Business Math Handbook
Business Math Handbook
                                                            Jeffrey Slater
                                                   North Shore Community College
                                                       Danvers, Massachusetts
                                                           Sharon M. Wittry
                                                    Pikes Peak Community College
                                                     Colorado Springs, Colorado
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         Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
         Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
         rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
         No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
         database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including,
         but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ROV/ROV 0
         ISBN 978-0-07-753380-9
         MHID 0-07-753380-1
         www.mhhe.com
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3   TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT     AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE       ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1        OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          1
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3      TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT        AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE          ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1           OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          2
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3   TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT     AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE       ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1        OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          3
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3      TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT        AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE          ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1           OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          4
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3   TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT     AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE       ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1        OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          5
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3      TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT        AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE          ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1           OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          6
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3   TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT     AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE       ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1        OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          7
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3      TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT        AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE          ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1           OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          8
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3   TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT     AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE       ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1        OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                          9
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           10
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           11
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           12
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           13
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           14
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           15
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           16
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           17
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           18
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           19
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           20
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           21
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           22
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           23
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           24
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           25
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           26
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           27
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           28
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                    TABLE 12-1               TABLE 12-3    TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                     COMPOUND                  PRESENT      AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                       VALUE                    VALUE        ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
             PERIOD   OF $1                     OF $1         OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           29
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                TABLE 12-1                TABLE 12-3       TABLE 13-1    TABLE 13-2     TABLE 13-3
                 COMPOUND                   PRESENT         AMOUNT OF   PRESENT VALUE     SINKING
                   VALUE                     VALUE           ANNUITY      OF ANNUITY    FUND VALUE
         PERIOD    OF $1                     OF $1            OF $1         OF $1          OF $1
                                                           30
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             Currencies                                                                                                                1/3/2012
             U.S.-dollar foreign-exchange rates in late New York trading
                                                               US$ vs,                                                                 US$ vs,
                                              —Fri—            YTD chg                                            —Fri—                YTD chg
             Country/currency          in US$     per US$        (%)          Country/currency             in US$     per US$            (%)
             Americas                                                         Europe
             Argentina peso*               .2321      4.3089      8.6         Czech Rep. koruna              .05063      19.751           5.8
             Brazil real                    .5360     1.8657     12.3         Denmark krone                    .1743     5.7373           3.1
             Canada dollar                  .9794     1.0210      2.6         Euro area euro                 1.2960       .7716           3.3
             Chile peso                 .001924       519.86     11.1         Hungary forint               .004113       243.14          17.7
             Colombia peso            .0005153       1940.50      1.1         Norway krone                     .1673     5.9766           2.6
             Ecuador US dollar                  1          1    unch          Poland zloty                    .2901      3.4470          16.9
             Mexico peso*                   .0717    13.9461     13.1         Russia ruble‡                 .03110       32.150           5.2
             Peru new sol                   .3709      2.696    ⴚ3.9          Sweden krona                     .1453     6.8800           2.6
             Uruguay peso†                .05047     19.8130      1.9         Switzerland franc              1.0670       .9372           0.2
             Venezuela b. fuerte        .229885       4.3500    unch           1-mos forward                1.0675        .9368           0.2
                                                                               3-mos forward                1.0691        .9354           0.2
             Asia-Pacific                                                      6-mos forward                1.0718        .9330           0.1
             Australian dollar            1.0208       .9796      0.3         Turkey lira**                    .5217     1.9170          23.5
              1-mos forward               1.0170       .9832      0.2         UK pound                      1.5542        .6434           0.4
              3-mos forward               1.0107       .9894      0.1          1-mos forward                1.5537        .6436           0.4
              6-mos forward               1.0024       .9976     ⴚ0.2          3-mos forward                1.5528        .6440           0.4
             China yuan                    .1583      6.3190     ⴚ4.3          6-mos forward                1.5513        .6446           0.4
             Hong Kong dollar               .1288     7.7669     ⴚ0.1
             India rupee                  .01886      53.025     18.3         Middle East/Africa
             Indonesia rupiah          .0001107         9033      1.6
                                                                              Bahrain dinar                  2.6520       .3771         unch
             Japan yen                  .013001        76.92     ⴚ5.2
                                                                              Eqypt pound*                    .1653      6.0498           6.3
              1-mos forward             .013008        76.88     ⴚ5.5
                                                                              Israel shekel                   .2624      3.8110           7.8
              3-mos forward             .013025        76.78     ⴚ5.6
                                                                              Jordan dinar                   1.4095       .7095           0.1
              6-mos forward             .013054        76.60     ⴚ5.6
                                                                              Kuwait dinar                   3.5945       .2782         ⴚ1.3
             Malaysia ringgit               .3147     3.1775      5.1
                                                                              Lebanon pound               .0006645      1504.95           0.4
             New Zealand dollar             .7776     1.2860      0.3
                                                                              Saudi Arabia riyal              .2666      3.7504         unch
             Pakistan rupee               .01113      89.845      4.9
                                                                              South Africa rand               .1237      8.0873          22.2
             Philippines peso              .0228      43.850      0.3
                                                                              UAE dirham                      .2722      3.6731         unch
             Singapore dollar               .7713     1.2965      1.1
             South Korea won           .0008616      1160.60      5.6
             Taiwan dollar                .03304      30.265      4.2         *Floating rate †Financial   ‡
                                                                                                           Russian Central Bank rate
                                                                              **Commercial rate
             Thailand baht                .03165      31.600      7.3
             Vietnam dong            .00004753        21038       8.2         Source: ICAP plc.
