DESIGN OF ABUTMENT OF GATE

CHAINAGE 33000 Feet

SINGLE LANE BRIDGE SLAB CLEAR SPAN 5.500 M
No.of Spans 1.000 M
No. of Piers 0.000 M
Width of each Piers 1.300 M
NSL 271.418 BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Depth of Foundation below NSL (As per Geotechnical Report), Df = 5M
GROSS BEARING CAPACITY. = net SBC + ϒ*Df 171.2 KN/m2
1 Allowable stresses
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
2 DESIGN DATA
i) U/s BED LEVEL 269.407 m
ii) WATER DEPTH 2.194 m
iii) F.SL OF CANAL 271.601 m
iv) FREE BOARD 0.75 m
v) T.O.L u/s 272.351 m
vi) Thickness of BEARING AND PEDASTAL 0m
Top of bearing level 272.351
vii) Width of bearing 1.00 m
viii) Width of carriageway 4.25 m
ix) width of crash barrier 0.45 m
x) Total width of deck slab (including carriageway & crash barrier) 5.15 m
xi) Thickness of Wearing Coarse over deck slab 0.075 m
xii) Density of wearing coarse 24 KN/m3
2 DATA OF ABUTMENT PART WHERE BRIDGE IS THERE
HEIGHT OF GIRDER AND DECK SLAB 0.000 m
Top of Dirt wall G.L. 272.351 m
Thickness of U/s Floor 0.75 m
Raising of Crest 0.15 m
i) Width of Abutment top width 1.00 1.00 m
bottom width 1.00 1.00 m
Length of Abutment (From Hydraulic Design) 4.76 m
ii) Crest Level 269.557 m
Thickness of Wearing Coarse over crest 0.20 m
iii) Bottom of Abutment stem 268.657 m
iv) Top of abutment at bottom of bearing level 272.351 m
Thickness of Aproach Slab 0.200 m
v) Thickness of Dirt wall 0.000 m
vi) Height of Dirt wall 0.000 m
vii) Height of Abutment wall/stem (Below Dirt Wall) =272.351-268.657 3.694 m
Height of Abutment wall (from base of stem to Road level) 3.570 m
viii) Pond level/FSL 271.601 m
Road Level = FSL + FB + Th of deck slab + W.C. (or = Top of dirt wall + th. of W.C.) 272.426 m
ix) Surcharge due to Live load
As per IRC:6-2000 surcharge is equal to Earthfill of height 0.00 m
x) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
xi) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
xii) submerged Density (Wet density of soil - density of water) 8.00 KN/m3
xiii) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xiv) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xv) Angle of repose of backfill 18 degree 0.31415927
xvi) Active Static Earth pressure coefficient 0.528
xvii) Live Load Class A max wheel load = 114 KN (4 wheels) 456.00 KN
xviii) Impact factor 4.5/(6+l) (where "l" is effective span) 0.36
 Surcharge of 1.2 m height
Top of Dirt Wall =272.351
0.00 Thickness of Deck Slab = 0
ht. of dirt wall =0 1 Top of bearing level=272.351
TOL=272.351
FSL=271.601
h
ht. of abutment =3.694
h/2
0.42h
1.00
Bottom of abutment stem =268.657

Calculations of Loads

Dead Loads

1 Dead Load of 2 nos. of Crash Barrier

Dead Load of Top Portion = 2x(0.20x0.365x1.0)x25 3.65 KN/m
Dead Load of middle portion =2x((0.20+0.55)x0.32x1.0/2)x25 6.00 KN/m
Dead Load of bottom portion = 2x(0.55x0.39x1.0)x25 10.725 KN/m
Total wt./D.L. of crash barriers = 20.375 KN/m
2 Dead Load of wearing coat of 0.075 m thick =4.25*0.075*24 7.65 KN/m
3 Dead Load of 0m thick main Deck Slab =5.15*0*25 0.00 KN/m
Total Dead Load of Deck Slab per m span (i+ii+iii) 28.03 KN/m

Total Length of Deck Slab = clear span+width of bearing 5.5+1 6.50 m

Total D.L. of Deck Slab = 28.03*6.5 182.20 KN
Total D.L. of Deck Slab on each abutment 91.10 KN
Self wt. of the Abutment =1*3.694*4.76*25 439.59 KN
D.L. reaction per meter length of the abutment 92.35 KN/m

Live Loads
4 Live Load considered Class A 456.00 KN
Width of Deck Slab 5.15 m 5.15 m
Length of Deck Slab 6.5 m 6.5 m
Area of deck slab 33.48 m2
Live load intensity (Live Load per square meter) 13.6 KN/m2
Impact Load (Impact factor = 0.36) 4.9 KN/m2
Total Live load including impact load/sq. m area 18.5 KN/m2
Total live load over the abutment 619.38 KN
Total L.L.on each abutment 309.69 KN
L.L. reaction per meter length of the abutment 0 KN/m

Calculations of Overturning Moments (OTM) per meter Length of abutment about its base

i) OTM due to 1.2 m Earth Surcharge = (coeff. *1.2*ϒ ss)*h*h/2 OTM 0 KNm
0.528*0*18*3.57*3.57/2
ii) OTM due to static Earth pressure = (coeff. *ϒ ss*h)*h*0.42h OTM 181.62 KNm
(0.528*18*3.57)*3.57*0.42*3.57
iii) OTM due to eccentricity "e" of DL & LL reaction
Eccentricity "e" = "thickness of abutment/2" - "width of bearing/2" e= 0m

OTM = Reaction * e OTM 0 KNm

iv) OTM due to breaking force

(Total LL /(g = 9.8 or 10)) *(1/length of abutment)*Lever Arm OTM 0 KNm
=(456/10)*(1/4.76)*(272.351-268.657)

v) OTM due to temperature or friction of DL OTM 0 KNm

= μ*DL reaction on abutment * Lever Arm
= 0.6*92.35*(272.351-268.657)

(vi) Take max value of OTM from (iv) & (v) above OTM 0 KNm
Total OTM = ∑OTM ∑OTM 181.62 KNm
Design Constants for water Retaining Structures

σcbc 8.5 N/mm2

σst = 2/3 *σst 183 N/mm2 for liquid retaining str.
Grade of concrete (M) 25 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) 183 N/mm2
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.34
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.89
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σ cbc*N*J/2 1.274 N/mm2

Calculations of Depth of Raft Required, d reqd

dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 377.59 mm

Provide Overall Depth, D D 1000.00 mm

Effective depth provided, d =1000-50 mm cover-300 mm groove dprov 650.00 mm
(Hence Ok)

Calculations of Area of Steel Required, Ast,reqd

As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS: 456 , Minimum reinforceent :

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the total cross sectional area.
However, this value can be reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars are used.

(i) Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 1720.57 mm2

(ii) Minimum Tension Steel, Ast,min =0.85*b*d/fy Ast,min 1105.00 mm2
(iii) Also, min. steel per face \ =0.12% bD Ast,min 1200.00 mm2

So, Area of steel to be provided (maximum of the three above) Ast 1720.57 mm2
Using Dia of Bars 20 mm
Spacing of 20Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing 182.59 mm
Hence Provide 20 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c, on top and bottom face of RCC raft with
Ast,provd 1795.20 mm2 per face
Area of steel provided is more than required. Hence Safe

Calculations of Area of Distribution Steel Required

Distribution Steel per face =0.06% bD Ast,dist 600.00 mm2

Using Dia of Bars 12 mm
Spacing of bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast,dist Spacing 188.50 mm2
Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c top & bottom as distribution steel
Ast,provd 753.98 mm2 per face

12mm dia bars @150mm c/c

20mm dia bars @175mm c/c

 DESIGN OF RAFT OF ABUTMENT AND PIER OF GATE
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
SINGLE LANE BRIDGE SLAB CLEAR SPAN 5.50 M
No.of Spans 1.00 M
No. of Piers 0.00 M
Width of each Piers 1.30 M
1 Allowable stresses BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
Let Effective Cover To Reinforcement 75 mm
2 DESIGN DATA
i) BED LEVEL 269.407 M
ii) WATER DEPTH 2.194 M
iii) F.SL OF CANAL 271.601 M
iv) FREE BOARD 0.750 M
v) TH. OF BEARING AND PEDASTAL 0.000 M
2 DATA OF ABUTMENT PART WHERE BRIDGE IS THERE
FORMATION LEVEL G.L. 272.351 m
HEIGHT OF GIRDER AND DECK SLAB 0m
i) Width of Abutment at Bottom 1.00 m
ii) Top of abutment 272.351 m
iii) Bottom of Abutment stem 268.657 m
iv) Bearing Level 272.351 m
v) Width of bearing 1m
vi) Thickness of Dirt wall 0.00 m
vii) Height of Dirt wall 0.000 m
viii) Height of Abutment wall =272.351-268.657-0 3.694 m
ix) Pond level/FSL 271.601 m
x) Surcharge due to Live load
xi) As per IRC:6-2000 surcharge is equal to Earthfill of height 0.00 m
xii) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
xiii) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
xiv) submerged Density 8.00 KN/m3
xv) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xvi) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xvii) Angle of repose of backfill 18.00 degree 0.314
xvi) Active pressure coefficient 0.53
 DESIGN OF RAFT

Given Data
Grade of Concrete M 25 N/mm2
Height of abutment wall 3.694 m
Height of dirt wall 0.000 m
Thickness of RAFT 0.600 m
Total height from base of RAFT to dirt wall 4.294 m
Number of Spans 1.000 m
Number of Piers 0.000 m
Thickness of Pier 1.300 m
Overall Waterway 5.500 m
Projection of Raft each side of abutment 0.60 m
Width of RAFT including Projection 8.70 m
Length of RAFT 4.76 m

