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    Class 12 Biology Practicals - I (2022-23)

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    Dwip Das
    The document describes an experiment to isolate DNA from plant material using onion. The procedure involves grinding onion in a mortar with water and salt, adding detergent, heating the mixture, filtering it, and adding chilled ethanol to precipitate DNA threads. DNA appears as a white precipitate that can be spooled. Isolating DNA from onion demonstrates that the technique can extract DNA from plant cell nuclei. Precautions include thoroughly cleaning glassware and using quality chemicals.

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    Class 12 Biology Practicals - I (2022-23)

    Uploaded by

    Dwip Das
    2K views10 pages
    The document describes an experiment to isolate DNA from plant material using onion. The procedure involves grinding onion in a mortar with water and salt, adding detergent, heating the mixture, filtering it, and adding chilled ethanol to precipitate DNA threads. DNA appears as a white precipitate that can be spooled. Isolating DNA from onion demonstrates that the technique can extract DNA from plant cell nuclei. Precautions include thoroughly cleaning glassware and using quality chemicals.

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    The document describes an experiment to isolate DNA from plant material using onion. The procedure involves grinding onion in a mortar with water and salt, adding detergent, heating the mixture, filtering it, and adding chilled ethanol to precipitate DNA threads. DNA appears as a white precipitate that can be spooled. Isolating DNA from onion demonstrates that the technique can extract DNA from plant cell nuclei. Precautions include thoroughly cleaning glassware and using quality chemicals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views10 pages

    Class 12 Biology Practicals - I (2022-23)

    Uploaded by

    Dwip Das
    The document describes an experiment to isolate DNA from plant material using onion. The procedure involves grinding onion in a mortar with water and salt, adding detergent, heating the mixture, filtering it, and adding chilled ethanol to precipitate DNA threads. DNA appears as a white precipitate that can be spooled. Isolating DNA from onion demonstrates that the technique can extract DNA from plant cell nuclei. Precautions include thoroughly cleaning glassware and using quality chemicals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Exp-2 Study the Plant Population Density by Quadrat Method

    Aim: To study the plant population density by the quadrant method.


    Materials Required:
    • Nail.
    • Thread
    • Hammer
    Procedure
    1. Select a site for the study and hammer the nails on the site without harming the vegetation.
    2. Fix four nails in the form of a square.
    3. Each end of the nail is tied with the help of a thread making a 1m*1m quadrant.
    4. Nine more similar quadrants are made at the site of the study.
    5. The number of individuals of the species A present in the first quadrant is counted and the data is
    recorded in the table.
    6. The number of individuals of species A in other quadrants is also counted and the data is recorded
    in the table.
    7. Similarly, count the number of individuals of species B and C present in all the quadrants and record
    the data in the table.
    8. The density of the plant population is then calculated by the following equation:
    D = S/Q
    Observations

    Total number Total number


    Plant Density
    Number of individuals in each quadrant of individuals of quadrants
    Species (D)=S/Q
    (S) (Q)

    I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X

    Conclusion
    The population density is the highest for species A and the lowest for species C. The density value is
    expressed as the number of individuals per unit area.
    Exp–3 Study Plant Population Frequency by Quadrat Method

    Aim: To study plant population frequency by quadrat method.

    Materials Required:

    1. Thread
    2. Hammer
    3. Nails

    Procedure:

    1. Select an area of investigation with firm vegetation.


    2. Measure 1 m X 1 m dimensions and make a square using nails on the four sides.
    3. Tie the four sides of the nails with a thread and make a structure of a square.
    4. In the same manner, prepare nine more quadrats.
    5. Select a plant species for the study of plant population frequency.
    6. Select a species and name it as X, look for all X species in all the ten quadrats and make it
    on a table.
    7. In the same manner search for species Y and look out for it and mark in of the table
    considering all the quadrats.
    8. Search for another species Z, search the species Z in all the ten quadrats and mark it on the
    observational table.
    9. Now, calculate the plant population frequency by the formula -

    Percentage Frequency = (Number of sampling units in which the species occurs) / (Total number
    of sampling units employed for the study) * 100

    Observation
    The following table shows the observation of the practical – (don’t copy the data)

    Conclusion
    The plant population frequency is highest in species X with a frequency of 70 % and lowest in
    population Z with a frequency of 10 %.
    Things to Remember

    • The ecology is huge and to know about the population of a plant becomes difficult to find
    out. In recent times, the plant population frequency is measured by a method known as
    Quadrat Method.
    • Quadrat implies a specified area or plot from where a population of a species can be taken
    out. Quadrat can be of any shape but it must be taken into consideration that all the
    quadrats must be of the same shape and size.
    • The frequency of plant population is the number of times a species is repeated in a given
    quadrat. In the quadrat method, the plant population frequency can be calculated by -
    • Percentage Frequency = (Number of Sampling Units in which species occur) / (Total
    Number of Sampling Units Employed for the Study) * 100
    EXPERIMENT 4: STUDY OF PERMANENT SLIDE OF T.S. OF TESTIS
    EXPERIMENT 5: STUDY OF PERMANENT SLIDE OF T.S. OF OVARY
    EXPERIMENT 6: STUDY OF T.S. OF BLASTULA FROM PERMANENT SLIDE.
    EXPERIMENT 7: PREPARE A TEMPORARY MOUNT OF ONION ROOT TIP TO STUDY MITOSIS
    Exp-8 Isolation of DNA from plant material
    Aim: To isolate DNA from available plant materials such as Onion.
    Requirements: Onion, mortar and pestle, beakers, test tubes, ethanol, liquid detergent, strainer spirit
    lamp, filter paper
    Procedure:
    Take a small amount of onion and grind it in a mortar with a little amount of water and sodium chloride.
    Add liquid soap solution or any detergent solution and mix it with a glass rod.
    Heat the mixture at (40-50)o C for (2-3)min and filter it.
    Tilt the test tube and to the filtrate add chilled ethanol and leave it aside in the stand.
    After 10 minutes approximately we can observe the precipitated DNA as fine threads.
    DNA that separates can be removed by spooling DNA that separates can be removed by spooling
    Observation:
    DNA appears as white precipitate of very fine threads on the spool.
    Inference:
    Thus, DNA can be isolated from the plant cell nucleus by this technique.
    Precautions:
    · All the glasswares must be thoroughly cleaned and dried.
    · The chemicals used for the experiments must be of standard quality.
    · If ordinary ethanol is used, the time duration for obtaining precipitated DNA may extend further.

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