal.
 It is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions.
 Platinum catalysts typically require a large amount of platinum to be
effective.
 Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum
catalyst that combines platinum with liquid gallium.
 Their catalyst was highly effective and required only trace amounts
of platinum (0.0001% of the atoms in the mixture).
The student wants to explain an advantage of the new platinum catalyst
developed by Jianbo Tang and his colleagues. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Researcher Jianbo Tang and his colleagues created a platinum
catalyst that combines platinum, a rare and expensive metal, with
liquid gallium.
B. Like other platinum catalysts, the new platinum catalyst requires a
particular amount of the metal to be effective.
C. Platinum is a rare and expensive metal that is used as a catalyst for
chemical reactions; however, platinum catalysts typically require a
large amount of platinum to be effective.
D. While still highly effective, the new platinum catalyst requires far
less of the rare and expensive metal than do other platinum
catalysts.

67. For years, biologists have experimented with using grime-

eating bacteria rather than harsh chemicals to clean artworks, and
results have been impressive overall. ______ these bacterial strains—
which can metabolize centuries’ worth of oil, glue, dirt, and other
surface impurities without creating harmful byproducts—have
proven more effective than traditional chemical cleaning methods.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. In many cases,
C. As a result,
D. Additionally,
 68. Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and
tone depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his poetry,
he used heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of
his natural surroundings; in his journalism, ______blank he employed
humor and satire to comment on political issues affecting his
Muskogee Creek community.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. that is,
B. granted,
C. similarly,
D. by contrast,

69. Okot p’Bitek’s poem Song of Lawino (1966) explores

postcolonial Ugandan life through the eyes of a woman living in a
rural village. With its vibrant imagery, bitingly satiric tone, and
dexterous use of traditional Acholi song and phraseology, the poem
inspired a generation of East African writers. ______blank those who
adopted its style are often referred to as Okot School poets.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Nevertheless,
B. Fittingly,
C. By comparison,
D. Instead,

70. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Allan Houser was a Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache sculptor,
illustrator, and painter.
 Many of his sculptures featured Native American figures.
  He depicted this subject matter using abstract, modernist forms,
developing a distinctive style that influenced many other artists.
 His well-known sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow was pictured on the
State of Oklahoma license plate.
The student wants to describe the distinctive style of Houser’s sculptures.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. A sculptor, illustrator, and painter, Houser developed a distinctive
style for portraying Native American figures.
B. Houser’s sculptures employ abstract, modernist forms to depict
Native American figures.
C. Many other artists have been influenced by the style of Houser’s
sculptures.
D. The sculpture Sacred Rain Arrow is a well-known example of
Houser’s style.

71. Because an achiral molecule is symmetrical, flipping it yields a

structurally identical molecule. A flipped chiral molecule, ______blank
can be compared to a glove that has been turned inside out: it
produces a structurally inverted molecule rather than an identical
one.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in other words,
B. by contrast,
C. for example,
D. similarly,

72. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In the midst of the US Civil War, Susie Taylor escaped slavery and
fled to Union-army-occupied St. Simons Island off the Georgia coast.
 She began working for an all-Black army regiment as a nurse and
teacher.
 In 1902, she published a book about the time she spent with the
regiment.
 Her book was the only Civil War memoir to be published by a Black
woman.
 It is still available to readers in print and online.
The student wants to emphasize the uniqueness of Taylor’s
accomplishment. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Taylor fled to St. Simons Island, which was then occupied by the
Union army, for whom she began working.
B. After escaping slavery, Taylor began working for an all-Black army
regiment as a nurse and teacher.
C. The book Taylor wrote about the time she spent with the regiment is
still available to readers in print and online.
D. Taylor was the only Black woman to publish a Civil War memoir.

73. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Cities tend to have a wide range of flowering vegetation in parks,
yards, and gardens.
 This vegetation provides a varied diet for honeybees, strengthening
bees’ immune systems.
 On average, 62.5 percent of bees in an urban area will survive a
harsh winter.
 Rural areas are often dominated by monoculture crops such as corn
or wheat.
 On average, only 40 percent of honeybees in a rural area will
survive a harsh winter.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about
honeybees. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Cities tend to have a wider range of flowering vegetation than do
rural areas, which are often dominated by monoculture crops.
B. In urban areas, over 60 percent of honeybees, on average, will
survive a harsh winter, whereas in rural areas, only 40 percent will.
C. The strength of honeybees’ immune systems depends on what the
bees eat, and a varied diet is more available to bees in an urban
area than to those in a rural area.
D. Honeybees are more likely to thrive in cities than in rural areas
because the varied diet available in urban areas strengthens the
bees’ immune systems.
 74. Jhumpa Lahiri’s story collection Interpreter of Maladies
features multiple stories about romantic relationships. In “This
Blessed House,” newlyweds argue over whether to replace items
left by the previous owners of their new home. ______blank in “A
Temporary Matter,” a husband and wife attempt to rekindle their
relationship during a four-night blackout.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Granted,
B. For example,
C. Likewise,
D. Hence,

75. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 2018 researchers Adwait Deshpande, Shreejata Gupta, and
Anindya Sinha were observing wild macaques in India’s Bandipur
National Park.
 They saw macaques calling out to and gesturing at humans who
were eating or carrying food.
 They designed a study to find out if the macaques were intentionally
communicating to try to persuade the humans to share their food.
 In the study trials, macaques frequently called out to and gestured
at humans holding food.
 In the study trials, macaques called out to and gestured at empty-
handed humans less frequently.
The student wants to present the study’s results. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Macaques in the study called out to and gestured more frequently at
humans holding food than at empty-handed humans.
B. In 2018, researchers who had observed macaques in India’s
Bandipur National Park calling out to and gesturing at humans
designed a study.
C. The researchers hoped to find out if the macaques were
intentionally communicating to try to persuade humans to share
their food.
D. The researchers studied how macaques behaved around both
humans holding food and empty-handed humans.
 76. Before California’s 1911 election to approve a proposition
granting women the right to vote, activists across the state sold tea
to promote the cause of suffrage. In San Francisco, the Woman’s
Suffrage Party sold Equality Tea at local fairs. ______blank in Los
Angeles, activist Nancy Tuttle Craig, who ran one of California’s
largest grocery store firms, distributed Votes for Women Tea.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. To conclude,
C. Similarly,
D. In other words,
77. In 2019, researcher Patricia Jurado Gonzalez and food
historian Nawal Nasrallah prepared a stew from a 4,000-year-old
recipe found on a Mesopotamian clay tablet. When they tasted the
dish, known as pašrūtum (“unwinding”), they found that it had a
mild taste and inspired a sense of calm. ______blank the researchers,
knowing that dishes were sometimes named after their intended
effects, theorized that the dish’s name, “unwinding,” referred to its
function: to help ancient diners relax.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Therefore,
B. Alternately,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Likewise,

78. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 2013, archaeologists studied cat bone fragments they had found
in the ruins of Quanhucun, a Chinese farming village.
 The fragments were estimated to be 5,300 years old.
 A chemical analysis of the fragments revealed that the cats had
consumed large amounts of grain.
 The grain consumption is evidence that the Quanhucun cats may
have been domesticated.
The student wants to present the Quanhucun study and its conclusions.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. As part of a 2013 study of cat domestication, a chemical analysis
was conducted on cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China.
 B. A 2013 analysis of cat bone fragments found in Quanhucun, China,
suggests that cats there may have been domesticated 5,300 years
ago.
C. In 2013, archaeologists studied what cats in Quanhucun, China, had
eaten more than 5,000 years ago.
D. Cat bone fragments estimated to be 5,300 years old were found in
Quanhucun, China, in 2013.

79. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Muckrakers were journalists who sought to expose corruption in US
institutions during the Progressive Era (1897–1920).
 Ida Tarbell was a muckraker who investigated the Standard Oil
Company.
 She interviewed Standard Oil Company executives, oil industry
workers, and public officials.
 She examined thousands of pages of the company’s internal
communications, including letters and financial records.
 Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed
the company’s unfair business practices.
The student wants to emphasize the thoroughness of Ida Tarbell’s
investigation of the Standard Oil Company. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Ida Tarbell not only interviewed Standard Oil executives, oil industry
workers, and public officials but also examined thousands of pages
of the company’s internal communications.
B. Ida Tarbell, who investigated the Standard Oil Company, was a
muckraker (a journalist who sought to expose corruption in US
institutions during the Progressive Era, 1897–1920).
C. As part of her investigation of the Standard Oil Company, muckraker
Ida Tarbell conducted interviews.
D. Published in 1904, muckraker Ida Tarbell’s book The History of the
Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s unfair business
practices.
 80. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 John Carver was one of the 41 signatories of the Mayflower
Compact.
 The Mayflower Compact was a legal agreement among the pilgrims
that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
 It was created in 1620 to establish a common government.
 It states that the pilgrims who signed it wanted to “plant the first
colony in the northern parts of Virginia” under King James.
 Carver became the first governor of Plymouth Colony.
The student wants to specify the reason the Mayflower Compact was
created. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Stating that its signatories wanted to “plant the first colony in the
northern parts of Virginia,” the Mayflower Compact was a legal
agreement among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth Colony.
B. Created in 1620, the Mayflower Compact states that the pilgrims
wanted to “plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia.”
C. The Mayflower Compact was created to establish a common
government among the pilgrims that immigrated to Plymouth
Colony.
D. The Mayflower Compact had 41 signatories, including John Carver,
the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

81. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Jordan Bennett is a Mi’Kmaq visual artist.
 The Mi’Kmaq are a First Nations people in North America.
 Bennett’s paintings pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq
craftsmanship and have been displayed in over 75 exhibitions.
 His 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.
 His 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art Gallery of
Nova Scotia.
The student wants to emphasize the order in which two of Jordan
Bennett’s exhibitions were held. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Jordan Bennett’s 2017 exhibition Wije’wi was followed a year later
by his exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik.
B. Jordan Bennett’s paintings, some of which appeared in 2017 and
2018 exhibitions, pay homage to traditional Mi’Kmaq craftsmanship.
C. Mi’Kmaq visual artist Jordan Bennett has displayed his work in over
75 exhibitions, including Wije’wi and Ketu’elmita’jik.
 D. Jordan Bennett’s 2018 exhibition Ketu’elmita’jik was held at the Art
Gallery of Nova Scotia; another was held at the Grenfell Art Gallery.

82. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs.
 Coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems that provide habitats to
25% of all marine species.
 Reefs can include up to 8,000 species of fish, such as toadfish,
seahorses, and clown triggerfish.
 The Amazon Reef is a coral reef in Brazil.
 It is one of the largest known reefs in the world.
The student wants to introduce the scientist and her field of study to a
new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Located in Brazil, the Amazon Reef is one of the largest known coral
reefs in the world.
B. Marine biologist Camille Jazmin Gaynus studies coral reefs, vital
underwater ecosystems that provide homes to 25% of all marine
species.
C. Providing homes to 25% of all marine species, including up to 8,000
species of fish, coral reefs are vital underwater ecosystems and thus
of great interest to marine biologists.
D. As Camille Jazmin Gaynus knows well, coral reefs are vital
underwater ecosystems, providing homes to thousands of species of
fish.

83. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee: Native America from 1890 to the
Present is a history book by Ojibwe author David Treuer.
 In a review, a critic for The Economist noted that “Treuer’s
storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of
[a] complex narrative.”
 A critic for O, The Oprah Magazine called it “a marvel of research
and storytelling.”
 A critic for the Missoulian dubbed it “a monumental achievement.”
The student wants to emphasize a similarity in how critics responded to
Treuer’s book. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Treuer’s book, which was widely reviewed, focuses on Native
American history from 1890 to the present.
B. Dubbed “a monumental achievement” by the Missoulian, Treuer’s
book documents over a century of Native American history.
C. Critics praised Treuer’s book for its compelling narrative, with O,
The Oprah Magazine calling it “a marvel of research and
storytelling” and The Economist likewise writing that “Treuer’s
storytelling skills shine” and that the book is an “elegant handling of
[a] complex narrative.”
D. While the Missoulian focused on the book’s broader achievement,
The Economist zeroed in on Treuer’s storytelling skills.

84. In 1933, the Twentieth Amendment to the US Constitution was

ratified. The amendment mandates that presidential inaugurations
be held on January 20, approximately ten weeks after the November
election. ______ this amendment requires newly elected US senators
and representatives to be sworn into their respective offices on
January 3.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Instead,
B. For instance,
C. Specifically,
D. In addition,

85. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 2019, Emily Shepard and colleagues in the UK and Germany
studied the effect of wind on auks’ success in landing at cliffside
nesting sites.
 They found as wind conditions intensified, the birds needed more
attempts in order to make a successful landing.
 When the wind was still, almost 100% of landing attempts were
successful.
  In a strong breeze, approximately 40% of attempts were successful.
 In near-gale conditions, only around 20% of attempts were
successful.
The student wants to summarize the study. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. For a 2019 study, researchers from the UK and Germany collected
data on auks’ attempts to land at cliffside nesting sites in different
wind conditions.
B. Emily Shepard and her colleagues wanted to know the extent to
which wind affected auks’ success in landing at cliffside nesting
sites, so they conducted a study.
C. Knowing that auks often need multiple attempts to land at their
cliffside nesting sites, Emily Shepard studied the birds’ success rate,
which was only around 20% in some conditions.
D. Emily Shepard’s 2019 study of auks’ success in landing at cliffside
nesting sites showed that as wind conditions intensified, the birds’
success rate decreased.

86. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 2020, theater students at Radford and Virginia Tech chose an
interactive, online format to present a play about woman suffrage
activists.
 Their “Women and the Vote” website featured an interactive digital
drawing of a Victorian-style house.
 Audiences were asked to focus on a room of their choice and select
from that room an artifact related to the suffrage movement.
 One click took them to video clips, songs, artwork, and texts
associated with the artifact.
 The play was popular with audiences because the format allowed
them to control the experience.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the “Women and the Vote”
format. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. “Women and the Vote” featured a drawing of a Victorian-style house
with several rooms, each containing suffrage artifacts.
B. To access video clips, songs, artwork, and texts, audiences had to
first click on an artifact.
C. The “Women and the Vote” format appealed to audiences because
it allowed them to control the experience.
 D. Using an interactive format, theater students at Radford and
Virginia Tech created “Women and the Vote,” a play about woman
suffrage activists.

87. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Soo Sunny Park is a Korean American artist who uses light as her
primary medium of expression.
 She created her work Unwoven Light in 2013.
 Unwoven Light featured a chain-link fence fitted with iridescent
plexiglass tiles.
 When light passed through the fence, colorful prisms formed.
The student wants to describe Unwoven Light to an audience unfamiliar
with Soo Sunny Park. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Park’s 2013 installation Unwoven Light, which included a chain-link
fence and iridescent tiles made from plexiglass, featured light as its
primary medium of expression.
B. Korean American light artist Soo Sunny Park created Unwoven Light
in 2013.
C. The chain-link fence in Soo Sunny Park’s Unwoven Light was fitted
with tiles made from iridescent plexiglass.
D. In Unwoven Light, a 2013 work by Korean American artist Soo Sunny
Park, light formed colorful prisms as it passed through a fence Park
had fitted with iridescent tiles.

88. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Bharati Mukherjee was an Indian-born author of novels and short
stories.
  She published the novel The Holder of the World in 1993.
 A central character in the novel is a woman living in twentieth-
century United States.
 Another central character is a woman living in seventeenth-century
India.
The student wants to introduce the novel The Holder of the World to an
audience already familiar with Bharati Mukherjee. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Bharati Mukherjee’s settings include both twentieth-century United
States and seventeenth-century India.
B. In addition to her novel The Holder of the World, which was
published in 1993, Indian-born author Bharati Mukherjee wrote other
novels and short stories.
C. Bharati Mukherjee’s novel The Holder of the World centers around
two women, one living in twentieth-century United States and the
other in seventeenth-century India.
D. The Holder of the World was not the only novel written by Indian-
born author Bharati Mukherjee.

89. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Severo Ochoa discovered the enzyme PNPase in 1955.
 PNPase is involved in both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
 Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that PNPase provides the genetic
blueprints for mRNA.
 The discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the human
genetic code.
 Deciphering the genetic code has led to a better understanding of
how genetic variations affect human health.
The student wants to emphasize the significance of Ochoa’s discovery.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Ochoa’s 1955 discovery of PNPase proved critical to deciphering the
human genetic code, leading to a better understanding of how
genetic variations affect human health.
B. Ochoa first discovered PNPase, an enzyme that he hypothesized
contained the genetic blueprints for mRNA, in 1955.
C. In 1955, Ochoa discovered the PNPase enzyme, which is involved in
both the creation and degradation of mRNA.
 D. Though his discovery of PNPase was critical to deciphering the
human genetic code, Ochoa incorrectly hypothesized that the
enzyme was the source of mRNA’s genetic blueprints.

90. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Pterosaurs were flying reptiles that existed millions of years ago.
 In a 2021 study, Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan analyzed fragments of
pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert.
 She was initially unsure if the bones belonged to juvenile or adult
pterosaurs.
 She used advanced microscope techniques to determine that the
bones had few growth lines relative to the bones of fully grown
pterosaurs.
 She concluded that the bones belonged to juveniles.
The student wants to present the study and its findings. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. In 2021, Chinsamy-Turan studied pterosaur jawbones and was
initially unsure if the bones belonged to juveniles or adults.
B. Pterosaur jawbones located in the Sahara Desert were the focus of a
2021 study.
C. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan used advanced microscope
techniques to analyze the jawbones of pterosaurs, flying reptiles
that existed millions of years ago.
D. In a 2021 study, Chinsamy-Turan determined that pterosaur
jawbones located in the Sahara Desert had few growth lines relative
to the bones of fully grown pterosaurs and thus belonged to
juveniles.

91. The more diverse and wide ranging an animal’s behaviors, the
larger and more energy demanding the animal’s brain tends to be.
______blank from an evolutionary perspective, animals that perform
only basic actions should allocate fewer resources to growing and
maintaining brain tissue. The specialized subtypes of ants within
colonies provide an opportunity to explore this hypothesis.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Subsequently,
B. Besides,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Thus,

92. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Some US reformers sought to improve society in the 1800s by
building utopias.
 A utopia is a community intended to represent a perfect society
based on a specific set of principles.
 One such community was Brook Farm near Boston, Massachusetts.
 It was founded in 1841 by writer George Ripley.
 Ripley wrote in a letter that his goal for Brook Farm was “to
guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with labor,
adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits
of their industry.”
The student wants to explain the goal of Brook Farm using a quotation
from George Ripley. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In a letter, writer George Ripley explained his goal to “guarantee the
highest mental freedom.”
B. Utopias, such as Brook Farm, founded by George Ripley in 1841,
were based on a specific set of principles intended to create a
perfect society.
C. Founded by George Ripley near Boston, Massachusetts, Brook Farm
was part of a trend in the 1800s, when reformers in the United
States built utopias.
D. Established in 1841, Brook Farm was a utopian community created
to “guarantee the highest mental freedom, by providing all with
labor... [and] the fruits of their industry,” according to founder
George Ripley.

93. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
  In 1999, astronomer Todd Henry studied the differences in surface
temperature between the Sun and nearby stars.
 His team mapped all stars within 10 parsecs (approximately 200
trillion miles) of the Sun.
 The surface temperature of the Sun is around 9,800°F, which
classifies it as a G star.
 327 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as K or M stars,
with surface temperatures under 8,900°F (cooler than the Sun).
 11 of the 357 stars in the study were classified as A or F stars, with
surface temperatures greater than 10,300°F (hotter than the Sun).
The student wants to emphasize how hot the Sun is relative to nearby
stars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. At around 9,800°F, which classifies it as a G star, the Sun is hotter
than most but not all of the stars within 10 parsecs of it.
B. Astronomer Todd Henry determined that the Sun, at around
9,800°F, is a G star, and several other stars within a 10-parsec
range are A or F stars.
C. Of the 357 stars within ten parsecs of the Sun, 327 are classified as
K or M stars, with surface temperatures under 8,900°F.
D. While most of the stars within 10 parsecs of the Sun are classified as
K, M, A, or F stars, the Sun is classified as a G star due to its surface
temperature of 9,800°F.

94. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 1851, German American artist Emanuel Leutze painted
Washington Crossing the Delaware.
 His huge painting (149 × 255 inches) depicts the first US president
crossing a river with soldiers in the Revolutionary War.
 In 2019, Cree artist Kent Monkman painted mistikôsiwak (Wooden
Boat People): Resurgence of the People.
 Monkman’s huge painting (132 × 264 inches) was inspired by
Leutze’s.
 It portrays Indigenous people in a boat rescuing refugees.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two paintings.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Monkman, a Cree artist, finished his painting in 2019; Leutze, a
German American artist, completed his in 1851.
B. Although Monkman’s painting was inspired by Leutze’s, the people
and actions the two paintings portray are very different.
 C. Leutze’s and Monkman’s paintings are both huge, measuring 149 ×
255 inches and 132 × 264 inches, respectively.
D. Leutze’s painting depicts Revolutionary War soldiers, while
Monkman’s depicts Indigenous people and refugees.

95. In his 1925 book The Morphology of Landscape, US

geographer Carl Sauer challenged prevailing views about how
natural landscapes influence human cultures. ______blank Sauer
argued that instead of being shaped entirely by their natural
surroundings, cultures play an active role in their own development
by virtue of their interactions with the environment.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. Finally,
C. Therefore,
D. Specifically,

96. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In the early 1960s, the US had a strict national-origins quota system
for immigrants.
 The number of new immigrants allowed from a country each year
was based on how many people from that country lived in the US in
1890.
 This system favored immigrants from northern Europe.
 Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great
Britain, Ireland, and Germany.
 The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota
system.
The student wants to present the significance of the Hart-Celler Act to an
audience unfamiliar with the history of US immigration. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Almost 70% of slots were reserved for immigrants from Great
Britain, Ireland, and Germany at the time the Hart-Celler Act was
proposed.
 B. Prior to the Hart-Celler Act, new immigration quotas were based on
how many people from each country lived in the US in 1890.
C. The quota system in place in the early 1960s was abolished by the
1965 Hart-Celler Act.
D. The 1965 Hart-Celler Act abolished the national-origins quota
system, which favored immigrants from northern Europe.

97. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Roughly 96% of Australia’s estimated 200,000 animal species are
invertebrates.
 Invertebrates of the order Hymenoptera, which consists of sawflies,
wasps, bees, and ants, are estimated to total 14,800 species in
Australia.
 Invertebrates of the order Coleoptera, which consists of beetles and
weevils, are estimated to total 28,200 species in Australia.
 Some of these invertebrates’ populations are threatened by invasive
bird and fish species.
The student wants to emphasize the different orders in which Australia’s
invertebrate animals are classified. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In Australia, 28,200 species are estimated to be beetles and weevils,
both classified as invertebrates of the order Coleoptera.
B. Among Australia’s many invertebrates, sawflies, wasps, bees, and
ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, while beetles and weevils
belong to the order Coleoptera.
C. Many sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants of the order Hymenoptera are
threatened by some of Australia’s invasive bird and fish species.
D. The order Hymenoptera is estimated to make up 14,800 of
Australia’s 200,000 animal species.

98. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Gaspar Enriquez is an artist.
 He specializes in portraits of Mexican Americans.
 A portrait is an artistic representation of a person.
  Enriquez completed a painting of the sculptor Luis Jimenez in 2003.
 He completed a drawing of the writer Rudolfo Anaya in 2016.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two portraits.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The portraits, or artistic representations, of Luis Jimenez and Rudolfo
Anaya were both completed by Enriquez in the early 2000s.
B. Enriquez has completed portraits of numerous Mexican Americans,
including sculptor Luis Jimenez and writer Rudolfo Anaya.
C. While both are by Enriquez, the 2003 portrait of Luis Jimenez is a
painting, and the 2016 portrait of Rudolfo Anaya is a drawing.
D. Luis Jimenez was a Mexican American sculptor, and Rudolfo Anaya
was a Mexican American writer.

99. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Wool is a natural—and economically important—fiber that is
obtained from animals like sheep.
 Australia is a leading producer of wool.
 The thickness of wool fibers varies across sheep breeds.
 Merino sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
 Rambouillet sheep produce fine wool that is used for apparel.
 Romney sheep produce thick wool that is used for rugs and
blankets.
The student wants to emphasize how Romney wool differs from Merino
and Rambouillet wool. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Romney wool is just one of the many kinds of wools, each
originating from a different breed of sheep.
B. Sheep wool varies from breed to breed, so Romney wool will be
different than other kinds of wool.
C. The fine wool produced by Merino and Rambouillet sheep is used for
apparel, whereas the thicker wool of Romney sheep is used in rugs
and blankets.
D. Wool is an economically important fiber—especially in Australia—
that can be used to make apparel or even rugs and blankets.

100. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
  Shaun Tan is an Australian author.
 In 2008, he published Tales from Outer Suburbia, a book of fifteen
short stories.
 The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary
suburban neighborhoods.
 In 2018, he published Tales from the Inner City, a book of twenty-
five short stories.
 The stories describe surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary
urban settings.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two books by
Shaun Tan. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer Suburbia, which describes
surreal events occurring in otherwise ordinary places, contains
fewer short stories than Tales from the Inner City does.
B. Tales from Outer Suburbia was published in 2008, and Tales from
the Inner City was published in 2018.
C. Unlike Tales from the Inner City, Shaun Tan’s book Tales from Outer
Suburbia is set in suburban neighborhoods.
D. Shaun Tan’s books Tales from Outer Suburbia and Tales from the
Inner City both describe surreal events occurring in otherwise
ordinary places.

101. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations.
 Surface-dwelling tetras live on the surface and are able to see.
 Cave-dwelling tetras live in total darkness and have lost the ability
to see.
 Cave-dwelling tetras have asymmetrical skulls with more sensory
receptors on one side than the other.
 These receptors help cave-dwelling tetras navigate in darkness.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between surface-dwelling
and cave-dwelling tetras. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Surface-dwelling and cave-dwelling tetras may belong to the same
species, but they are quite different.
B. Cave-dwelling tetras can no longer see but use sensory receptors on
their skulls to navigate.
C. Mexican tetras are a fish species with two distinct populations:
surface-dwelling tetras and cave-dwelling tetras.
 D. Surface-dwelling tetras can see, whereas cave-dwelling tetras
cannot.

102. Establishing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is no easy task.

Each month, readings of a single second from atomic clocks around
the world are taken and sent to the International Bureau of Weights
and Measures (BIPM) in France. ______blank BIPM metrologists
perform the meticulous work of assembling these minutely
disparate readings into a globally shared time standard.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. There,
B. In particular,
C. For example,
D. Conversely,

103. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 When medical students mention their patients on social media, they
may violate patient confidentiality.
 Terry Kind led a study to determine how many medical schools have
student policies that mention social media use.
 Kind and her team reviewed 132 medical school websites,
examining publicly available student policies.
 Only thirteen medical schools had guidelines that explicitly mention
social media, and only five defined what constitutes acceptable
social media use.
The student wants to emphasize the study’s methodology. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. The student policies of 132 medical schools can be found online,
according to research by Terry Kind.
B. To find out how many medical schools have guidelines about
student social media use, Terry Kind and her team examined the
student policies of 132 medical schools.
C. Out of 132 medical schools, only thirteen had student policies that
mentioned social media, and only five specified what use was
acceptable.
 D. Terry Kind and her team wanted to know how many medical schools
have student social media policies in place about protecting patient
confidentiality.

104. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 A marathon is a long-distance running race that is 26.2 miles long.
 An ultramarathon is a long-distance running race of more than 26.2
miles.
 The Kepler Challenge is a one-day, 37.3-mile ultramarathon in New
Zealand.
 The Spreelauf is a six-day, 261-mile ultramarathon in Germany.
The student wants to make a generalization about ultramarathons. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Examples of ultramarathons include the 37.3-mile Kepler Challenge
in New Zealand and the 261-mile Spreelauf in Germany.
B. A marathon is 26.2 miles long, but the Spreelauf ultramarathon, at
261 miles, is far longer.
C. Ultramarathons range widely in length, from a few dozen miles to a
few hundred.
D. While the Kepler Challenge is a one-day ultramarathon, the
Spreelauf is a six-day ultramarathon.

105. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate
from a single spot in the sky.
 This spot is called the meteor shower’s radiant.
 The Perseid meteor shower is visible in the northern hemisphere in
July and August.
 Like many meteor showers, it is named for the location of its
radiant.
 Its radiant is located within the constellation Perseus.
The student wants to explain the origin of the Perseid meteor shower’s
name. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Perseid meteor shower is named for the constellation Perseus,
the location of the meteor shower’s radiant.
B. A meteor shower’s name may be linked to a single spot in the sky.
C. The Perseid meteor shower, which has a radiant, is visible in the
northern hemisphere in July and August.
D. From Earth, all the meteors in a meteor shower appear to originate
from a radiant, such as the one within Perseus.

106. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Physicist Muluneh Abebe was working on a garment suited for both
warm and cold conditions.
 He analyzed the emissivity, or ability to emit heat, of the materials
he planned to use.
 Abebe found that reflective metal fibers emitted almost no heat and
had an emissivity of 0.02.
 He found that silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat
and had an emissivity of 0.74.
 The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount of
heat it emits.
The student wants to contrast the emissivity of reflective metal fibers with
that of silicon carbide fibers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The ability of reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers to
emit heat was determined by an analysis of each material’s
emissivity.
B. The amount of heat a material absorbs is equal to the amount it
emits, as evidenced in Abebe’s analyses.
C. Though the reflective metal fibers and silicon carbide fibers had
different rates of emissivity, Abebe planned to use both in a
garment.
D. Whereas the reflective metal fibers had an emissivity of just 0.02,
the silicon carbide fibers absorbed large amounts of heat, resulting
in an emissivity of 0.74.
 107. Earth’s auroras—colorful displays of light seen above the
northern and southern poles—result, broadly speaking, from the
Sun’s activity. ______blank the Sun releases charged particles that
are captured by Earth’s magnetic field and channeled toward the
poles. These particles then collide with atoms in the atmosphere,
causing the atoms to emit auroral light.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. Similarly,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Hence,

108. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is a nearly 1,000-year-old alliance
of six Native nations in the northeastern US.
 The members are bound by a centuries-old agreement known as the
Great Law of Peace.
 Historian Bruce Johansen is one of several scholars who believe that
the principles of the Great Law of Peace influenced the US
Constitution.
 This theory is called the influence theory.
 Johansen cites the fact that Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
both studied the Haudenosaunee Confederacy.
The student wants to present the influence theory to an audience
unfamiliar with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Historian Bruce Johansen believes that the Great Law of Peace was
very influential.
B. The influence theory is supported by the fact that Benjamin Franklin
and Thomas Jefferson both studied the Haudenosaunee
Confederacy.
C. The influence theory holds that the principles of the Great Law of
Peace, a centuries-old agreement binding six Native nations in the
northeastern US, influenced the US Constitution.
D. Native people, including the members of the Haudenosaunee
Confederacy, influenced the founding of the US in many different
ways.
 109. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Claude McKay (1889–1948) was a Jamaican American writer.
 Songs of Jamaica (1912) and Constab Ballads (1912) are two
acclaimed poetry collections that McKay published while living in
Jamaica.
 McKay moved to Harlem in New York City in 1914.
 He is best known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance,
a literary and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s.
 His most famous works include the poetry collection Harlem
Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem (1928).
The student wants to emphasize Claude McKay’s accomplishments before
moving to Harlem. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Jamaican American writer Claude McKay is the author of works such
as Songs of Jamaica (1912), Constab Ballads (1912), Harlem
Shadows (1922), and Home to Harlem (1928).
B. Although he is best known as a Harlem Renaissance writer, Claude
McKay had published two acclaimed poetry collections in 1912 while
living in Jamaica: Songs of Jamaica and Constab Ballads.
C. In 1914, Claude McKay moved to Harlem, where he would become
known as a poet and novelist of the Harlem Renaissance (a literary
and cultural movement of the 1920s and 1930s).
D. Before moving to Harlem, Claude McKay—author of the poetry
collection Harlem Shadows (1922) and the novel Home to Harlem
(1928)—lived in Jamaica.

110. When, in the 1800s, geologists first realized that much of

Earth had once been covered by great sheets of ice, some theorized
that the phenomenon was cyclical, occurring at regular intervals.
Each Ice Age is so destructive, though, that it largely erases the
geological evidence of its predecessor. ______blank geologists were
unable to confirm the theory of cyclical Ice Ages until the 1960s.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Hence,
B. Moreover,
 C. Nevertheless,
D. Next,

111. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Architect Julian Abele studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic architecture
in Europe.
 Abele worked for an architecture firm that was hired in 1924 to
design buildings for Duke University’s new campus.
 Most of the buildings on Duke’s campus were designed in the
Gregorian or neo-Gothic architectural styles.
 At the time, Abele was not formally credited with designing the
buildings.
 Based on the buildings’ architectural styles, historians believe Abele
designed most of the campus buildings.
The student wants to specify why historians believe Abele designed most
of Duke’s campus buildings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Given that most of the buildings on Duke’s campus feature
architectural styles that Abele had studied in Europe, historians
believe Abele is the one who designed them.
B. Though Abele wasn’t formally credited at the time, historians
believe he designed most of the buildings on Duke’s campus.
C. Most of Duke’s campus buildings, which were designed by a firm
Abele worked for, were designed in the Gregorian and neo-Gothic
architectural styles.
D. Abele, an architect who studied Gregorian and neo-Gothic
architecture in Europe, is believed to have designed most of the
buildings on Duke’s campus.

112. Originally coined by economist Joan Robinson to refer to

markets with multiple sellers of a product but only one buyer, the
term “monopsony” can also refer to markets where demand for
labor is limited. In a product monopsony, the single buyer can force
sellers to lower their prices. ______blank in a labor monopsony,
employers can force workers to accept lower wages.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
 A. Earlier,
B. Instead,
C. Similarly,
D. In particular,

113. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Cecilia Vicuña is a multidisciplinary artist.
 In 1971, her first solo art exhibition, Pinturas, poemas y
explicaciones, was shown at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes in
Santiago, Chile.
 Her poetry collection Precario/Precarious was published in 1983 by
Tanam Press.
 Her poetry collection Instan was published in 2002 by Kelsey St.
Press.
 She lives part time in Chile, where she was born, and part time in
New York.
The student wants to introduce the artist’s 1983 poetry collection. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Before she published the books Precario/Precarious (1983) and
Instan (2002), Cecilia Vicuña exhibited visual art at the Museo
Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santiago, Chile.
B. Cecilia Vicuña is a true multidisciplinary artist whose works include
numerous poetry collections and visual art exhibitions.
C. Published in 1983 by Tanam Press, Precario/Precarious is a
collection of poetry by the multidisciplinary artist Cecilia Vicuña.
D. In 1971, Cecilia Vicuña exhibited her first solo art exhibition,
Pinturas, poemas y explicaciones, in Chile, her country of birth.

114. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Planetary scientists classify asteroids based on their composition.
 C-type asteroids are composed primarily of carbon.
 They account for roughly 75 percent of known asteroids.
 S-type asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.
 They account for roughly 17 percent of known asteroids.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between C-type and S-type
asteroids. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Planetary scientists classify asteroids into types, two of which are
the C-type and the S-type.
B. Planetary scientists consider an asteroid’s composition (such as
whether the asteroid is composed mainly of silicate minerals or
carbon) when classifying it.
C. Roughly 17 percent of known asteroids are classified as S-type
asteroids; another percentage is classified as C-type asteroids.
D. C-type asteroids are mainly composed of carbon, whereas S-type
asteroids are primarily made up of silicate minerals.

115. The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their
fishy smell but also protects them from crushing hydrostatic
pressure in deep waters. Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the
bonds between water molecules in a fish’s body. ______blank these
water molecules maintain their linked structure at extreme depths,
thus preventing pressure-related damage.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Nevertheless,
B. As a result,
C. However,
D. For instance,

116. One poll taken after the first 1960 presidential debate
suggested that John Kennedy lost badly: only 21 percent of those
who listened on the radio rated him the winner. ______blank the
debate was ultimately considered a victory for the telegenic young
senator, who rated higher than his opponent, Vice President Richard
Nixon, among those watching on the new medium of television.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Therefore,
C. Likewise,
D. Nevertheless,
 117. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 In geology, an Aeolian landform is one that has been created by the
wind.
 In Greek mythology, Aeolus is the keeper of the winds.
 Aeolian landforms are created when the wind erodes, transports, or
deposits material.
 A mushroom rock is a rock formation in which the top is wider than
the base.
 A mushroom rock can be formed when the wind erodes the base
and the top at different rates.
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Aeolian
landforms. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Aeolian landforms are created by different wind-based processes;
for example, some are created by wind erosion.
B. Aeolian landforms—landforms created by the wind—include the
mushroom rock, a rock formation in which the wind erodes the base
of the rock faster than the top.
C. Erosion, transportation, and deposition are three examples of how
the wind can create Aeolian landforms and mushroom rocks.
D. A mushroom rock is a rock formation that owes its shape to the
wind, a natural force associated with Aeolus in Greek mythology.

118. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy
in the form of light.
 Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced.
 Synchrotron light is an ideal tool for researchers investigating the
structure of matter.
 The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing
synchrotron light was built in 1968.
 It was called Tantalus and was housed near the University of
Wisconsin–Madison.
The student wants to emphasize the location of the first synchrotron built
to provide synchrotron light. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Tantalus, the first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing
synchrotron light, was built in 1968.
B. Circular particle accelerators known as synchrotrons radiate energy
in the form of light, and this light is an ideal tool for researchers
investigating the structure of matter.
C. The first synchrotron created for the purpose of providing
synchrotron light, Tantalus, was housed near the University of
Wisconsin–Madison.
D. Synchrotron light is among the brightest light ever produced,
making it an ideal tool for researchers investigating the structure of
matter.

119. A firefly uses specialized muscles to draw oxygen into its lower
abdomen through narrow tubes, triggering a chemical reaction
whereby the oxygen combines with chemicals in the firefly’s
abdomen to produce a glow. ______blank when the firefly stops
drawing in oxygen, the reaction—and the glow—cease.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For instance,
B. By contrast,
C. Specifically,
D. In conclusion,

120. With her room-sized installation The Interstitium, Iranian

American artist Laleh Mehran succeeded in creating a space that
felt, as intended, both “familiar and distant.” ______blank with a
video screen placed at the far end of the coal slag-encrusted room,
her installation was reminiscent of a typical movie theater—albeit
one found in a subterranean coal mine.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Next,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Indeed,
D. Instead,
 121. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Pinnipeds, which include seals, sea lions, and walruses, live in and
around water.
 Pinnipeds are descended not from sea animals but from four-legged,
land-dwelling carnivores.
 Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski recently found a fossil
with four legs, webbed toes, and the skull and teeth of a seal.
 Rybczynski refers to her rare find as a “transitional fossil.”
 The fossil illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds
from their land-dwelling ancestors.
The student wants to emphasize the fossil’s significance. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Canadian paleobiologist Natalia Rybczynski’s fossil has the skull and
teeth of a seal, which, like sea lions and walruses, is a pinniped.
B. Pinnipeds are descended from four-legged, land-dwelling carnivores;
a fossil that resembles both was recently found.
C. Having four legs but the skull and teeth of a seal, the rare fossil
illustrates an early stage in the evolution of pinnipeds from their
land-dwelling ancestors.
D. A “transitional fossil” was recently found by paleobiologist Natalia
Rybczynski.

122. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 J.R.R. Tolkien’s 1937 novel The Hobbit features two maps.
 The novel opens with a reproduction of the map that the characters
use on their quest.
 This map introduces readers to the fictional world they are about to
enter.
 The novel closes with a map depicting every stop on the characters’
journey.
 That map allows readers to reconstruct the story they have just
read.
The student wants to contrast the purposes of the two maps in The
Hobbit. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The Hobbit’s opening map introduces readers to the fictional world
they are about to enter, while the closing map allows them to
reconstruct the story they have just read.
B. The Hobbit, a novel published by J.R.R. Tolkien in 1937, features a
reproduction of a map that the characters use on their quest, as well
as a map that appears at the end of the novel.
C. The Hobbit’s two maps, one opening and one closing the novel,
each serve a purpose for readers.
D. In 1937, author J.R.R. Tolkien published The Hobbit, a novel
featuring both an opening and a closing map.

123. Researchers Helena Mihaljević-Brandt, Lucía Santamaría, and

Marco Tullney report that while mathematicians may have
traditionally worked alone, evidence points to a shift in the opposite
direction. ______blank mathematicians are choosing to collaborate
with their peers—a trend illustrated by a rise in the number of
mathematics publications credited to multiple authors.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Similarly,
B. For this reason,
C. Furthermore,
D. Increasingly,

124. Although those who migrated to California in 1849 dreamed of

finding gold nuggets in streambeds, the state’s richest deposits
were buried deeply in rock, beyond the reach of individual
prospectors. ______blank by 1852, many had given up their fortune-
hunting dreams and gone to work for one of the large companies
capable of managing California’s complex mining operations.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Furthermore,
B. Still,
C. Consequently,
 D. Next,

125. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Etel Adnan was a Lebanese American poet and artist known for
making many leporellos.
 A leporello is an artist’s book that is folded accordion style.
 When the book is expanded, the artist’s work is revealed, and its
zigzag shape allows it to stand on its own.
 Her leporello December from My Window (1993) features a
panoramic landscape.
 It is painted using ink and watercolor.
The student wants to describe Adnan’s December from My Window to an
audience already familiar with leporellos. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Featuring a panoramic landscape, the 1993 work is one of Adnan’s
many leporellos, which are accordion-style folded books that when
expanded reveal the artist’s work.
B. When expanded, Adnan’s 1993 leporello December from My
Window reveals a panoramic landscape painted in ink and
watercolor.
C. Known for making many other accordion-style folded books called
leporellos, Adnan created December from My Window in 1993.
D. A leporello, such as Adnan’s December from My Window, is folded
accordion style, and due to its zigzag shape it is able to stand on its
own when fully expanded.

126. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In the art world, the term biennial traditionally refers to an art
exhibition that takes place every two years in a single location.
 Such biennials are held in New York, Berlin, and Venice.
 In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the
unconventional MexiCali Biennial.
 The MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in different venues on both
sides of the US-Mexico border.
  The MexiCali Biennial has taken place on an uneven schedule, with
exhibitions in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–20.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the MexiCali
Biennial and traditional biennials. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2006, artists Ed Gomez and Luis Hernandez founded the MexiCali
Biennial, which has taken place in 2006, 2009–10, 2013, and 2018–
20.
B. Unlike traditional biennials, the MexiCali Biennial hosts exhibitions in
different venues on an uneven schedule.
C. The term biennial traditionally refers to an art exhibition that takes
place every two years in a single location, not to exhibitions hosted
at a variety of times and venues.
D. Biennial exhibitions have been held in New York, Berlin, and Venice
but also on both sides of the US-Mexico border.

127. Archaeologist Sue Brunning explains why the seventh-century

ship burial site at Sutton Hoo in England was likely the tomb of a
king. First, the gold artifacts inside the ship suggest that the person
buried with them was a wealthy and respected leader. ______blank
the massive effort required to bury the ship would likely only have
been undertaken for a king.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Instead,
B. Still,
C. Specifically,
D. Second,

128. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Maika’i Tubbs is a Native Hawaiian sculptor and installation artist.
 His work has been shown in the United States, Canada, Japan, and
Germany, among other places.
 Many of his sculptures feature discarded objects.
 His work Erasure (2008) includes discarded audiocassette tapes and
magnets.
  His work Home Grown (2009) includes discarded pushpins, plastic
plates and forks, and wood.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two works.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Erasure (2008) uses discarded objects such as audiocassette tapes
and magnets; Home Grown (2009), however, includes pushpins,
plastic plates and forks, and wood.
B. Tubbs’s work, which often features discarded objects, has been
shown both within the United States and abroad.
C. Like many of Tubbs’s sculptures, both Erasure and Home Grown
include discarded objects: Erasure uses audiocassette tapes, and
Home Grown uses plastic forks.
D. Tubbs completed Erasure in 2008 and Home Grown in 2009.

129. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Chemical leavening agents cause carbon dioxide to be released
within a liquid batter, making the batter rise as it bakes.
 Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents.
 Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate.
 To produce carbon dioxide, baking soda needs to be mixed with
liquid and an acidic ingredient such as honey.
 Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and an acid.
 To produce carbon dioxide, baking powder needs to be mixed with
liquid but not with an acidic ingredient.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between baking soda and
baking powder. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. To make batters rise, bakers use chemical leavening agents such as
baking soda and baking powder.
B. Baking soda and baking powder are chemical leavening agents that,
when mixed with other ingredients, cause carbon dioxide to be
released within a batter.
C. Baking soda is pure sodium bicarbonate, and honey is a type of
acidic ingredient.
D. To produce carbon dioxide within a liquid batter, baking soda needs
to be mixed with an acidic ingredient, whereas baking powder does
not.
 130. To discover which fruit varieties were grown in Italy’s Umbria
region before the introduction of industrial farming, botanist Isabella
Dalla Ragione often turns to centuries-old lists of cooking
ingredients. ______blank she analyzes Renaissance paintings of
Umbria, as they can provide accurate representations of fruits that
were grown there long ago.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In sum,
B. Instead,
C. Thus,
D. Additionally,

131. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Minnesota defines a lake as an inland body of water of at least 10
acres.
 Wisconsin’s definition of a lake doesn’t take size into account.
 By its own definition, Wisconsin has over 15,000 lakes, many
smaller than 10 acres.
 By Minnesota’s definition, Wisconsin has only about 6,000 lakes.
The student wants to contrast Minnesota’s definition of a lake with
Wisconsin’s. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Wisconsin, which doesn’t take size into account in defining a lake,
claims that it has over 15,000 lakes.
B. Because its definition of a lake is different from Minnesota’s, it is
unclear how many lakes Wisconsin really has.
C. According to Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of
water of at least 10 acres—Wisconsin has about 6,000 lakes.
D. Minnesota’s definition of a lake—an inland body of water of at least
10 acres—is more restrictive than Wisconsin’s, which doesn’t take
size into account.
 132. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Just like states have state flags, some cities have city flags.
 Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags since 2015.
 The city of Pocatello, Idaho, redesigned its flag after it was named
the most poorly designed flag in North America.
 Pocatello’s new flag better represents the city’s mountainous
geography and civic priorities.
 Residents consider the new flag to be a meaningful symbol of civic
pride.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the effect
of redesigning a city flag. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Over one hundred US cities have redesigned their flags, including
Pocatello, whose flag had been named the most poorly designed
flag in North America.
B. Pocatello is just one of over one hundred US cities that have
redesigned their flags.
C. After it was named the most poorly designed flag in North America,
the flag of Pocatello was redesigned to better represent the city’s
geography and civic priorities.
D. Redesigning a poorly designed city flag can create a meaningful
symbol of civic pride, as was the case when Pocatello redesigned its
original flag to better represent its geography and civic priorities.