Y
Direction of Traffic

X X Length of Raft (d)

4.76

Y
Width of Raft, b = 8.70
Calculations of Loads

Dead Loads
(a) Dead Load of Deck Slab
(i) Dead Load of 2 nos. of Crash Barrier
Dead Load of Top Portion = 2x(0.20x0.365x1.0)x25 3.65 KN/m
Dead Load of middle portion =2x((0.20+0.55)x0.32x1.0/2)x25 6.00 KN/m
Dead Load of bottom portion = 2x(0.55x0.39x1.0)x25 10.725 KN/m
Total wt./D.L. of crash barriers = 20.375 KN/m
(ii) Dead Load of wearing coat of 0.075 m thick =4.25*0.075*24 7.65 KN/m
(iii) Dead Load of 0 m thick main Deck Slab =5.15*0*25 0.00 KN/m
Total Dead Load of Deck Slab per m span (i+ii+iii) 28.03 KN/m

Total Length of Deck Slab = overall waterway+thickness of bearing 6.50 m

Total D.L. of Deck Slab = 28.025*6.5 0.00 KN

(b) D.L. of 1m thick,4.76m long and 3.694 m high 2 No. Abutments

=2*(1*4.76*3.694)*25 879.172 KN

(b1) D.L. of 1.3m thick,4.76m long and 3.694 m high 1 no. of Pier
=2*(1.3*4.76*3.694)*25 0 KN

(c) D.L. of Earthfill on 0.6 m projected portion of RCC raft on each side of abutment including 1.20 m erath surcharge
=2*0.6*18*0.528*4.76*(0+3.694) 2005.36 KN
(d) D.L. of 0.2 m thick w.coat on crest =5.5*1*0.2*4.76*25 130.9 KN
(e) D.L. of 0.6 m thick,8.7 m wide & 4.76 m long RCC Raft =(0.6*8.7*4.76)*25 621.18 KN
(f) D.L of Gates & Gearing of Head Regulator
Size of Gate = Width x Height of Gate
(i) width = Clear span + 2 x Depth of Gate grooves =5.5+2*0.3 6.10 m
(ii) Height of Gate above crest level = Max. FSL + 0.75 m – Crest Level 2.79 m
271.601 +0.75- 269.557
Size of Gate =6.1 m x 2.79 m 17.02 m2
i) Weight of Gate = Area x 4 KN/m 2
68.08 KN
 ii) Weight of embedded parts = 30% of Wt. of Gate 20.42 KN
iii) Weight of Columns = 1.2 x (Wt. of Gate + Wt. of Embeded Parts) 106.20 KN
No of Gates to be provided 1.00
Total D.L. of Gates & Gearings = No. of gates *(i+ii+iii) 194.70 KN

∑ D.L. = Total Dead Load = (a)+(b)+(b1)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f) = 3831.31 KN

Live Load (LL)

Class A 0.00 KN
Impact Load = LL x Impact factor 0*0.36 0.00 KN
∑ L.L. = Total LL 0.00 KN

Total D.L + L.L. + Impact Load 3831.31 KN

Area of Raft Foundation 4.76*8.7 41.41 m2

Therefore
D.L. + L.L. per sq. m. 92.52 KN/m2

Calculations of Longitudinal Moments (M L)

(i) Due to braking force (ML,BF)

Braking force = 20% of Load 0.00 KN

Lever Arm = Bottom Level of Deck Slab – Foundation Level

Bottom Level of Deck Slab (i.e. Max FSL + F.B.) 271.601 0.75 272.351 m
Foundation Level = Crest Level – W.Coat – Raft Thickness – Thickness of Lean Conc.M-15 268.607 m
269.557 0.20 0.600 0.15
Lever Arm = 3.74 m
ML,BF 0.00 KNm
(ii) Due to Eccentricity of Live Load (M L,ecc)
As one pier is proposed 0.00 KNm

Total Longitudinal Moments “M L” = ML,BF + MLecc 0.00 KNm

Calculations of Transverse Moments (M T)

(i) Due to Eccentricity of L.L. (MT,ecc)

Due to Eccentricity of Live Load reaction on Pier or abutment = 0 0.00 KNm

(ii) Due to Wind (MT,w)

Wind load acts at 1.5 m (5.0’) above road level and it is taken as 3.0 KN/m run along bridge length
(Refer Johnson Victor Book) & as per CDO Haryana practice, it is taken 300 Lbs/ft run ≈ 4.4 KN/m run.
Length of wind load is taken as under :-
(a) In case of pier = c/c distance of two piers
(b) In case of raft foundation with no pier = width of Raft
So, considering wind load 4.40 KN/m
Width of raft = 8.70
Wind load in Bridge or Raft =4.4*8.7 38.28 KN
Lever Arm for wind load moment = 1.5 + (Road Level – Foundation Level)
=1.5+273.95-268.607 6.84 KN
MT,w 0.00 KNm

(iii) Due to Water Current (MT,wc) 0.00 KNm

Total Transverse Moments MT 0.00 KNm

Calculations of Section Modulus Z xx & Zyy of the R.C.C. Raft

Zxx = bd2/6 = 32.85 m3

Zyy = db /6 =
2
60.05 m3

Calculations of Upward Pressure (P max)

Pmax = (∑ D.L.+ ∑ L.L.) +ML +MT +Water Current effect on pier / raft
Area of Raft (A) ZYY ZXX @ 7 KN/m2 on Raft

Pmax = 3831.31 0.00 0.00 +0 Pmax = 92.52 KN/m2

41.41 60.05 60.05

Net upward pressure = 115.45 – 24 x thickness of W.C. – 25 x Thickness of RCC Raft 72.72 KN/m2

Net upward u.d.l, “w” = 72.72 KN/m

Effective Span, l = clear span of bridge + effective depth of raft l= 4.03 m
3.5+0.6-0.075

Calculation of Max B.M

Max B.M.= it will be acting as fixed support = wl 2 / 10 (Assume on safer side) = 117.81 KNm

Calculation of Design Constants

Grade of concrete in RAFT(M) 25 N/mm2

Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) 275 N/mm2
Thickness of RAFT 600 mm
Hence effective depth 525 mm
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.25
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.92
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σ cbc*N*J/2 0.986

Calculations of Depth of Raft Required, d reqd

dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 345.66 mm

Provide Overall Depth, D D 600.00 mm

Effective depth provided, d dprov 525.00 mm

Calculations of Area of Steel Required, Ast,reqd

As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS: 456 , Minimum reinforceent :

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the total cross sectional area.
However, this value can be reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars are used.

(i) Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 891.25 mm2

(ii) Minimum Tension Steel, A st,min =0.85*b*d/fy Ast,min 892.50 mm2
(iii) Also, min. steel per face \ =0.12% bD Ast,min 720.00 mm2

So, Area of steel to be provided (maximum of the three above) Ast 892.50 mm2
Using Dia of Bars 16 mm
Spacing of 20Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing 225.28 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c, on top and bottom face of RCC raft with
Ast,provd 1005.31 mm2
per face
Area of steel provided is more than required. Hence Safe
Calculations of Area of Distribution Steel Required

Distribution Steel per face =0.06% bD Ast,dist 360.00 mm2

Using Dia of Bars 10 mm
Spacing of bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast,dist Spacing 218.17 mm2
Hence Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c top & bottom as distribution steel
Ast,provd 448.80 mm2
per face
16mm dia bars @200mmc/c

10mm dia bars @175mmc/c

8.70 m

Check in Shear

Design Shear Force, V = net upward u.d.l x clear span/2 V 118164.79 N

72.72 3.25
Nominal Shear Stress, τv =V/bd 0.2251 N/mm2
Percentage of steel provided, pt =100 Ast,provd/bd pt 0.191 %
Corresponding to this pt, permissible shear stress
= kτc
From table-23, pg-84 of IS-456, Annex-B, by linear interpolation, τ c 0.21 N/mm2
and for overall depth, D = 1000 mm, value of k =1 as per cl- B-5.2.1.1 of IS-456
permissible shear stress k= 1 0.21 N/mm2