                                                                         31
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                                                                                                                         One Withholding
                             Payroll Period                                                                                Allowance
                             Weekly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           $      73.08
                             Biweekly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 146.15
                             Semimonthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                    158.33
                             Monthly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                316.67
                             Quarterly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                950.00
                             Semiannually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                 1,900.00
                             Annually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .               3,800.00
                             Daily or miscellaneous (each day of the payroll period) . . . .                                           14.62
                                                                                            32
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                Term                                                                         Interest
              in years   312 %      5%        521 %           612 %       7%       721 %    8%        821 %     9%         912 %           10%      1012 %     11%    1112 %
                10       9.89      10.61      10.86        11.36         11.62    11.88    12.14     12.40      12.67      12.94       13.22        13.50     13.78   14.06
                12       8.52       9.25       9.51        10.02         10.29    10.56    10.83     11.11      11.39      11.67       11.96        12.25     12.54   12.84
                15       7.15       7.91       8.18         8.72          8.99     9.28     9.56      9.85      10.15      10.45       10.75        11.06     11.37   11.69
                17       6.52       7.29       7.56         8.12          8.40     8.69     8.99      9.29       9.59       9.90       10.22        10.54     10.86   11.19
                20       5.80       6.60       6.88         7.46          7.76     8.06     8.37      8.68       9.00       9.33        9.66         9.99     10.33   10.67
                22       5.44       6.20       6.51         7.13          7.44     7.75     8.07      8.39       8.72       9.05        9.39         9.73     10.08   10.43
                25       5.01       5.85       6.15         6.76          7.07     7.39     7.72      8.06       8.40       8.74        9.09         9.45      9.81   10.17
                30       4.50       5.37       5.68         6.33          6.66     7.00     7.34      7.69       8.05       8.41        8.78         9.15      9.53    9.91
                35       3.99       5.05       5.38         6.05          6.39     6.75     7.11      7.47       7.84       8.22        8.60         8.99      9.37    9.77
                Term                                                                            Interest
              in years    1134 %      12%             1221 %          1243 %     13%       1321 %      1343 %      14%         1421 %            1443 %      15%      1512 %
                10        14.21       14.35           14.64           14.79      14.94     15.23        15.38      15.53           15.83         15.99       16.14    16.45
                12        12.99       13.14           13.44           13.60      13.75     14.06        14.22      14.38           14.69         14.85       15.01    15.34
                15        11.85       12.01           12.33           12.49      12.66     12.99        13.15      13.32           13.66         13.83       14.00    14.34
                17        11.35       11.52           11.85           12.02      12.19     12.53        12.71      12.88           13.23         13.41       13.58    13.94
                20        10.84       11.02           11.37           11.54      11.72     12.08        12.26      12.44           12.80         12.99       13.17    13.54
                22        10.61       10.78           11.14           11.33      11.51     11.87        12.06      12.24           12.62         12.81       12.99    13.37
                25        10.35       10.54           10.91           11.10      11.28     11.66        11.85      12.04           12.43         12.62       12.81    13.20
                30        10.10       10.29           10.68           10.87      11.07     11.46        11.66      11.85           12.25         12.45       12.65    13.05
                35         9.96       10.16           10.56           10.76      10.96     11.36        11.56      11.76           12.17         12.37       12.57    12.98
                                                                                           45
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46