133. At two weeks old, the time their critical socialization period
begins, wolves can smell but cannot yet see or hear. Domesticated
dogs, ______blank can see, hear, and smell by the end of two weeks.
This relative lack of sensory input may help explain why wolves
behave so differently around humans than dogs do: from a very
young age, wolves are more wary and less exploratory.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in other words,
B. for instance,
C. by contrast,
D. accordingly,
 134. In the early 1900s, Jovita Idár fought injustice on both sides of
the Mexico–United States border. As a reporter for the Texas
newspaper La Crónica, she voiced support for the Mexican people’s
revolt against authoritarian rule. ______blank she founded the
League of Mexican Women, a group that advocated for the rights of
Mexican Americans.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Additionally,
B. In conclusion,
C. For example,
D. Rather,

135. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Pueblo of Zuni is located about 150 miles west of Albuquerque,
New Mexico.
 It is the traditional home of the A:shiwi (Zuni) people.
 The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center was established by
tribal members in 1992.
 Its mission is stated on its website: “As a tribal museum and
heritage center for the Zuni people and by the Zuni people we work
to provide learning experiences that emphasize A:shiwi ways of
knowing, as well as exploring modern concepts of knowledge and
the transfer of knowledge.”
The student wants to emphasize how long the museum has existed.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The Pueblo of Zuni is home to the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and
Heritage Center, which was founded by tribal members.
B. The A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage Center has served the
Pueblo of Zuni since 1992.
C. According to its website, the A:shiwi A:wan Museum and Heritage
Center (founded in the 1990s) works to “emphasize A:shiwi ways of
knowing.”
D. Knowledge has been one of the central themes of the A:shiwi A:wan
Museum and Heritage Center from its founding.
 136. “Wishcycling”—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins
under the mistaken belief that those items can be recycled—
ultimately does more harm than good. Nonrecyclable items, such as
greasy pizza boxes, can contaminate recyclable materials, rendering
entire batches unusable. ______ nonrecyclable products can damage
recycling plants’ machinery.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Fittingly,
B. On the contrary,
C. Moreover,
D. Nevertheless,

137. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Some sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches National Park have been
defaced by tourists’ carvings.
 Park rangers can smooth away some carvings using power grinders.
 For deep carvings, power grinding is not always feasible because it
can greatly alter or damage the rock.
 Park rangers can use an infilling technique, which involves filling in
carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.
 This technique is minimally invasive.
The student wants to explain an advantage of the infilling technique.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. To remove carvings from sandstone arches in Utah’s Arches
National Park, power grinding is not always feasible.
B. Filling in carvings with ground sandstone and a bonding agent is
less invasive than smoothing them away with a power grinder,
which can greatly alter or damage the sandstone arches.
C. Park rangers can use a power grinding technique to smooth away
carvings or fill them in with ground sandstone and a bonding agent.
D. As methods for removing carvings from sandstone, power grinding
and infilling differ in their level of invasiveness.
 138. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Las sergas de Esplandián was a novel popular in sixteenth-century
Spain.
 The novel featured a fictional island inhabited solely by Black
women and known as California.
 That same century, Spanish explorers learned of an “island” off the
west coast of Mexico.
 They called it California after the island in the novel.
 The “island” was actually the peninsula now known as Baja
California (“Lower California”), which lies to the south of the US
state of California.
The student wants to emphasize the role a misconception played in the
naming of a place. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The novel Las sergas de Esplandián featured a fictional island known
as California.
B. To the south of the US state of California lies Baja California (“Lower
California”), originally called California after a fictional place.
C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers learned of a peninsula
off the west coast of Mexico and called it California.
D. Thinking it was an island, Spanish explorers called a peninsula
California after an island in a popular novel.

139. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Abdulrazak Gurnah was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature.
 Gurnah was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and currently lives in the
United Kingdom.
 Many readers have singled out Gurnah’s 1994 book Paradise for
praise.
 Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial
East Africa.
The student wants to introduce Paradise to an audience unfamiliar with
the novel and its author. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
 A. Abdulrazak Gurnah, who wrote Paradise and later was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature, was born in Zanzibar in East Africa and
currently lives in the United Kingdom.
B. Many readers have singled out Abdulrazak Gurnah’s 1994 book
Paradise, a historical novel about colonial East Africa, for praise.
C. A much-praised historical novel about colonial East Africa, Paradise
(1994) was written by Abdulrazak Gurnah, winner of the 2021 Nobel
Prize in Literature.
D. Paradise is a historical novel about events that occurred in colonial
East Africa, Abdulrazak Gurnah’s homeland.

140. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Started in 1925, the Scripps National Spelling Bee is a US-based
spelling competition.
 The words used in the competition have diverse linguistic origins.
 In 2008, Sameer Mishra won by correctly spelling the word
“guerdon.”
 “Guerdon” derives from the Anglo-French word “guerdun.”
 In 2009, Kavya Shivashankar won by correctly spelling the word
“Laodicean.”
 “Laodicean” derives from the ancient Greek word “Laodíkeia.”
The student wants to emphasize a difference in the origins of the two
words. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. “Guerdon,” the final word of the 2008 Scripps National Spelling Bee,
is of Anglo-French origin, while the following year’s final word,
“Laodicean,” derives from ancient Greek.
B. In 2008, Sameer Mishra won the Scripps National Spelling Bee by
correctly spelling the word “guerdon”; however, the following year,
Kavya Shivashankar won based on spelling the word “Laodicean.”
C. Kavya Shivashankar won the 2009 Scripps National Spelling Bee by
correctly spelling “Laodicean,” which derives from the ancient Greek
word “Laodíkeia.”
D. The Scripps National Spelling Bee uses words from diverse linguistic
origins, such as “guerdon” and “Laodicean.”

141. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
  In the late 1890s, over 14,000 unique varieties of apples were
grown in the US.
 The rise of industrial agriculture in the mid-1900s narrowed the
range of commercially grown crops.
 Thousands of apple varieties considered less suitable for
commercial growth were lost.
 Today, only 15 apple varieties dominate the market, making up 90%
of apples purchased in the US.
 The Lost Apple Project, based in Washington State, attempts to find
and grow lost apple varieties.
The student wants to emphasize the decline in unique apple varieties in
the US and specify why this decline occurred. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these
goals?
A. The Lost Apple Project is dedicated to finding some of the apple
varieties lost following a shift in agricultural practices in the mid-
1900s.
B. While over 14,000 apple varieties were grown in the US in the late
1890s, only 15 unique varieties make up most of the apples sold
today.
C. Since the rise of industrial agriculture, US farmers have mainly
grown the same few unique apple varieties, resulting in the loss of
thousands of varieties less suitable for commercial growth.
D. As industrial agriculture rose to prominence in the mid-1900s, the
number of crops selected for cultivation decreased dramatically.

142. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Most, but not all, of the Moon’s oxygen comes from the Sun, via
solar wind.
 Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada from Osaka University wondered if
some of the unaccounted-for oxygen could be coming from Earth.
 In 2008, he analyzed data from the Japanese satellite Kaguya.
 Kaguya gathered data about gases and particles it encountered
while orbiting the Moon.
 Based on the Kaguya data, Terada confirmed his suspicion that
Earth is sending oxygen to the Moon.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. As it orbited the Moon, the Kaguya satellite collected data that was
later analyzed by cosmochemist Kentaro Terada.
 B. Before 2008, Kentaro Terada wondered if the Moon was receiving
some of its oxygen from Earth.
C. Cosmochemist Kentaro Terada set out to determine whether some
of the Moon’s oxygen was coming from Earth.
D. Kentaro Terada’s study determined that Earth is sending a small
amount of oxygen to the Moon.

143. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Gravitational waves are powerful ripples that originate in deep
space and eventually pass through Earth.
 The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a
physics study that began in 2002.
 LIGO’s goal is to detect and analyze gravitational waves.
 LIGO uses a pair of massive gravitational wave detectors called
interferometers that are thousands of miles apart.
 In 2015, for the first time in history, LIGO researchers detected a
gravitational wave passing through Earth.
The student wants to present LIGO’s aim and methodology. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. In 2015, LIGO’s massive interferometers detected a powerful ripple
that originated in deep space and eventually passed through Earth.
B. Though the physics study LIGO began in 2002, its massive
interferometers didn’t detect a gravitational wave until 2015.
C. To achieve its aims, LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers
that are thousands of miles apart.
D. A physics study designed to detect and analyze gravitational waves,
LIGO uses a pair of massive interferometers that are thousands of
miles apart.

144. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Seven species of sea turtle exist today.
 Five sea turtle species can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
 One of those species is the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle.
 Its scientific name is Lepidochelys kempii.
  Another of those species is the olive ridley sea turtle.
 Its scientific name is Lepidochelys olivacea.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two sea turtle
species. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Among the seven species of sea turtle is the olive ridley sea turtle,
which can be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
B. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys kempii,
while the olive ridley sea turtle is referred to as Lepidochelys
olivacea.
C. Both the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle can
be found in the Atlantic Ocean.
D. The Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) and the olive
ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are different species.

145. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Samuel Selvon was a Trinidadian author.
 The Lonely Londoners is one of his most celebrated novels.
 Selvon published the novel in 1956.
 It is about a group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to
Great Britain after World War II.
 Some of The Lonely Londoners’ characters also appear in Selvon’s
later novel Moses Ascending.
The student wants to introduce Samuel Selvon and his novel The Lonely
Londoners to a new audience. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 1956, Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon published one of his
most celebrated novels, The Lonely Londoners, which is about a
group of men who emigrate from the Caribbean to Great Britain
after World War II.
B. Samuel Selvon wrote the novel Moses Ascending after he wrote The
Lonely Londoners.
C. The Lonely Londoners, a celebrated novel that was published in
1956, depicts post–World War II Caribbean migration from the
perspective of a Trinidadian author.
D. Some of the characters who appear in Samuel Selvon’s Moses
Ascending also appear in The Lonely Londoners.
 146. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures
described the Pleiades star cluster as having seven stars.
 It was referred to as the Seven Sisters in the mythology of ancient
Greece.
 Today, the cluster appears to have only six stars.
 Two of the stars have moved so close together that they now
appear as one.
The student wants to specify the reason the Pleiades’ appearance
changed. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Ancient Native American and Australian Aboriginal cultures
described the Pleiades, which was referred to in Greek mythology as
the Seven Sisters, as having seven stars.
B. Although once referred to as the Seven Sisters, the Pleiades appears
to have only six stars today.
C. In the time since ancient cultures described the Pleiades as having
seven stars, two of the cluster’s stars have moved so close together
that they now appear as one.
D. The Pleiades has seven stars, but two are so close together that
they appear to be a single star.

147. In November 1934, Amrita Sher-Gil was living in what must

have seemed like the ideal city for a young artist: Paris. She was
studying firsthand the color-saturated style of France’s modernist
masters and beginning to make a name for herself as a painter.
______blank Sher-Gil longed to return to her childhood home of India;
only there, she believed, could her art truly flourish.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Still,
B. Therefore,
C. Indeed,
D. Furthermore,
 148. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet
cohesive.
 A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better
understand the mechanics behind these structural properties.
 Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the
arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
 The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one
another.
 When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of
contact points between the sticks increased, making the structures
stiffer.
The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind
bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural properties.
B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the
arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points where sticks
touched one another.
C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers
found that the structures became stiffer when pressure was applied.
D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet
cohesive engineered structures.

149. In her poetry collection Thomas and Beulah, Rita Dove

interweaves the titular characters’ personal stories with broader
historical narratives. She places Thomas’s journey from the
American South to the Midwest in the early 1900s within the larger
context of the Great Migration. ______blank Dove sets events from
Beulah’s personal life against the backdrop of the US Civil Rights
Movement.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,
B. Thus,
C. Regardless,
D. Similarly,
 150. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
 The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
 In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway
Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
 Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the
magazine in the early 1900s.
 One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.
The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience
already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly”
discusses female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the
magazine in the early 1900s.
B. A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referred to in Cathryn
Halverson’s book title, was first published in 1857.
C. Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” features contributors to
the Atlantic Monthly, first published in 1857 as a magazine focusing
on politics, art, and literature.
D. An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison,
whose autobiography appeared in the Atlantic Monthly in the early
1900s.

151. In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided

between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______blank there are those
who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a
species’ distribution, and those who insist that vicariance
(separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel
Sanmartín counts herself among neither.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Furthermore,
B. By contrast,
C. Similarly,
D. That is,
 152. In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary
Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising England’s republican
government and expressing hope that Latin American nations
seeking independence from Spain might achieve something similar.
The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen;
______blank though, Bolívar’s goal was to persuade political leaders
from England and Europe to support his cause.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. additionally,
B. ultimately,
C. accordingly,
D. consequently,

153. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and
descriptive tags for popular songs.
 Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch
intervals.
 Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s
popularity.
 These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features
of a song with varying acoustic traits.
 Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such
as genre are more reliable predictors of song popularity.
The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features
to predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio
features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.
B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main
features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making such
 algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on
fixed traits.
C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which
may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed
traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.
D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s
popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.

154. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that
new legislation has been passed as a result.
 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is
the autobiography of a man who endured slavery on both sides of
the Atlantic.
 Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of
1807.
 The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes
unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking plants.
 Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and
Drug Act in 1906.
The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to
new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair’s
is fictional.
B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and
Sinclair both influenced readers.
C. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano,
while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book
by Sinclair.
D. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The
Jungle are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation
(concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).
 155. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in
Baghdad, Iraq.
 It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all
the world’s knowledge.
 Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and
contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere and
translated them into Arabic.
 Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the
Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
 The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to
create paper versions to be studied and shared.
The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the
world’s knowledge. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge
from around the world, including from Greece, India, and China.
B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom
employed many scholars as translators.
C. Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian
mathematician Aryabhata were preserved at the House of Wisdom.
D. The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and
created paper versions in Arabic to be studied and shared.

156. In 2009, the Craft and Folk Art Museum in Los Angeles hosted
a special exhibition, Sueños/Yume, showcasing the works of local
sculptor Dora de Larios. As suggested by the show’s title (sueños
and yume mean “dreams” in Spanish and Japanese, respectively),
de Larios’s art reflects a mix of cultural influences. ______blank her
work is grounded in the artistic traditions of both Mexico and Japan.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In addition,
B. In contrast,
C. Specifically,
D. Therefore,
 157. When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo’s
evocative photo series, one’s mind might wander off to the cratered
surfaces of faraway planets. ______blank it’s the series’ title, Flying
Frying Pan, that brings one back to Earth, reminding the viewer that
each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar household
object: a frying pan.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Consequently,
B. Alternatively,
C. Ultimately,
D. Additionally,

158. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic
Meditations.
 Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based
exercises called meditations.
 Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make,
imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
 The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the
bottoms of your feet become ears.”
 Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no
longer recognize it.”
The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s
Sonic Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based
meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII, for
instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no
longer recognize it.”
 B. In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations
that consist of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen
to, or remember sounds.
C. “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one
example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.
D. While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII
instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V instructs
participants to “walk.”

159. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing
credit for numerous Beatles songs.
 Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either
Lennon or McCartney, not by both.
 The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such
as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed.
 Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical
methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles songs.
 They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney
wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the verse is “consistent
with Lennon’s songwriting style.”
The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study
conducted by Glickman, Brown, and Song. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that
John Lennon wrote the verse of “In My Life.”
B. There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the
verse for “In My Life”; John Lennon is the more likely author.
C. It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for
“In My Life.”
D. Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of
authorship within the field of music.

160. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
  Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist
from the United States.
 He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game
High School (VGHS).
 VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that
Wong cocreated.
 The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world
and high-quality special effects.
 VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding
Digital Series.
The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated
web series. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a
new action-comedy web series: Video Game High School.
B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video
game–centric world and high-quality special effects, and it was
nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital
Series.
C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on
to see his web series be nominated for a Producers Guild Award.
D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it
would later be nominated for an award.

161. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of
seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid, and other small sea
animals.
 It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for
prey.
 One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch
prey from the surface of the water.
 Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by
force.
 This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.
The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a
magnificent frigatebird acquires food. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. A magnificent frigatebird never dives into the water, instead using
its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface.
 B. Neither of a magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food
requires the bird to dive into the water.
C. Of the magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food, only one
is known as kleptoparasitism.
D. In addition to snatching prey from the water with its hook-tipped bill,
a magnificent frigatebird takes food from other birds by force.

162. When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be

removed from the ground and disposed of in a landfill. ______blank
contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants
that can withstand high concentrations of metals absorb the
pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and
safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Alternatively,
B. Specifically,
C. For example,
D. As a result,

163. Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of

unseen ideal forms. In his view, such abstract, nonmaterial forms
are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing
that knowledge is best obtained through direct engagement with
the material world; ______blank sensory experience of the material is
the ultimate source of knowledge.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. regardless,
B. admittedly,
C. in other words,
D. meanwhile,
 164. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
 The city’s population is 907,802.
 Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
 Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
 The city’s population is 7,781,631.
 Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.
The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’
populations. Which choice most effectively uses information from the
given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’
populations?
A. Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and
Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has 7,781,631 people.
B. Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of
Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s.
C. Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than
Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802), Ulaanbaatar accounts for more of
its country’s population.
D. The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are
907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631 (Hanoi), respectively.

165. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can
communicate and exchange resources with one another via
common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
 Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
 She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
 In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist
Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies.
 They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad
audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent claims about
CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”
The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem
with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that
trees can exchange resources with one another in 1997.
 B. In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note
that common mycorrhizal networks “have captured the interest of
broad audiences.”
C. After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues
expressed concern that recent claims about common mycorrhizal
networks are “disconnected from evidence.”
D. Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of
the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide web theory remains popular.

166. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts
of the southeastern United States since the 18th century.
 Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African
traditions.
 Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and
preservationist.
 She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South
Carolina, in 2003.
 Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
 She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in
2003.
The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and
Rodrigues’s work. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South
Carolina, visitors can learn more about the Gullah people who have
lived in the region for centuries.
B. Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to
preserve the culture of the Gullah people, who have lived in the
United States since the 18th century.
C. Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have
worked to preserve Gullah culture through their museums.
D. Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah
culture developed in parts of the southeastern United States in the
18th century.
 167. Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a
track by powerful electromagnets, reducing friction and thus
allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the
US have long imagined these trains crisscrossing the country, their
dream remains unrealized. ______blank of the handful of maglev
trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In fact,
B. To that end,
C. Nevertheless,
D. That said,

168. Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet
to write in free verse, didn’t reject traditional forms entirely; her
poem “Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line
stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this
superficially traditional work, ______blank Al-Malaika was breaking
new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman rather than a
famous man.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. therefore,
B. in fact,
C. moreover,
D. though,

169. A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of

iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the thing it represents—in
language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity
of a sign, the more likely it was to have been learned. ______blank
 the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than
that between acquisition and another factor studied: sign frequency.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In fact,
B. In other words,
C. Granted,
D. As a result,

170. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere
is warmer than the layer beneath it.
 In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal
inversions in twenty-five gas giants.
 Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
 The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were
also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
 One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside
in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes
an increase in temperature.
The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already
familiar with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.
B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants,
which are largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion
were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which may reside in
the planets’ upper atmospheres.
D. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they
featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the layer beneath it,
researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal
inversion.

171. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
  A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production
and purchase of a commodity on the world market.
 Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the
contemporary commodity chain of matsutake mushrooms.
 At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
 At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly
matsutake in Japan.
 According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in
the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became
clear.”
The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity
chain. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the
1980s when, according to Tsing, “the scarcity of matsutake in Japan
first became clear.”
B. Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of
commodities, such as the matsutake mushroom, on the world
market.
C. Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a
commodity chain now links matsutake pickers in Oregon with
wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.
D. Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at
one end of the matsutake commodity chain.

172. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first
arrived in the Americas by sea.
 They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands
and coastlines from northeast Asia to the Americas.
 Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as
glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
 The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests
and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine,
riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and
birds.
 This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.
The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
 A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of
marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as
seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.
B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the
kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon Erlandson and colleagues.
C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling
between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and subsisting on a
variety of resources.
D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands
and coastal zones were submerged.

173. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is
in the billions.
 81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.
 81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.
 The comet’s orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter
and Mars.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits
of comets. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from
the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is
in the billions; the comets’ orbits may change over time.
B. Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of comets orbit the Sun.
C. One example of a comet is 81P/Wild, whose orbit around the Sun
once lay between Uranus’s and Jupiter’s orbits but is now positioned
between those of Jupiter and Mars.
D. A comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time: the orbit of
comet 81P/Wild once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter
but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.

174. Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera

companies have been European men, but a new, more diverse
generation of artists is stepping up to the podium. Mexico’s Alondra
de la Parra took over as conductor for the Queensland Symphony
 Orchestra in 2017, ______blank and Colombia’s Lina Gonzalez-
Granados did the same for the Los Angeles Opera in 2022.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in addition,
B. lastly,
C. granted,
D. for instance,

175. “Tulip mania”—the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of
tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam—is often cited as an
example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However,
recent research has demonstrated that the episode was neither as
frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. The popular myth
surrounding it, ______blank should be regarded with some
skepticism.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. for example,
B. by contrast,
C. nevertheless,
D. therefore,

176. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to
better understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory system.
 They devised a study using mathematical models.
 They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one
method of processing smells to another.
 In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of
odor forms) capture olfactory information at a given moment.
 In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over
time.
The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of
processing smells in the piriform cortex, Padmanabhan and Chen
devised a study using mathematical models.
B. Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is
captured by cells in the piriform cortex, where the perception of
odor forms.
C. Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a
study to better understand the workings of the brain’s olfactory
system.
D. According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between
capturing olfactory information at a given moment and tracking
changes in that information over time.

177. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
 Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded
by water.
 Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000
islands.
 Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a
certain distance from the mainland, and having at least 50
permanent residents.
 Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about
nissologists’ definition of an island. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?
A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water
is supported by some nissologists, scientists who study islands.
B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different
definitions of an island.
C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of
islands with at least 50 permanent residents.
D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in
counts of islands, as the example of Sweden shows.
 178. Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have
proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s more than 30 active
volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths
involved—nearly 3,000 km—mark Iceland’s volcanoes as extreme
outliers; ______blank many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by shallow
pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the surface.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. indeed,
B. nevertheless,
C. in addition,
D. consequently,

179. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a
dam on the Alta River in Norway.
 The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
 The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting
impact.
 It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
 It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to
lands, waters, and resources.
The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta
conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the
construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway that would disrupt
local fishing and reindeer herding.
B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was
ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international
attention and legal protections as a result of the Alta conflict.
D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international
attention and legal protections for Sámi rights to lands, waters, and
resources.
 180. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following
notes:
 Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu
god Vishnu.
 It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
 Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique
that enhances the contrast between colors in a photograph.
 Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch
analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor Wat’s plaster walls.
 Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to
researchers.
The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar
with Angkor Wat. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied
decorrelation stretch analysis to the photographs.
B. Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique
that Tan used to enhance the contrast between colors in a
photograph.
C. Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of
images hidden on the walls of Angkor Wat, a Cambodian temple.
D. Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple,
Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed hundreds of images on its
plaster walls.

181. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust
and gas to collapse.
 A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst
galaxy.
 Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
 A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
 A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.
The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.
B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the
poststarburst phase.
C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one
that no longer forms stars.
D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become
quenched.

182. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were
once grasslands.
 Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University
investigated whether woodland expansion is related to changes in
climate.
 Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site
that was not wooded in the past and indexed the age of the trees
with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate
were correlated.
 Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
 Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State
University, wanted to know if woodland expansion is related to
changes in climate.
B. Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell,
we now know that droughts may have played a role in woodland
expansion.
C. Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree
population growth was associated with dry intervals.
D. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from
oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past, indexing the
age of the trees with historical climate data.
 183. With its clichéd imagery of suburban lawns and power lines,
John Ashbery’s 2004 poem “Ignorance of the Law Is No Excuse” may
seem barren terrain for critical analysis. ______blank cultural critic
Lauren Berlant finds fertile ground in just its first two stanzas,
devoting most of a book chapter to deciphering the “weight of the
default space” Ashbery creates in this poem.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Likewise,
B. Nonetheless,
C. In turn,
D. That is,

184. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line
behind their mother than when swimming alone.
 The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well
understood.
 Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study
the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
 The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction
by the wake’s waves.
 Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the
ducklings by 158%.
The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less
energy when swimming in a line behind their mother, also
experience 158% less drag.
B. Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind
their mother save energy, Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations
to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
C. Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being
pushed in a forward direction by waves, ducklings save energy.
D. Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed
in a forward direction by the waves of their mother’s wake, reducing
the effect of drag by 158%.
 185. In response to adverse environmental conditions, many plants
produce abscisic acid (ABA), a stress hormone. ABA triggers a
slowdown in the biological processes of most plants. ______blank
when the mustard plant Schrenkiella parvula produces ABA in
response to an environmental stressor, the hormone triggers
accelerated growth.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Moreover,
B. In contrast,
C. For example,
D. Thus,

186. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights
Movement, including at the famous 1963 March on Washington.
 Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers,
was a political adviser who had worked for President Truman.
 Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and
advocate for school desegregation.
 Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was
included in the lineup of speakers at the march.
 Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but
memorable address to the cheering crowd.
The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the
March on Washington. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways;
Bates, for example, delivered a brief but memorable address.
B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while
Bates was a journalist and school desegregation advocate.
C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a
woman speaker was included, Bates was the sole woman to speak
at the march.
D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman,
fought for civil rights, but only one spoke at the march.
 187. When designing costumes for film, American artist Suttirat
Larlarb typically custom fits the garments to each actor. ______blank
for the film Sunshine, in which astronauts must reignite a dying Sun,
she designed a golden spacesuit and had a factory reproduce it in a
few standard sizes; lacking a tailor-made quality, the final creations
reflected the ungainliness of actual spacesuits.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Nevertheless,
B. Thus,
C. Likewise,
D. Moreover,

188. The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion
reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a single heavier atom,
releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the
potential to meet humanity’s clean energy needs. ______blank prior
to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting had
ever generated a net energy gain.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For this reason,
B. Moreover,
C. Specifically,
D. That said,

189. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following

notes:
 The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one
time) have been well studied in birds but not in lizards.
  A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which
factors influence lizard clutch size.
 Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900
lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.
 Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher
latitudes that have more seasonal change.
 Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to
take advantage of shorter windows of favorable conditions.
The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg
clutch size because such factors have been well studied in birds but
not in lizards.
B. After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers
determined that larger clutch size was associated with
environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.
C. We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay
larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of favorable
conditions.
D. Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900
lizard species and analyzed the data with statistical models.