increase thickness or reinforcement of raft

 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT OF BRIDGE
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
SINGLE LANE BRIDGE SLAB CLEAR SPAN 5.500 M
No.of Spans 1.000 M
No. of Piers 0.000 M
Width of each Piers 1.300 M
NSL 271.418 BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Depth of Foundation below NSL (As per Geotechnical Report), Df = 5M
GROSS BEARING CAPACITY. = net SBC + ϒ*Df 171.2 KN/m2
1 Allowable stresses
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
2 DESIGN DATA
i) D/s BED LEVEL 266.555 m
ii) WATER DEPTH 5.000 m
iii) F.SL OF CANAL 271.555 m
iv) FREE BOARD 0.75 m
v) T.O.L d/s 272.305 m
vi) Thickness of BEARING AND PEDASTAL 0m
Top of bearing level 272.305
vii) Width of bearing 0.33 m
viii) Width of carriageway 4.25 m
ix) width of crash barrier 0.45 m
x) Total width of deck slab (including carriageway & crash barrier) 5.15 m
xi) Thickness of Wearing Coarse over deck slab 0.075 m
xii) Density of wearing coarse 24 KN/m3
2 DATA OF ABUTMENT PART WHERE BRIDGE IS THERE
HEIGHT OF GIRDER AND DECK SLAB 0.600 m
Top of Dirt wall G.L. 272.905 m
Thickness of D/s Floor 2m
Raising of Crest 0.15 m
i) Width of Abutment top width 1.20 1.20 m
bottom width 1.40 1.40 m
Length of Abutment (From Hydraulic Design) 6.35 m
ii) Crest Level 266.705 m
Thickness of Wearing Coarse over crest 0.20 m
iii) Bottom of Abutment stem 264.405 m
iv) Top of abutment at bottom of bearing level 272.305 m
Thickness of Aproach Slab 0.200 m
v) Thickness of Dirt wall 0.870 m
vi) Height of Dirt wall 0.400 m
vii) Height of Abutment wall/stem (Below Dirt Wall) =272.305-264.405 7.900 m
Height of Abutment wall (from base of stem to Road level) 8.380 m
viii) Pond level/FSL 271.555 m
Road Level = FSL + FB + Th of deck slab + W.C. (or = Top of dirt wall + th. of W.C.) 272.980 m
ix) Surcharge due to Live load
As per IRC:6-2000 surcharge is equal to Earthfill of height 1.20 m
x) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
xi) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
xii) submerged Density (Wet density of soil - density of water) 8.00 KN/m3
xiii) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xiv) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xv) Angle of repose of backfill 18 degree 0.31415927
xvi) Active Static Earth pressure coefficient 0.528
xvii) Live Load Class A max wheel load = 114 KN (4 wheels) 456.00 KN
xviii) Impact factor 4.5/(6+l) (where "l" is effective span) 0.38
 Surcharge of 1.2 m height
Top of Dirt Wall =272.905
0.87 Thickness of Deck Slab = 0.6
ht. of dirt wall =0.4 0.33 Top of bearing level=272.305
TOL=272.305
FSL=271.555
h
ht. of abutment =7.9
h/2
0.42h
1.40
Bottom of abutment stem =264.405

Calculations of Loads

Dead Loads

1 Dead Load of 2 nos. of Crash Barrier

Dead Load of Top Portion = 2x(0.20x0.365x1.0)x25 3.65 KN/m
Dead Load of middle portion =2x((0.20+0.55)x0.32x1.0/2)x25 6.00 KN/m
Dead Load of bottom portion = 2x(0.55x0.39x1.0)x25 10.725 KN/m
Total wt./D.L. of crash barriers = 20.375 KN/m
2 Dead Load of wearing coat of 0.075 m thick =4.25*0.075*24 7.65 KN/m
3 Dead Load of 0.6m thick main Deck Slab =5.15*0.6*25 77.25 KN/m
Total Dead Load of Deck Slab per m span (i+ii+iii) 105.28 KN/m

Total Length of Deck Slab = clear span+width of bearing 5.5+0.33 5.83 m

Total D.L. of Deck Slab = 105.28*5.83 613.78 KN
Total D.L. of Deck Slab on each abutment 306.89 KN
D.L. reaction per meter length of the abutment 48.33 KN/m

Live Loads
4 Live Load considered Class A 456.00 KN
Width of Deck Slab 5.15 m 5.15 m
Length of Deck Slab 5.83 m 5.83 m
Area of deck slab 30.02 m2
Live load intensity (Live Load per square meter) 15.2 KN/m2
Impact Load (Impact factor = 0.38) 5.8 KN/m2
Total Live load including impact load/sq. m area 21 KN/m2
Total live load over the abutment 630.42 KN
Total L.L.on each abutment 315.21 KN
L.L. reaction per meter length of the abutment 49.64 KN/m

Calculations of Overturning Moments (OTM) per meter Length of abutment about its base

i) OTM due to 1.2 m Earth Surcharge = (coeff. *1.2*ϒ ss)*h*h/2 OTM 400.45 KNm
0.528*1.2*18*8.38*8.38/2
ii) OTM due to static Earth pressure = (coeff. *ϒ ss*h)*h*0.42h OTM 2349.03 KNm
(0.528*18*8.38)*8.38*0.42*8.38
iii) OTM due to eccentricity "e" of DL & LL reaction
Eccentricity "e" = "thickness of abutment/2" - "width of bearing/2" e= 0.535 m

OTM = Reaction * e OTM 52.41 KNm

iv) OTM due to breaking force

(Total LL /(g = 9.8 or 10)) *(1/length of abutment)*Lever Arm OTM 56.73 KNm
=(456/10)*(1/6.35)*(272.305-264.405)

v) OTM due to temperature or friction of DL OTM 229.08 KNm

= μ*DL reaction on abutment * Lever Arm
= 0.6*48.33*(272.305-264.405)

(vi) Take max value of OTM from (iv) & (v) above OTM 229.08 KNm
Total OTM = ∑OTM ∑OTM 3030.97 KNm
Design Constants for water Retaining Structures

σcbc 8.5 N/mm2

σst = 2/3 *σst 183 N/mm2 for liquid retaining str.
Grade of concrete (M) 25 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) 183 N/mm2
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.34
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.89
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σ cbc*N*J/2 1.274 N/mm2

Calculations of Depth of Raft Required, d reqd

dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 1542.52 mm

Provide Overall Depth, D D 1400.00 mm

Effective depth provided, d =1400-50 mm cover-300 mm groove dprov 1350.00 mm
Increase Depth

Calculations of Area of Steel Required, Ast,reqd

As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS: 456 , Minimum reinforceent :

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the total cross sectional area.
However, this value can be reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars are used.

(i) Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 13825.16 mm2

(ii) Minimum Tension Steel, Ast,min =0.85*b*d/fy Ast,min 2295.00 mm2
(iii) Also, min. steel per face \ =0.12% bD Ast,min 1680.00 mm2

So, Area of steel to be provided (maximum of the three above) Ast 13825.16 mm2
Using Dia of Bars 25 mm
Spacing of 20Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing 35.51 mm
Hence Provide 25 mm dia bars @ 125 mm c/c, on top and bottom face of RCC raft with
Ast,provd 3926.99 mm2 per face
Increase area of steel

Calculations of Area of Distribution Steel Required

Distribution Steel per face =0.06% bD Ast,dist 840.00 mm2

Using Dia of Bars 12 mm
Spacing of bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast,dist Spacing 134.64 mm2
Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c top & bottom as distribution steel
Ast,provd 753.98 mm2 per face

12mm dia bars @150mm c/c

25mm dia bars @125mm c/c

 DESIGN OF RAFT OF ABUTMENT AND PIER OF BRIDGE
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
SINGLE LANE BRIDGE SLAB CLEAR SPAN 5.50 M
No.of Spans 1.00 M
No. of Piers 0.00 M
NSL 271.418 Width of each Piers 1.30 M
1 Allowable stresses BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
Let Effective Cover To Reinforcement 75 mm
2 DESIGN DATA
i) BED LEVEL 269.407 M
ii) WATER DEPTH 2.194 M
iii) F.SL OF CANAL 271.601 M
iv) FREE BOARD 0.750 M
v) TH. OF BEARING AND PEDASTAL 0.000 M
2 DATA OF ABUTMENT PART WHERE BRIDGE IS THERE
FORMATION LEVEL G.L. 272.351 m
HEIGHT OF GIRDER AND DECK SLAB 0m
i) Width of Abutment at Bottom 1.00 m
ii) Top of abutment 272.351 m
iii) Bottom of Abutment stem 268.657 m
iv) Bearing Level 272.351 m
v) Width of bearing 1m
vi) Thickness of Dirt wall 0.00 m
vii) Height of Dirt wall 0.000 m
viii) Height of Abutment wall =272.351-268.657-0 3.694 m
ix) Pond level/FSL 271.601 m
x) Surcharge due to Live load
xi) As per IRC:6-2000 surcharge is equal to Earthfill of height 0.00 m
xii) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
xiii) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
xiv) submerged Density 8.00 KN/m3
xv) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xvi) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xvii) Angle of repose of backfill 18.00 degree 0.314
xvi) Active pressure coefficient 0.53
 DESIGN OF RAFT

Given Data
Grade of Concrete M 25 N/mm2
Height of abutment wall 3.694 m
Height of dirt wall 0.000 m
Thickness of RAFT 1.000 m
Total height from base of RAFT to dirt wall 4.694 m
Number of Spans 1.000 m
Number of Piers 0.000 m
Thickness of Pier 1.300 m
Overall Waterway 5.500 m
Projection of Raft each side of abutment 0.60 m
Width of RAFT including Projection 8.70 m
Length of RAFT 4.76 m

Y
Direction of Traffic

X X Length of Raft (d)

4.76

Y
Width of Raft, b = 8.70
Calculations of Loads

Dead Loads
(a) Dead Load of Deck Slab
(i) Dead Load of 2 nos. of Crash Barrier
Dead Load of Top Portion = 2x(0.20x0.365x1.0)x25 3.65 KN/m
Dead Load of middle portion =2x((0.20+0.55)x0.32x1.0/2)x25 6.00 KN/m
Dead Load of bottom portion = 2x(0.55x0.39x1.0)x25 10.725 KN/m
Total wt./D.L. of crash barriers = 20.375 KN/m
(ii) Dead Load of wearing coat of 0.075 m thick =4.25*0.075*24 7.65 KN/m
(iii) Dead Load of 0 m thick main Deck Slab =5.15*0*25 0.00 KN/m
Total Dead Load of Deck Slab per m span (i+ii+iii) 28.03 KN/m

Total Length of Deck Slab = overall waterway+thickness of bearing 6.50 m

Total D.L. of Deck Slab = 28.025*6.5 182.16 KN

(b) D.L. of 1m thick,4.76m long and 3.694 m high 2 No. Abutments

=2*(1*4.76*3.694)*25 879.17 KN

(b1) D.L. of 1.3m thick,4.76m long and 3.694 m high 1 no. of Pier
=2*(1.3*4.76*3.694)*25 1142.92 KN

