VIBRATION AND _TIME RESPONSE jsj1 INTRODUCTION with the linear and angular motions of bodies which oscillate or respond to applied disturbances in the presence of restoring forces, A few examples of this class of dynamics problems are.the response of an engineering structure to earthquakes, the vibration of an un balanced rotating machine, the time response of the plucked string of a musical instrument, the wind-induced vibration of power lines, and the flutter of aircraft wings. In many cases, excessive vibration levels must be reduced to accommodate material limitations or hu- man factors, In the analysis of every engineering problem, the system under serutiny must be represented by a physical model. It is often per- missible to reprasent a contintous or distributed-parameter system (one in which the mass and spring elements are continuously spread over space) by a discrete or lumped-parameter model (one in which the mass and spring elements are separate and concentrated). Such ‘a modeling scheme is especially desirable when some portions of a continuous system are relatively massive in comparison with other portions. For example, the physical model of a ship propeller shaft is often assumed to be a massless but twistable rod with a disk rigidly attached to each end—one disk representing the turbine and the other representing the propeller. As a second example, we ob- serve that the mass of springs may often be neglected in comparison with that of attached bodies. It should be noted that not every sys- tem is reducible to a discrete model. For example, the transverse vibration of adiving board after the departure of the diver is a some- what difficult problem of distributed-parameter vibration. In this ‘chapter, we shall begin the study of discrete systems, limiting our discussion to those whose configurations may be described with one displacement variable. Such systems are said to possess one degree of freedom. For a more detailed study which includes the treatment of two or more degrees of freedom and continuous systems, the stu- dent should consult one of the many textbooks devoted solely to the subject of vibrations, An important and special class of problems in dynamics deals, | ESE fi!a(xtAse) Hz F=mx w W-klx+Ast)-= mx mex = mx mx tkx=o x4 kx= ° ke wo, Carader m abut fogueney) xeA aut +B gi ul, E X(t20) = Vo x (i20)-fe = 8] Slt) = Aud, count — Buh, Sten x lbe0) = No =A Wn rs X= Becaunt Xgtoupt = Boe (uht+d) = Bsnu,tend + Kecoud sap PAAE = bE Ye? ee rad B Gaplibae -[eyor Vee x ie tt) aoe ou ‘(ese mm [hg, stags = bbe eee] b oT Nn. Ad ffSample Problem 8/1 A body weighing 25 Tb is suspended from a spring of constant & = 1601b/f. At time? = 0, it has a downward velocity of 2 ft/sec as it passes ‘through the position of static equilibrium. Determine (a) tho static spring defloction Ay (©) the natural frequency of the system in both rad/see (w,) and cycles/see (F,) (6) the system period 7 (the displacement x a function of time, where x is measured from the position of static equilibria (© the maximum velocity Uae attained by the mass CP) the maximum acceleration dy attained by the mass. Solution. at equilibrium, (@) From Eg. 8/6: cs xo hee vor + ( 011998 sin 14.38 (©) The velocity is maximum velocity Yar 58 2 f8/see, which, in this case, is the initial velocity. (1) ‘The acceleration is (@) From the spring relationship F, (0) cos 14.368 + =F sin 14.88 = 0.1999 sin 14.96 ‘As an exercise, let us determine x fsom the alternative Ba. (8/7) sin {346 + tan 14.86(0.1998) cos 14.361 = 2 cos 14.96 Sinoo the cosine function cannot be greater than 1 or less than ~1, the = 14.3612) sin 14.864 ‘Tho maximum acceleration ding is 28.7 ft/sec” iy Mh) he Bauilibriumy "| position The student should always exercise ex: treme caution in the matter of unite. In the subject of vibrations itis quite easy to commit errars due to mixing of feet and inches, eyces and radians, and other pairs that frequently enter the calcula tions. ® Recall that when we refer the motion to the position of static equilibrium, the ‘equation of motion, and therefore its so- Tution for the present system is dential 2 Nomlugtte) 0 that for the horizontally vibrating = wins) A> Tai, co Voae =A 4 Ong =a Aw614_ VIBRATION AND TIME RESPONSE Se NOD se aa eSATA 8/16 An energy-absorbing car bumper with its springs initially undeformed has an equivalent spring constant, of 3000 Tb/in. If the 2500-1b ear ap- proaches a massive wall with a speed of 5 mi/hr, determine (a) the velocity v of the car asa func tion of time during contact with the wall, where ‘iis the beginning ofthe impact, and @) the ‘maximum deflection eq of tho bumper. Problem 8/16 8/17 A 120-1 woman stands in the center of an end- supported board and causes a midspan deflection (of 0.9 in. If she flexes her knees slightly in order to cause a vertical vibration, what is the fe quency f, ofthe motion? Assume elasticresponse of the board and noglect its relatively smell mass. ‘Ans, f, = SEB Chapter § 8/18 Prove that the natural frequency f, of oscillaion for the mass m is independent of 6, Problem 8/18 8/19 If both springs are unstretched when the massis in the central position shown, determine the ” static deflection A, of the mass. What is the po riod of oscillatory motion about the position of static equilibrium? mg sin 0 fra Ane. hy = ESBS = 20 y Problem 8/19 8/20 A small particle of mass m is attached to two: highly tensioned wires as shown. Determine the system natural frequency «», for small vertical os cillations if the tension 1T'in both wires is as. ‘sumed to be constant. Is the calculation of the small static deflection of the particle necessary? Problem 8/20fob yok sxe, He ee Tr Wate? => toe bo of, => y= 2h fay Ug] ar —» ad t pm oar See 93! 32.2 " glo, te] an [Ee ; (3 ; Tis astm, fr] XU) = Bsn dgb+d) X(t)e Buy eo lant +d) XU) =~ Buy ene +B) uy * Bun Vag = Sly ae T % k= J6 L (a T: (aa ele ow 12k, 40 1,0 +k,0=0 m4 k=O Lom uJ kes 8 x Bll)=Asixuyt +BeraytB(tz0) = @ § (t=2) = Xo ; Ob) Le sin uye sO aout = © si. (t+) hn Q- [Eye 4" (M) <464 PERIODIC MoTION Replacing sin @ with 9, which is valid for small oscillations, the equa- tion of motion is ee | This is again similar to equation 2.2, with 8 replacing x and 3 replacing kim ‘The natural circular frequency is ‘The radius of gyration is PROBLEM 2.30 A device designed to deter rine the moment of inertia of a wheeltire assembly consists of 2-mm steel suspension wite, 2-m long, and a mounting plate, to which is attached the wheelie assembly. The suspension wire is fixed at its upper end and hung vertically When the system oscilates 2s a torsional pi dulum, the period of oscillation without the wheel-tite assembly is 4 s, With the wheel-tire mounted to the mounting plate, the period of oscillation is 25 s. Determine the moment of inertia of wheel-tte assembly. Answer: TL kgem? i 1