(c) D.L. of Earthfill on 0.6 m projected portion of RCC raft on each side of abutment including 1.20 m erath surcharge
=2*0.6*0*0.528*4.76*(0+3.694) 0.00 KN
(d) D.L. of 0.2 m thick w.coat on crest =5.5*1*0.2*4.76*25 130.9 KN
(e) D.L. of 1 m thick,8.7 m wide & 4.76 m long RCC Raft =(1*8.7*4.76)*25 1035.3 KN
(f) D.L of Gates & Gearing of Head Regulator
Size of Gate = Width x Height of Gate
(i) width = Clear span + 2 x Depth of Gate grooves =3.5+2*0.3 4.10 m
(ii) Height of Gate above crest level = Max. FSL + 0.75 m – Crest Level 2.79 m
271.601 +0.75- 269.557
Size of Gate =4.1 m x 2.79 m 11.44 m2
i) Weight of Gate = Area x 4 KN/m 2
45.76 KN
 ii) Weight of embedded parts = 30% of Wt. of Gate 13.73 KN
iii) Weight of Columns = 1.2 x (Wt. of Gate + Wt. of Embeded Parts) 71.38 KN
No of Gates to be provided 1.00
Total D.L. of Gates & Gearings = No. of gates *(i+ii+iii) 261.72 KN

∑ D.L. = Total Dead Load = (a)+(b)+(b1)+(c)+(d)+(e)+(f) = 3632.18 KN

Live Load (LL)

Class A 456.00 KN
Impact Load = LL x Impact factor 456*0.36 164.16 KN
∑ L.L. = Total LL 620.16 KN

Total D.L + L.L. + Impact Load 4252.34 KN

Area of Raft Foundation 4.76*8.7 41.41 m2

Therefore
D.L. + L.L. per sq. m. 102.68 KN/m2

Calculations of Longitudinal Moments (M L)

(i) Due to braking force (ML,BF)

Braking force = 20% of Load 91.20 KN

Lever Arm = Bottom Level of Deck Slab – Foundation Level

Bottom Level of Deck Slab (i.e. Max FSL + F.B.) 271.601 0.75 272.351 m
Foundation Level = Crest Level – W.Coat – Raft Thickness – Thickness of Lean Conc.M-15 268.207 m
269.557 0.20 1.000 0.15
Lever Arm = 4.14 m
ML,BF 377.93 KNm
(ii) Due to Eccentricity of Live Load (M L,ecc)
As one pier is proposed 1254.00 KNm

Total Longitudinal Moments “M L” = ML,BF + MLecc 1631.93 KNm

Calculations of Transverse Moments (M T)

(i) Due to Eccentricity of L.L. (MT,ecc)

Due to Eccentricity of Live Load reaction on Pier or abutment = 0 0.00 KNm

(ii) Due to Wind (MT,w)

Wind load acts at 1.5 m (5.0’) above road level and it is taken as 3.0 KN/m run along bridge length
(Refer Johnson Victor Book) & as per CDO Haryana practice, it is taken 300 Lbs/ft run ≈ 4.4 KN/m run.
Length of wind load is taken as under :-
(a) In case of pier = c/c distance of two piers
(b) In case of raft foundation with no pier = width of Raft
So, considering wind load 4.40 KN/m
Width of raft = 8.70
Wind load in Bridge or Raft =4.4*8.7 38.28 KN
Lever Arm for wind load moment = 1.5 + (Road Level – Foundation Level)
=1.5+273.95-268.207 7.24 KN
MT,w 277.26 KNm

(iii) Due to Water Current (MT,wc) 0.00 KNm

Total Transverse Moments MT 277.26 KNm

Calculations of Section Modulus Z xx & Zyy of the R.C.C. Raft

Zxx = bd2/6 = 32.85 m3

Zyy = db /6 =
2
60.05 m3

Calculations of Upward Pressure (P max)

Pmax = (∑ D.L.+ ∑ L.L.) +ML +MT +Water Current effect on pier / raft
Area of Raft (A) ZYY ZXX @ 7 KN/m2 on Raft

Pmax = 4252.34 1631.93 277.26 +0 Pmax = 134.48 KN/m2

41.41 60.05 60.05

Net upward pressure = 115.45 – 24 x thickness of W.C. – 25 x Thickness of RCC Raft 104.68 KN/m2

Net upward u.d.l, “w” = 104.68 KN/m

Effective Span, l = clear span of bridge + effective depth of raft l= 4.43 m
3.5+1-0.075

Calculation of Max B.M

Max B.M.= it will be acting as fixed support = wl 2 / 10 (Assume on safer side) = 204.96 KNm

Calculation of Design Constants

Grade of concrete in RAFT(M) 25 N/mm2

Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) 275 N/mm2
Thickness of RAFT 1000 mm
Hence effective depth 925 mm
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.25
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.92
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σ cbc*N*J/2 0.986

Calculations of Depth of Raft Required, d reqd

dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 455.94 mm

Provide Overall Depth, D D 1000.00 mm

Effective depth provided, d dprov 925.00 mm

Calculations of Area of Steel Required, Ast,reqd

As per clause 26.5.2.1 of IS: 456 , Minimum reinforceent :

The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15 per cent of the total cross sectional area.
However, this value can be reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars are used.

(i) Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 880.09 mm2

(ii) Minimum Tension Steel, A st,min =0.85*b*d/fy Ast,min 1572.50 mm2
(iii) Also, min. steel per face \ =0.12% bD Ast,min 1200.00 mm2

So, Area of steel to be provided (maximum of the three above) Ast 1572.50 mm2
Using Dia of Bars 20 mm
Spacing of 20Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing 199.78 mm
Hence Provide 20 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c, on top and bottom face of RCC raft with
Ast,provd 2094.40 mm2
per face
Area of steel provided is more than required. Hence Safe
Calculations of Area of Distribution Steel Required

Distribution Steel per face =0.06% bD Ast,dist 600.00 mm2

Using Dia of Bars 12 mm
Spacing of bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast,dist Spacing 188.50 mm2
Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c top & bottom as distribution steel
Ast,provd 753.98 mm2
per face
20mm dia bars @150mmc/c

12mm dia bars @150mmc/c

8.70 m

Check in Shear

Design Shear Force, V = net upward u.d.l x clear span/2 V 170100.3 N

104.68 3.25
Nominal Shear Stress, τv =V/bd 0.1839 N/mm2
Percentage of steel provided, pt =100 Ast,provd/bd pt 0.226 %
Corresponding to this pt, permissible shear stress
= kτc
From table-23, pg-84 of IS-456, Annex-B, by linear interpolation, τ c 0.22 N/mm2
and for overall depth, D = 1000 mm, value of k =1 as per cl- B-5.2.1.1 of IS-456
permissible shear stress k= 1 0.22 N/mm2

Raft is safe in shear

 DESIGN OF D/S COUNTERFORT RETAINING/WING WALL
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
CLEAR SPAN 5.500 M
No.of Spans 1.000 M
No. of Piers 0.000 M
Width of each Piers 1.300 M
BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
NSL 269.601 BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Depth of Foundation below NSL (As per Geotechnical Report), Df = 5M
1 Allowable stresses GROSS BEARING CAPACITY. = net SBC + ϒ*Df 171.2 KN/m2 Level 264.601
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm 2

Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2

2 DESIGN DATA
i) Crest Level 269.557 m
ii) Top lvl of Base slab will be at 6.397 m down from crest lvl
iii) Top Lvl of Base Slab of Wall 263.160 m
iv) D/S F.S.L 271.555 m
v) FREE BOARD 0.75 m
vi) T.O.L D/s 272.305 m
vii) Dry Density of soil 16.50 KN/m3
viii) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
ix) submerged Density (Wet density of soil - density of water) 8.00 KN/m3
x) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xi) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xii) Angle of repose of backfill 18 degree 0.314 rad
xiii) Active Static Earth pressure coefficient (Ka) 0.528
xiv) Coefficient of Friction between Wall and Concrete,μ 0.5
xv) Effective Cover to reinforcement 75 mm
xvi) Effective Cover for Stem Wall 50 mm

4.50 0.50
TOL=272.305

Earthfill
θ `

W1 W2
Hsw =
9.15 Pa Ht =
10.00

Hsw/3 W3

4m 1.00 Ltoe=2.5m
Top LvL of Base Slab = 263.16
(Ka*ϒ*Hsw)
Heel slab W4 Toe Bottom LvL of Base Slab = 262.31

Lprovd = 7.5m

1. Calculation of Design Constants

Grade of concrete, "M - 25 N/mm2

Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) = 2/3 of (0.55 Fy) 275 N/mm2
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.25
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.92
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σ cbc*N*J/2 0.986
2. Calculation of Depth of Foundation

Minimum Depth of Foundation "Dmin" = S.B.C (1-Sinφ/1+Sinφ)^2/ϒ 2.65 m

=((81.2/18)*((1-SIN(0.314))/(1+SIN(0.314)))^2
Keep depth of foundation = 3.00 m
Bottom level of Base Slab of Retaining Wall from NSL( based on Min depth of foundation) = 266.601 m
Provide Bottom level of Base Slab of Retaining Wall = 262.310 m

3. Dimensions of Base (Preliminary)

Clear Spacing of the counterforts = 1/3 Ht to 1/2 Ht = 1/3*10 to 1/2*10 = 3.33 to 5

Sc = 3.5 m
Thickness of counterforts = 0.05 Ht = 0.05*10 = 0.5 tc = 0.550 m
Thickness of heel slab = 0.05 Ht = 0.05*10 = 0.5 th = 0.550 m
Thickness of toe slab = 0.08 Ht = 0.08*10 = 0.8 ttoe = 0.850 m
Let us provide uniform thickness of base slab tbase = 0.850 m
Thickness of stem wall at base = 0.06 Ht = 0.06*10 = 0.6 tstem,b = 1.000 m
Thickness of stem wall at top tstem,t = 0.500 m
Length of base slab, L = 1.5 X = 1.5 (sqrt(k a/3)*Ht)
= 1.5 (Sqrt( 0.528/3)*10 = 6.29 m
Hence provide length of base slab Lbase 7.5 m
Provide Length of Toe slab Ltoe 2.50 m
Length of Heel Slab Lheel 4.00 m

4. Calculation of Earth Pressure, Pa

Total Height of Retaining Wall = Ht Ht 10.00 m

Ht/3 3.33 m
Horizontal Earth pressure, Pa = 1/2 * (Ka*ϒ*Ht)*Ht Pa 475.2 KN/m
Pa =1/2*(0.528*18*10)*10

6. Check for Stability of Wall

1. Weight of rectangular portion of Stem wall, W2 = =0.5*9.15*25 W2 114.38 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z2) Z2 2.75 m

2. Weight of triangular portion of stem wall, W3 = 1/2*Hsw*(T1-T2)*25 =1/2*9.15*0.5*25 W3 57.19 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z3) =0.5/3+0.5+2.5 Z3 3.17 m

3. Weight of Base Slab, W4 = L(base)*t(base)*25 =7.5*0.85*25 W4 159.38 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z4) =L(base)/2 = 7.5/2 Z4 3.75 m

4. Weight of Rectangular Soil wedge over heel slab, W1 =

Lheel*Hsw*18
=4.5*9.15*18 W1 741.15 KN/m
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z1) =(1/2)*4.5+1+2.5 Z1 5.75 m

5. Horizontal Earth Pressure for total height of wall upto bottom lvl of base, P = P 475.2 KN/m
=1/2*(0.528*18*10)*10
It is acting at a height of Ht/3 Ht/3 3.33 m
S. No. Designation Resisting Force Overtu Lever Arm Moment About Toe (KN-
(KN) Per meter rning (m) m)
Length of Wall Force
(KN)
Overturnin
g Moment
Resisting
Moment
1 W2 114.38 2.75 314.55
2 W3 57.19 3.17 181.29
3 W4 159.38 3.75 597.68
4 W1 741.15 5.75 4261.61
5 P 475.20 3.33 1582.42
6 ∑W 1072.1
7 ∑MO 1582.42
8 ∑MR 5355.13
 wall is safe against
Factor of Safety against overturning = ∑MR/∑Mo =5355.13/1582.42 3.38 >2 overturning

wall is unsafe hence

Factor of Safety against Sliding = μ∑W/P =0.5*1072.1/475.2 1.128 <1.5 provide a shear key

Check for Base Pressure

Net Moment = ∑MR - ∑MO =5355.13-1582.42 3772.71 KN-m
Distance of the point of application of resultant from toe is, x' = Net Moment / ∑W x' 3.52 m
Eccentricity, e = Lbase/2 - x' =(7.5/2)-3.52 e 0.23 m
Lprovd/6 1.25 m
Hence Safe as Resultant Lies Within Middle Third of Base

Base pressure at Toe = ∑W/Lprovd (1+6e/Lprovd) =1072.1/7.5*(1+6*0.23/7.5) p1 169.25 KN/m2

Hence Safe
Base pressure at Heel = ∑W/Lprovd (1-6e/Lprovd) =1072.1/7.5*(1-6*0.23/7.5) p2 116.64 KN/m2
Hence Safe against Tensile
stresses

Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is , p = =169.25-(169.25-116.64)/7.5*2.5 p 151.71 KN/m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with heel slab is , p'=169.25-(169.25-116.64)/7.5*(2.5+1) p' 144.7 KN/m2

7. Design of Toe Slab

Downward weight of Base Slab per unit area, = =0.85*1*1*25 21.25 KN/m2

Hence net pressure intensities under toe slab will be 148 KN/m2
130.46 KN/m2
Bending Moment at Junction of Stem with toe Slab
=1/2(148+130.46)*2.5*(1/3*((130.46+2*148)/(130.46+148))*2.5) M 444.23 KN-m
Effective depth of toe slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 671.23 mm
Overall depth of toe slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 746.23 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 2276.66 mm2

Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 1020.00 mm2
using 25 mm dia bars
Spacing of 25 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 215.61 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 25 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at bottom of the toe slab

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of toe slab =0.12%*1000*850 1020 mm2
Distribution steel per face 510
using 12 mm dia bars
Spacing of 12 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 221.76 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at top & bottom of the toe slab

8. Design of Heel Slab (For continuous beam action)

A 4.00 B

1 m
133.06 105.00
126.05
 i) Distributed Downward wt. of soil over heel slab W 164.70 KN/m2
ii) Total Downward wt. of heel Slab = =4*0.85*1*25 Wheel 85 KN/m2
(iii) Net pressure intensity acting downward at free edge i.e. at point 'A' = (164.7 + 85 - 116.64 ) = 133.06 KN/m2
(iv) Net pressure intensity acting downward at point 'B' = (164.7 + 85 - 144.7 ) = 105.00 KN/m2

Considering 1 m wide strip near the free edge/end (i.e. A)of the heel slab width, b1 1m
Intensity of upward pressure at a distance of 1 m from free edge is pc 126.05 KN/m2
Average Loading on strip may be taken as = (133.06 + 126.05 )/2 = w 129.56 KN/m2
Assuming dia of bars to be used 16 mm
Effective depth of counterfort =0.85-(0.075)-((0.016)/2) dc 0.767 m
Effective span, l = clear spacing of counterforts + effective depth = 3.5 + 0.767 4.267 m

Max -ve B.M. = M-ve = wl2/12 = 129.56*4.267^2/12 M-ve 196.580 KNm/m

Max +ve B.M. = M+ve = wl2/16 = 129.56*4.267^2/16 M+ve 147.430 KNm/m
Design Shear Force, V = w*(Clear span/2 - d) =129.56* (3.5 /2 - 0.767 ) V 127.357 KN/m

Effective depth of heel slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 446.52 mm
Overall depth of heel slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 521.52 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Design of Top Reinforcement (for -ve moment) at the counterforts

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 1007.46 mm2/m
(Required at 1 m from free edge)
Ast,min 1020.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing required 197.12 mm
Spacing provided 175 mm
>>>>>> Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c spacing at top of the heel slab upto a distance of 1 m from free edge only
These bars are extended upto a distance of 1m from either side of the face of the counterfort along the length of the retaining wall.
>>>>>> At a distance beyond 1 m from free edge, only minimum reinforcement shall be provided

Minimum reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of heel slab =0.12%*1000*850 1020 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 197.12 mm
Spacing provided 175 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c spacing at top of the heel slab beyond 1 m from free edge
Design of Bottom Reinforcement (for +ve moment) at mid span of the heel slab
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 755.57 mm2/m
Ast,min 1020.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars Spacing required
197.12 mm
Spacing provided175 mm
>>>>>> Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c spacing at bottom of the heel slab throughout the length of the heel slab

Distribution steel
Ast,min 1020.00 mm2
510.00 mm2 per face
using 12 mm dia bars Spacing required 221.76 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
>>>>>> Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing for the transverse reinforcement

Design of heel slab for cantilever action

The intensity of load at the face of the stem 105.00 KN/m2
The intensity of load at a distance of 1.75 m from the face of stem 117.28 KN/m2
Total B.M due to loading on the triangular portion Mmax 397.09 KNm
=3.5 *( 3.5 /2))*(( 105 *( 1.75 /3))+(( 117.28 - 105 )/2)*( 1.75 /3))

Mmax per meter width =397.09/3.5 Mmax per meter width = 113.45 KNm/m
d 775 mm
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 581.43 mm2
using 12 mm dia bars
Spacing of 12 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 194.52 mm
Spacing provided 175 mm
9. Design of Stem Wall (SW)

(a) At base (design of horizontal steel in between base and one third height from base)
Total Height of Retaining Wall = Hsw Hsw 9.15 m
Intensity of Earth pressure at the base of the stem, p a = Ka*ϒ*Hsw =0.528*18*9.15 pa 86.96 KN/m2
Effective depth of stem wall provided at bottom dprovd 950 mm
effective span, l = 3.5 + 0.95 = l 4.45 m
Max. -ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by = pal2/12 Mu,-ve 143.5 KN-m
Max. mid span moment (+ve moment) is given by = pal2/16 Mu,+ve 107.63 KN-m

Design of rear face (Earth face) Reinforcement (for -ve moment) at the counterforts
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 599.96 mm2
Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 1200.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 167.55 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing at Earth Side Face of Stem Wall upto one third height above base

Design of front face (Water face) Reinforcement (for +ve moment) in the mid span of the stem
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 449.99 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 167.55 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing at water Face of Stem Wall upto one third height above base

Check for Shear at the base

Shear force at the base of the stem wall = pa(clear span/2 - d) =86.96 ( 3.5 /2 - 0.95 ) Vu 69.57 KN
Shear stress, τv = Vu / bd =69.57*1000/(1000*950) τv 0.073 N/mm2
Area of steel provided, Ast Ast 1340.410 mm2
percentage of steel provided, pt =100Ast/bD pt 0.13 %
permissible shear stress τc 0.311 N/mm2
Hence safe in shear > τv

(b) At one third height from base

Total Height of Retaining Wall at one third height from base = H sw Hsw 6.10 m
Intensity of Earth pressure at the base of the stem, p a = Ka*ϒ*Hsw =0.528*18*6.1 pa 57.97 KN/m2
Thickness of stem wall at one third height from base = x+top thickness tstem = 833 mm
Effective depth of stem wall provided at bottom dprovd 783 mm
effective span, l = 3.5 + 0.783 = l 4.283 m
Max. -ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by = pal2/12 Mu,-ve 88.62 KN-m
Max. mid span moment (+ve moment) is given by = pal /16
2
Mu,+ve 66.46 KN-m

Design of rear face (Earth face) Reinforcement (for -ve moment) at the counterforts
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 449.53 mm2
Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 999.60 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 201.14 mm
Spacing provided 175 mm 225
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c spacing at Earth Side Face of Stem Wall in middle one third height

Design of front face (Water face) Reinforcement (for +ve moment) in the mid span of the stem
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 337.12 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 201.14 mm
Spacing provided 175 mm 225
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 175 mm c/c spacing at water Face of Stem Wall in middle one third height
(c) At two third height from base
Total Height of Retaining Wall at two third height from base = H sw Hsw 3.05 m
Intensity of Earth pressure at the base of the stem, p a = Ka*ϒ*Hsw =0.528*18*3.05 pa 28.99 KN/m2
Thickness of stem wall at one third height from base = x+top thickness tstem = 667 mm
Effective depth of stem wall provided at bottom dprovd 617 mm
effective span, l = 3.5 + 0.617 = l 4.117 m
Max. -ve moment occuring in the stem at the counterfort location is given by = pal2/12 Mu,-ve 40.95 KN-m
Max. mid span moment (+ve moment) is given by = pal /16
2
Mu,+ve 30.71 KN-m

Design of rear face (Earth face) Reinforcement (for -ve moment) at the counterforts
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 263.61 mm2
Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 800.40 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 251.2 mm
Spacing provided 225 mm 275
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 225 mm c/c spacing at Earth Side Face of Stem Wall in upper one third height

Design of front face (Water face) Reinforcement (for +ve moment) in the mid span of the stem
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 197.69 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 251.2 mm
Spacing provided 225 mm 275
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 225 mm c/c spacing at water Face of Stem Wall in upper one third height

(d) Design of stem for cantilever action

Intensity of Earth pressure at the base of the stem, p a = Ka*ϒ*Hsw =0.528*18*9.15 pa 86.96 KN/m2
Height of stem wall at a distance of 1.75 m from the base of the stem wall Hsw' 7.40 m
Intensity of Earth pressure at a distance of 1.75 m from the base of the stem, pa' = Ka*ϒ*Hsw' pa' 70.33 KN/m2
Total B.M. due to loading on the triangular portion
=3.5 *( 3.5 /2))*(( 70.33 *( 1.75 /3))+(( 86.96 - 70.33 )/2)*( 1.75 /3)) B.M. 281 KNm
Mmax per meter width = 281/3.5 Mmax 80 KNm
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 317.75 mm2
Ast,min 1200.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required
167.55 mm
Spacing provided150 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing vertical bars on both the faces of the stem through out the height of the stem

10. Design of Interior Counterfort

(a) Design of counterfort for T-beam action

The thickness of counterforts bf 0.550 m

Clear spacing of counterforts 3.5 m

At base
At a depth 'h' below top of wall, Intensity of Earth pressure on each counterfort per unit width, p a = Ka*ϒ*h
=0.528*18* h pa 9.5 *h KN/m2
Earth pressure for a width of 3.5 m = 9.5 * 3.5 * h 33.25 *h KN/m2
Bending Moment = ( 0.5*9.5*9.15 )*3.5*9.15/3 M 464 KNm
Shear Force = ( 0.5*9.5*9.15 )*3.5 V 152 KN
From fig Tanθ = (4/9.15) = θ = (Tan^-1)( 4/9.15) θ 23.61 degree
Cosθ 0.92
Sinθ 0.4
Dbase = Hsw Sinθ Dbase 3.66 m
dbase 3610 mm
Net pressure intensity acting downward at free edge i.e. at point 'A' = (164.7 + 85 - 116.64 ) = 133.06 KN/m2
Net pressure intensity acting downward at point 'B' = (164.7 + 85 - 144.7 ) = 105.00 KN/m2
Reaction transferred to each counterfort at point A = = 133.06 * (3.5+0.55) 538.89 KN/m
Reaction transferred to each counterfort at point B = = 105 * (3.5 + 0.55) 425.25 KN/m
Critical section for the counterfort will be the junction of the base slab and stem wall, i.e. at height, h = 9.15 m
Pressure intensity at this section 304.24 KN/m
Shear Force at critical section = 1/2 * 304.24 * 9.15 F 1392 KN
B.M. at critical section = 1/2 * 304.24 * 9.15^2/3 M 4246 KNm
Effective depth required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 2798.2 mm
Overall depth required Dreqd 2848.2 mm
Hence OK
Using
Spacer bars of dia 25
Main Steel bars of dia 25
Effective depth = 3660-(50+25+12.5) 3572.5 mm
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 4720.63 mm2
Area of Single bar Aφ = 3.14/4*25^2 Aφ 490.87 mm2
No. of bars required 10 No.
Provide these bars in two layers

The height 'h' where half of the reinforcement can be curtailed will be equal to √H t =√10 3.2 m

Design of Horizontal ties

Effective S.F., V'= F - M tanθ/d' where d' = d/cosθ =3572.5/0.92 d' 3883 mm
Effective S.F., V'= 1392*10^3 - 4246*10^6* (0.4/0.92)/3572.5 V' 875250.68 N
τv = V'/bd' = 875250.68/ (550*3883 ) τv 0.41 N/mm2
% age of steel provided, pt = 100Ast/bd' pt 0.23 %
permissible shear stess τc 0.346 N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement to be provided for a shear force of V us = (τv-τc)bd' Vus 136681.6 N
Area of horizontal ties required = Vus/σst Ast,reqd 497.024 mm2
Using 12 mm dia bars 2-legged ties Aφ 226.19 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm Φ ties =Aφ x b/Ast Spacing required 455.09 mm
Max spacing as per code IS 456 lesser from the two below Spacing provided 300 mm
(i) 0.75d 412.5 mm
(ii) 300 mm 300 mm

Design of Vertical ties

The downward force at A 465.71 KN/m
The downward force at B 367.5 KN/m
Area of vertical ties required at point A = 465.71*1000/275 1693.49 mm2
Using 12 mm dia bars 2-legged ties Aφ 226.19 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm Φ ties =Aφ x b/Ast Spacing required 133.56 mm

Area of vertical ties required at point B = 367.5*1000/275 1336.36 mm2

Using 12 mm dia bars 2-legged ties Aφ 226.19 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm Φ ties =Aφ x b/Ast Spacing required 169.26 mm

Thus spacing of vertical ties can be increased gradually from 125 mm c/c at point A to 150 mm c/c at B
 DESIGN OF U/S RETAINING/WING WALL
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
CLEAR SPAN 5.500 M
No.of Spans 1.000 M
No. of Piers 0.000 M
Width of each Piers 1.300 M
BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
NSL 269.601 BEARING CAPACITY. 8.12 T/SQ M
Depth of Foundation below NSL (As per Geotechnical Report), Df = 5M
1 Allowable stresses GROSS BEARING CAPACITY. = net SBC + ϒ*Df 171.2 KN/m2 Level 264.601
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
2 DESIGN DATA
ii) U/s floor thickness 0.750 m
iii) U/s Bed Level 269.407 m
iv) U/s F.S.L 271.601 m
v) FREE BOARD 0.75 m
vi) T.O.L D/s 272.351 m
vii) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
viii) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
ix) submerged Density (Wet density of soil - density of water) 8.00 KN/m3
x) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xi) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xii) Angle of repose of backfill 18 degree 0.314 rad
xiii) Active Static Earth pressure coefficient (Ka) 0.528
xiv) Coefficient of Friction between Wall and Concrete,μ 0.5
xv) Effective Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

0.30
TOL=272.351

W4

W5 W1
Hsw =
3.69 Pa Ht =
4.09

Hsw/3 W2

1.3 m 0.50 Btoe=1.2m

Top LvL of Base Slab = 268.657
(Ka*ϒ*Hsw)
Heel slab W3 Toe Bottom LvL of Base Slab = 268.257

Bprovd = 3m
1. Calculation of Design Constants

Grade of concrete, "M - 25 N/mm2

Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) = 2/3 of (0.55 Fy) 183 N/mm2
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.34
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.89
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σcbc*N*J/2 1.274
2. Calculation of Depth of Foundation

Minimum Depth of Foundation "Dmin" = S.B.C (1-Sinφ/1+Sinφ)^2/ϒ 1.26 m

=((81.2/18)*((1-SIN(0.314))/(1+SIN(0.314)))^2
Keep depth of foundation = 1.50 m
Bottom level of Base Slab of Retaining Wall = 268.257 m

3. Dimensions of Base

The ratio of the length of toe slab to the base width, B is given by, α = 1-SBC/(2.2*ϒ*Ht) 0.499
=1-(81.2/2.2*18*4.09) α= 0.500
(i) Base width, B = (0.95 Ht)*Sq Rt ((Ka/(1-α)*(1+3α))
B =0.95*4.09*Sqrt (0.528/(1-0.5)(1+3*0.5)) B= 6.31 m
(ii) Base width from considerations of sliding is given by, B= 0.7H*Ka/(1-α)*μ
B =0.7*4.09*0.528/(1-0.5)*0.5 B= 6.05 m
(iii) Base width, in normal practice is to be provided between 0.4 to 0.6 Ht
Taking Maximum value of 0.6 Ht B= 2.454 m

Hence provide base width of wall , B Bprovd 3.00 m

Length of Toe Slab = α*Bprovd =0.5*3 1.50 m

Provide Btoe 1.20 m
Let the thickness of the base be (in between Ht/12 to Ht/20), Assume Ht/12 =4.09/12 Ht/12 0.50 m
Provide thickness of Base Slab Tbase 0.40 m
Provide thickness of stem wall at bottom , T1 T1 0.50 m
Provide thickness of stem wall at top, T2 T2 0.30 m
Length of Heel Slab Bheel 1.30 m

4. Calculation of Earth Pressure, Pa

Height of Stem Wall = Hsw Hsw 3.69 m

Hsw/3 1.23 m
Horizontal Earth pressure, Pa = 1/2 * (Ka*ϒ*Hsw)*Hsw Pa 64.7 KN/m
Pa =1/2*(0.528*18*3.69)*3.69
5. Thickness of Stem

Maximum B.M. at the base of stem wall, Mmax =64.7*1.23=79.58 Mmax 79.58 KNm per m length

Effective depth of stem required at base of stem wall dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 249.94 mm
Overall depth of stem required at base of stem wall Dreqd Dreqd 324.94 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

6. Check for Stability of Wall

1. Weight of rectangular portion of Stem wall, W1 = =0.3*3.69*25 W1 27.68 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z1) Z1 1.35 m

2. Weight of triangular portion of stem wall, W2 = 1/2*Hsw*(T1-T2)*25 =1/2*3.69*0.2**25 W2 18.45 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z2) =0.2/3+0.3+1.2 Z2 1.57 m

3. Weight of Base Slab, W3 = Bprovd*Tbase*25 =3*0.4*25 W3 30.00 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z3) =Bprovd/2 Z3 1.50 m

4. Weight of Triangular Soil wedge over heel slab, W4 = (1/2)*(T1-

T2)*Hsw*18
=1/2*0.2*3.69*18 W4 6.64 KN/m
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z4) =(2/3)*0.2+0.3+1.2 Z4 1.63 m

5. Weight of Rectangular Soil wedge over heel slab, W5 =

Bheel*Hsw*18
=1.3*3.69*18 W5 86.35 KN/m
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z5) =(1/2)*Bheel+0.5+1.2 Z5 2.35 m

6. Horizontal Earth Pressure for total height of wall upto bottom lvl of base, P = P 79.49 KN/m
=1/2*(0.528*18*4.09)*4.09
It is acting at a height of Ht/3 Ht/3 1.36 m

S. No. Designation Resisting Force Overtu Lever Arm Moment About Toe
(KN) Per meter rning (m) (KN-m)
Length of Wall Force
(KN)
Overturnin
g Moment
Resisting
Moment
1 W1 27.68 1.35 37.37
2 W2 18.45 1.57 28.97
3 W3 30.00 1.50 45.00
4 W4 6.64 1.63 10.85
5 W5 86.35 2.35 202.92
6 P 79.49 1.36 108.11
7 ∑W 169.12
8 ∑MO 108.11
9 ∑MR 325.11

wall is safe against

Factor of Safety against overturning = ∑MR/∑Mo =325.11/108.11 3.01 >2 overturning

wall is unsafe hence

Factor of Safety against Sliding = μ∑W/P =0.5*169.12/79.49 1.064 <1.5 provide a shear key
Check for Base Pressure
Net Moment = ∑MR - ∑MO =325.11-108.11 217 KN-m
Distance of the point of application of resultant from toe is, x' = Net Moment / ∑W x' 1.28 m
Eccentricity, e = Bprovd/2 - x' =(3/2)-1.28 e 0.22 m
Bprovd/6 0.5 m
Hence Safe as Resultant Lies Within Middle Third of Base

Base pressure at Toe = ∑W/Bprovd (1+6e/Bprovd) =169.12/3*(1+6*0.22/3) p1 81.18 KN/m2

Hence Safe
Base pressure at Heel = ∑W/Bprovd (1-6e/Bprovd) =169.12/3*(1-6*0.22/3) p2 31.57 KN/m2
Hence Safe against Tensile
stresses

Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is , p = =81.18-(81.18-31.57)/3*1.2 p 61.34 KN/m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with heel slab is , p'=81.18-(81.18-31.57)/3*(1.2+0.5) p' 53.07 KN/m2

7. Design of Toe Slab

Downward weight of Base Slab per unit area, = =0.4*1*1*25 10 KN/m2

Hence net pressure intensities under toe slab will be 71.18 KN/m2
51.34 KN/m2
Bending Moment at Junction of Stem with toe Slab
=1/2(71.18+51.34)*1.2*(1/3*((51.34+2*71.18)/(51.34+71.18))*1.2) M 46.49 KN-m
Effective depth of toe slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 191.04 mm
Overall depth of toe slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 266.04 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 880.84 mm2

Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 480.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 228.26 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at bottom of the toe slab

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of toe slab =0.12%*1000*400 480 mm2
Distribution steel per face 240
using 10 mm dia bars
Spacing of 10 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 327.25 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at top & bottom of the toe slab

8. Design of Heel Slab

i) Downward wt. of soil pressure over heel slab (W6 and W7) W6 6.64 KN
W7 86.35 KN
ii) Total wt. of heel Slab = =1.3*0.4*1*25 Wheel 13 KN

iii) Total upward soil pressure on heel slab =(1/2)*(53.07+31.57)*1.3 55.016 KN

This upward pressure is acting at =(53.07+2*31.57)/(53.07+31.57)*(1.3/3) 0.59 m
from the junction of heel slab and stem wall

B.M. at the junction of stem and heel slab M 35 KN-m

=6.64*(1.3/3)+86.35*(1.3/2)+13*(1.3/2)-55.016*0.59
Effective depth of heel slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 165.76 mm
Overall depth of heel slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 240.76 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 663.14 mm2
Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 480.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 303.2 mm
Spacing provided 250 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c spacing at top of the heel slab

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of heel slab =0.12%*1000*400 480 mm2
Distribution steel per face 240
using 10 mm dia bars
Spacing of 10 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 327.25 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 10 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at top & bottom of the heel slab
9. Design of Stem Wall (SW)

Stem wall is designed to resist horizontal Earth pressure, Pa as already calculated above Pa 64.7 KN/m
This force is acting at a height of Hsw/3 from base of stem wall Hsw/3 1.23 m

B.M. at the base of the stem wall is MSW Msw 79.58 KN-m
Effective depth of stem wall required at bottom dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 249.94 mm
Overall depth of heel slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 324.94 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 1153.02 mm2

Minimum Steel as per IS 456 i.e. 0.12% of gross area of toe slab Ast,min 480.00 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 174.38 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing at Earth Side Face of Stem Wall

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of Stem Wall =0.12%*1000*(500 480 mm2
Distribution steel per face 240
using 12 mm dia bars
Spacing of 12 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 471.24 mm
Spacing provided 250 mm
Hence Provide 12 mm dia bars @ 250 mm c/c spacing at inner and outer face of stem wall
 DESIGN OF F.O.WALL
CHAINAGE 33000 Feet
CLEAR SPAN 4.000 M
No.of Spans 1.000 M
No. of Piers 0.000 M
Width of each Piers 1.300 M
NSL 271.418 BEARING CAPACITY. 9.74 T/SQ M
Depth of Foundation below NSL (As per Geotechnical Report), Df = 5M
GROSS BEARING CAPACITY. = net SBC + ϒ*Df 187.4 KN/m2 Level 266.418
1 Allowable stresses
Permissible bending stress in Concrete M25 As per Table 21 IS: 456 85 kg/cm2
Permissible tension in steel in structures in Fe500 steel 0.55*Fy 2750 kg/cm2
2 DESIGN DATA
Side Slope of Wall H 1.5
V 1
i) D/s BED LEVEL of WJC 264.801 m
ii) WATER DEPTH 5.000 m
iii) F.SL OF CANAL 269.801 m
iv) FREE BOARD 0.75 m
v) T.O.L D/s 270.551 m
vi) HEIGHT OF INCLINED FO WALL 5.750 m
vii) Dry Density of soil 16.00 KN/m3
viii) Wet density of soil 18.00 KN/m3
ix) submerged Density (Wet density of soil - density of water) 8.00 KN/m3
x) Concrete Density 25.00 KN/m3
xi) Density of water 10.00 KN/m3
xii) Angle of repose of backfill 18 degree 0.314 rad
xiii) Active Static Earth pressure coefficient (Ka) 0.528
xiv) Coefficient of Friction between Wall and Concrete,μ 0.5
xv) Effective Cover to reinforcement 75 mm

0.30
TOL=270.551 = 1.5*H1=8.625

H''= 3.15 m
W1wedge W3
x =3.55 m
Hsw = 3.93 H1 = 5.75m
7.25 Pa W1+W2 Ht =
H'= 2.6 m 8.75
R W6
Hsw/3 ϴ Bottom of Stem = 264.801
7.175 W7 W4
W2wedge 3.25 m 1.75 Btoe=4m
Top LvL of Base Slab = 263.301
(Ka*ϒ*Hsw)
Heel slab W5 Toe Slab Foundation LvL = 261.801

Bprovd = 9m
1. Calculation of Design Constants

Grade of concrete, "M - 25 N/mm2

Permissible stresses in concrete (σcbc ) 8.5 N/mm2
Permissible stresses in steel (σst) = 2/3 of (0.55 Fy) 183 N/mm2
(i) Modular ratio, “m” = 280 / 3. σcbc 10.98
(ii) Depth factor of Neutral Axis, “N” = (m .σcbc)/(m .σcbc + σst ) 0.34
(iii) Lever Arm, “J” = (1-N/3) 0.89
(iv) Moment of Resistance factor, “Q” = σcbc*N*J/2 1.274
2. Calculation of Depth of Foundation

Minimum Depth of Foundation "Dmin" = S.B.C (1-Sinφ/1+Sinφ)^2/ϒ 2.9 m

=((187.4/18)*((1-SIN(0.314))/(1+SIN(0.314)))^2
Keep depth of foundation = 3.00 m
Bottom level of Base Slab of FO Wall = 261.801 m

3. Dimensions of Base

Angle of wall with base, ϴ =Tan^-1(5.75/7.175) 0.6756 radians ϴ 38.71 degree

Height of Soil wedge over the heel slab, H' =Bheel*TAN(theetha) H' 2.60 m
Height of Soil wedge 1, H'' H'' 3.15 m
The ratio of the length of toe slab to the base width, B is given by, α = 1-SBC/(2.2*ϒ*Ht) 0.459
=1-(187.4/2.2*18*8.75) α= 0.500
(i) Base width, B = (0.95 Ht)*Sq Rt ((Ka/(1-α)*(1+3α))
B =0.95*8.75*Sqrt (0.528/(1-0.5)(1+3*0.5)) B= 13.51 m
(ii) Base width from considerations of sliding is given by, B= 0.7H*Ka/(1-α)*μ
B =0.7*8.75*0.528/(1-0.5)*0.5 B= 12.94 m
(iii) Base width, in normal practice is to be provided between 0.4 to 0.6 Ht
Taking Maximum value of 0.6 Ht B= 5.25 m

Hence provide base width of wall , B Bprovd 9.00 m

Length of Toe Slab = α*Bprovd =0.5*9 4.50 m

Provide Btoe 4.00 m
Let the thickness of the base be (in between Ht/12 to Ht/20), Assume Ht/12 =8.75/12 Ht/12 1.00 m
Provide thickness of Base Slab Tbase 1.50 m
Provide thickness of stem wall at bottom , T1 T1 1.75 m
Provide thickness of stem wall at top, T2 T2 0.30 m
Length of Heel Slab Bheel 3.25 m

4. Calculation of Resultant Earth Pressure, R

Resultant Earth Pressure, R = Sqrt (Pa2+(W1+W2)2)

This Pressure is acting at a height Hsw/3 from top level of Base Slab
Height of Stem Wall = Hsw Hsw 7.25 m
Hsw/3 2.42 m
Horizontal Earth pressure, Pa = 1/2 * (Ka*ϒ*Hsw)*Hsw Pa 249.777 KN/m
Pa =1/2*(0.528*18*7.25)*7.25
Weight of soil wedge, W1,wedge =1/2*3.925*3.15*18 W1,wedge 111.27 KN/m
Weight of soil wedge, W2,wedge =3.925*(HSW-H1+H')*18 =3.925*4.1*18 W2,wedge 289.67 KN/m
Resultant Earth Pressure, R = =Sqrt(249.777^2+(111.27+289.67)^2) R 472.38 KN/m
5. Thickness of Stem

Maximum B.M. at the base of stem wall, Mmax =R*Hsw/3=1143.16 Mmax 1143.16 KNm per m length

Effective depth of stem required at base of stem wall dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 947.31 mm
Overall depth of stem required at base of stem wall Dreqd Dreqd 1022.31 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

6. Check for Stability of Wall

1. Weight of inclined portion of stem wall, W3 = =1/2*(0.3+1.75)*5.75*25 W3 147.34 KN/m

x 3.55 m
This wt. is acting at c.g. of the wall, x =(H1/3)* (b+2a)/(a+b), where x is the distance from inner face
of the inclined stem wall, a= bottom thickness of stem wall and b= top thickness of stem wall
x =5.75/3*(0.3+2*1.75)/(1.75+0.3)
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z3 =3.55+4 Z3 7.55 m

2. Weight of vertical portion of stem wall, W4 = (Hsw-H1)*T1*25 =(7.25-5.75)*1.75*25 W4 65.63 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z4 =1.75/2+4 Z4 4.875 m

3. Weight of Base Slab, W5 = Bprovd*Tbase*25 =9*1.5*25 W5 337.50 KN/m

Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z5 =Bprovd/2 Z5 4.50 m

4. Weight of Triangular Soil wedge over heel slab, W6 =

(1/2)*Bheel*H'*18
=1/2*3.25*2.6*18 W6 76.05 KN/m
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z6 =(1/3)*Bheel+1.75+4 Z6 6.83 m

5. Weight of Rectangular Soil wedge over heel slab, W7 =

Bheel*(Hsw-H1)*18
=3.25*1.5*18 W7 87.75 KN/m
Lever arm (distance of its c.g. from toe, Z7 =(1/2)*Bheel+1.75+4 Z7 7.38 m

6. Resultant Earth Pressure, R (As Calculated above) R 472.38 KN/m

Lever arm (acting at a height Hsw/3 from base of stem wall) ZR = Hsw/3 + Tbase =2.42+1.5 ZR 3.92 m

S. No. Designation Resisting Force Overtu Lever Arm Moment About Toe
(KN) Per meter rning (m) (KN-m)
Length of Wall Force
(KN)
Overturnin
g Moment
Resisting
Moment
1 W3 147.34 7.55 1112.42
2 W4 65.63 4.875 319.95
3 W5 337.50 4.50 1518.75
4 W6 76.05 6.83 519.68
5 W7 87.75 7.38 647.16
6 R 472.38 3.92 1851.73
7 ∑W 714.27
8 ∑MO 1851.73
9 ∑MR 4117.96

wall is safe against

Factor of Safety against overturning = ∑MR/∑Mo =4117.96/1851.73 2.22 >2 overturning

wall is unsafe hence

Factor of Safety against Sliding = μ∑W/R =0.5*714.27/472.38 0.756 <1.5 provide a shear key
Check for Base Pressure
Net Moment = ∑MR - ∑MO =4117.96-1851.73 2266.23 KN-m
Distance of the point of application of resultant from toe is, x' = Net Moment / ∑W x' 3.17 m
Eccentricity, e = Bprovd/2 - x' =(9/2)-3.17 e 1.33 m
Bprovd/6 1.5 m
Hence Safe as Resultant Lies Within Middle Third of Base

Base pressure at Toe = ∑W/Bprovd (1+6e/Bprovd) =714.27/9*(1+6*1.33/9) p1 149.73 KN/m2

Hence Safe
Base pressure at Heel = ∑W/Bprovd (1-6e/Bprovd) =714.27/9*(1-6*1.33/9) p2 8.99 KN/m2
Hence Safe against Tensile
stresses

Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is , p = =149.73-(149.73-8.99)/9*4 p 87.18 KN/m2
Pressure p at the junction of stem with heel slab is , p'=149.73-(149.73-8.99)/9*(4+1.75) p' 59.81 KN/m2

7. Design of Toe Slab

Downward weight of Base Slab per unit area, = =1.5*1*1*25 37.5 KN/m2

Hence net pressure intensities under toe slab will be 112.23 KN/m2
49.68 KN/m2
Bending Moment at Junction of Stem with toe Slab
=1/2(112.23+49.68)*4*(1/3*((49.68+2*112.23)/(49.68+112.23))*4) M 731.04 KN-m
Effective depth of toe slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 757.55 mm
Overall depth of toe slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 832.55 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 3158.99 mm2

using 25 mm dia bars
Spacing of 25 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 155.39 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Hence Provide 25 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing at bottom of the toe slab

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of toe slab =0.12%*1000*1500 1800 mm2
Distribution steel per face 900
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 223.4 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at top & bottom of the toe slab

8. Design of Heel Slab

i) Downward wt. of soil pressure over heel slab (W6 and W7) W6 76.05 KN
W7 87.75 KN
ii) Total wt. of heel Slab = =3.25*1.5*1*25 Wheel 121.88 KN

iii) Total upward soil pressure on heel slab =(1/2)*(59.81+8.99)*3.25 111.8 KN

This upward pressure is acting at =(59.81+2*8.99)/(59.81+8.99)*(3.25/3) 1.22 m
from the junction of heel slab and stem wall

B.M. at the junction of stem and heel slab M 286.64 KN-m

=76.05*(3.25/3)+87.75*(3.25/2)+121.88*(3.25/2)-111.8*1.22
Effective depth of heel slab required dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 474.36 mm
Overall depth of heel slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 549.36 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)
Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 1238.64 mm2
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 162.33 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 150 mm c/c spacing at top of the heel slab

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of heel slab =0.12%*1000*1500 1800 mm2
Distribution steel per face 900
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 223.4 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at top & bottom of the heel slab
9. Design of Stem Wall (SW)

Stem wall is designed to resist Resultant Earth pressure, R as already calculated above R 472.38 KN/m
This force is acting at a height of Hsw/3 from base of stem wall Hsw/3 2.42 m

B.M. at the base of the stem wall is MSW Msw 1143.16 KN-m
Effective depth of stem wall required at bottom dreqd = Sqrt (M/Qb) dreqd 947.31 mm
Overall depth of heel slab required at base of stem wall Dreqd 1022.31 mm
Depth provided is more than required (Hance Safe)

Area of Steel required Ast,reqd =M/σst.j.d Ast,reqd 4202.57 mm2

using 25 mm dia bars
Spacing of 25 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 116.8 mm
Spacing provided 100 mm
Hence Provide 25 mm dia bars @ 100 mm c/c spacing at Earth Side Face of Stem Wall

Distribution reinforcement = 0.12 % of gross area of Stem Wall =0.12%*1000*(1750 1230 mm2
Distribution steel per face 615
using 16 mm dia bars
Spacing of 16 mm Φ bars =Area of single bar x b/Ast Spacing required 326.93 mm
Spacing provided 200 mm
Hence Provide 16 mm dia bars @ 200 mm c/c spacing at inner and outer face of stem wall